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Exp # 6 Flash & Fire Point Test

Experiment # 6

FLASH &  FIRE POINT TEST FOR ASPHALT BY CLEVELAND

OPEN CUP 
RELATED THEORY Fire Point

FLASH POINT

Flash point is the lowest temperature corrected

to a barometric pressure of 101.3 kPa (760 mm
Hg), at which application of a test flame causes
the vapor of a specimen to ignite under specified
conditions of test.The material is deemed to have
flashed when a large flame appears and
instantaneously propagates itself over the
surface of the specimen.

Note: Occasionally, particularly near the actual

flash point, the application of test flame will
cause the blue halo or an enlarged flame; this is
not a flash and should be ignored.

FIRE POINT Fire Point

It is the lowest temperature at which a specimen will sustain burning for 5 seconds. A flammable
material is the one, which form flames, but does not sustain fire while a combustible material is the
one, which sustains fire/burning.

SOURCES OF BITUMEN

Bitumen is generally obtained from the following three sources;

1. Naturally occurring (in West Indies).

2. Extracted from Limestone and Sandstone (procedure adopted in USA).
3. From Oil Refineries (this is the major source of bitumen in Pakistan).

ASPHALT CEMENT (AC)

Asphalt Cement shall be oil asphalt or a mixture of refined liquid asphalt and refined solid asphalt,
prepared from crude asphaltic petroleum. It shall be free from admixture with any residues obtained by
the artificial distillation of coal, coal tar or paraffin and shall be homogeneous and free from water. Fire
Point

Temperature Condition * Asphalt Grade

Cold, mean annual air temperature < 7 °C (45 °F) AC-10

AR-4000 
 80 / 100 pen

Warm, mean annual air temperature between 7 °C (45 °F) and AC-20
24 °C (75 °F)
AR-8000

60 / 70 pen

Hot, mean annual air temperature > 24 °C (75 °F) AC-40

AR-8000

40 / 50 pen

SCOPE & SIGNIFICANCE Fire Point

Flash point measures the tendency of the sample to form a flammable mixture with air under
controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that must be considered
in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.
Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to differentiate between ‘‘flammable’’ and
‘‘combustible’’ materials.
Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a
relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable material.
Fire point measures the characteristics of the sample to support combustion.
Bituminous materials give rise to volatiles at high temperature, as they are basically the
hydrocarbons. These volatiles catch fire causing a flash, which is very hazardous.
During construction of bituminous pavements, the engineer may restrict the mixing or application
temperatures well within the limits. The test therefore gives indication of critical temperature at
and above which suitable precautions should be taken to eliminate fire hazards during use of
asphalts. In other words heating should be limited to a temperature well below the flash point.

APPARATUS Fire Point

1. Cleveland Cup Apparatus: It consists of test
cup, heating plate, test flame applicator, heater,
thermometer support and heating plate support,
all conforming to the following requirements.

Test Cup — It is made of brass. The cup may

be equipped with a handle.

Heating Plate — A brass, cast iron, wrought

iron, or steel plate with a center hole
surrounded by an area of plane depression,
and a sheet of hard asbestos board which covers the metal plate except over the area of plane
depression in which the test cup is supported. The metal plate may be square instead of round and
have suitable extension for mounting  the test flame applicator device and the thermometer
support. The metal bead is mounted on the plate so that it extends through and slightly above a
small hole in the asbestos board. Fire Point

Test Flame Applicator — The device for applying

the test flame may be of any suitable design, but
the tip shall be 1.6 to 5.0 mm in diameter at the
end and the orifice shall have an approximate
diameter of 0.8 mm. The device for applying the
test flame shall be so mounted to permit
automatic duplication of the sweep of the test
flame, the radius of swing being not less than
150 mm and the center of the orifice moving’ in a
plane not more than 2.5 mm above the cup. A
bead having a diameter of 3.8 to 5.4 mm may be
mounted in a convenient position on the
apparatus so the size of the test flame can be compared to it. Fire Point

Heater — Heat may be supplied from any convenient source. The use of a gas burner or alcohol
lamp is permitted, but under no circumstances are products of combustion or free flame to be
allowed to come up around the cup. An electric heater controlled by a variable voltage transformer
is preferred. The source of heat shall be centered under the opening of the heating plate with no
local superheating.

Thermometer Support — A device which will hold the thermometer in the specified position during
a test and permits easy removal of the thermometer from the test cup upon completion of a test.

Heating Plate Support — Any convenient support which will hold the heating plate level and steady
may be employed. Fire Point

2. Shield: A shield having an area of 460mm2 and 610mm high and having an open front is used.

3. Thermometer: A thermometer having the required range. Fire Point


Preparation of Apparatus

Support the apparatus on a level table. Shield the top of the apparatus from strong intensity of light by
any suitable means to permit ready detection of the flash point. Fire Point

Wash the test cup with an appropriate solvent to remove any oil or traces of gum or residue remaining
from a previous test. If any deposits of carbon are present, they should be removed with steel wool.
Flush the cup with cold water and dry for a few minutes over an open flame, on a hot plate, or in an
oven to remove the last traces of solvent and water. Cool the cup to at least 56 °C below the expected
flash point before using.

Support the thermometer in a vertical position with the bottom of the bulb 6.4 mm from the bottom of
the cup and located at a point halfway between the center and side of the cup on the diameter
perpendicular to the line of the sweep of the test flame and on the side opposite to the test flame
burner arm. Fire Point

PROCEDURE

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Fill the cup; at any convenient temperature not exceeding 100 °C or above the softening point; so
that the top of the meniscus is at the filling line.
Remove the excess sample using a pipette or other suitable device; however, if there is sample on
the outside of the apparatus, empty, clean, and refill it. Destroy any air bubbles on the surface of
the sample.
Lit the test flame and adjust it to a diameter of 3.8 to 5.4 mm.
Apply heat initially so that the rate of temperature rise of the sample is 14 to 17 °C per minute.
When the sample temperature is approximately 56 °C below the anticipated flash point, decrease
the heat so that the rate of temperature rise for 28°C before the flash point is 5 to 6°C per minute.
Starting at least 28 °C below the flash point, apply the test flame when the temperature read on the
thermometer reaches each successive 2 °C mark. Pass the test flame across the center of the
cup, at right angles to the diameter, which passes through the thermometer. With a smooth,
continuous motion apply the flame either in a straight line or along the circumference of a circle 
 having a radius of at least 150 mm. The center of the test flame must move in a plane not more
than 2.5 mm above the plane of the upper edge of the cup passing in one direction first, then in the
opposite direction the next lime. The time consumed in passing the test flame across the cup shall
be about one second (1 s.). During the last 17 °C rise in temperature prior to the flash point, care
must be taken to avoid disturbing the vapors in the test cup by careless movements or bathing
near the cup.
Record as the observed flash point the temperature read on the thermometer when a flash
appears at any point on the surface of the material, but does not confuse the true flash with the
bluish halo that sometimes surrounds the test flame.
To determine the fire point, continue heating so that the sample temperature increases at a rate of
5 to 6 °C. Continue the application of the test flame at 2°C intervals until the oil ignites and
continues to burn for at least 5 second. Record the temperature at the point as the fire point of the
oil.

Precautions

1. Do not breathe close to the apparatus as the fumes are injurious to health.
2. Turn the fans off so that the fumes can be accumulated over the cup.
3. Tip of the thermometer should not touch the bottom or sides of the cup.
4. The operator must exercise and take appropriate safety precautions during the initial application of
the test flame, since samples containing low flash material may give an abnormally strong flash
when the test flame is first applied.

CALCULATIONS AND REPORT

Observe and record the barometric pressure at the time of the test. When the pressure differs from 760
mm Hg, correct the flash or fire point, or both, by means of the following equations:

Corrected flash or fire point, or both = C + 0.03 (760 — P)

Where:

C = observed flash or fire point, or both, to the nearest 2 °C, and

P = Barometric pressure, mm Hg.

Record the corrected flash or fire joint value, or both, to the nearest 5 °C or 2°C.

FLASH POINT OF DIFFERENT GRADES OF ASPHALT:

VISCOSITY GRADES

Property AC – 2.5 AC – 5 AC – 10 AC – 20 AC – 40

Note:
FlashAC
Point
– 10COC,
is most
°C commonly
163 used in 177
Pakistan. 219 232 232
min.

OBSERVATIONS & RESULTS

Time (minutes) Temperature (°C) Remarks

0 24

1 30

2 36

3 41

4 47

5 53

6 60

7 67

8 73

9 80

10 112

11 156

12 182

13 202

14 222

15 240

16 256

17 271

18 284

19 299

9:12 308 Flash Point

20 310

21 318

22 329 
 23 340

24 351

24.25 352 Fire Point

COMMENTS

The Experiment has been performed successfully

and the results which we have got are showing that
the flash point of the bitumen sample came out to
◦
be at 308 and time corresponding to this
temperature was 9.12 minutes. Whereas the fire
point was found out to be at temperature of 352 ◦
and the time corresponding to this temperature
was 24.25 minutes. The trend line of the graph is showing the relationship between temperature and
time.

Design and Verification

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12 Replies to “Exp # 6 Flash & Fire Point Test”

ANJALI NALANG

on February 16, 2016 at 15:40 said:

Thank you so much.I got lot of information about flash and fire point test from this page.


 UBAIDAHMAD
on February 16, 2016 at 15:44 said:

You’re Welcome

mursaleen
on April 9, 2016 at 18:49 said:

thanks alot

UBAIDAHMAD
on April 10, 2016 at 07:47 said:

you’re Welcome

marwa sabry
on August 15, 2016 at 19:34 said:

thank you so much

UBAIDAHMAD
on August 18, 2016 at 15:18 said:

You’re Welcome 🙂


 Ali hassan
on February 27, 2017 at 05:14 said:

can you please send me the graph in the last in excel formate.
if its possible, send it at this mail address “alihassan92147@gmail.com”

CIVILENGINEERSPK
on February 27, 2017 at 08:31 said:

Nope. 🙂

Gowtham Ramesh
on August 17, 2017 at 05:54 said:

What are teh samples we can use to conduct test can we use diesel,kerosene,oil etc any lubricant

CIVILENGINEERSPK
on August 17, 2017 at 09:48 said:

this is for bitumen

Jawad Ahmad
on December 29, 2017 at 12:53 said:

Need to buy equipment. Please send quote to

Jawad.dws@gmail.com

CIVILENGINEERSPK

on December 29, 2017 at 19:19 said:

WE DONT SALE IT.