GAMMA RAY

Chart: GR-1 (Gamma Ray Borehole Corrections)

Applications: Correction of gamma ray measurements for borehole effects

Nomenclature: dt . . ... . . . . . tool diameter

GR . ... . . . . . Gamma Ray
GRcor .. . . . . . Gamma Ray corrected for borehole effects
dh . . ... . . . . . borehole diameter
ρm . ... . . . . . mud density

Given: dt = 4 in
Tool centered in borehole
GR = 90 API units
dh = 10 in
ρm = 12 lb/gal

Find: GRcor

Procedure: Use the chart labeled “Tool Diameter = 4 in” Enter the chart on the Hole Diameter axis at 10-in. Project
GRcor
vertically to the “centered” 12 lb/gal Mud Weight curve, then horizontally to the axis, there
GR
GRcor
estimating to be 1.5. Calculate
GR

GRcor 
GRcor =   • GR = 1.5 • 90 API units = 135 API units.
 GR 

Answer: GRcor = 135 API units

Notes: GRcor can be calculated with the following equations:

GRcor 
GRcor =   • GR = 1.5 • 90 API units = 135 API units.
 GR 
Centered Tool

GRcor = GR • 0.8 + (-0.10855 + 0.019 ρm) • (dh - dt)

 
Eccentered Tool

GRcor = GR • 0.8 + (-0.10855 + 0.019 ρm) • (dh - dt)

 
In these equations, ρm is expressed in lb/gal and dh and dt are expressed in inches.
Chart: GR-2 (Spectral Gamma Ray (SGR) Borehole Corrections)

Applications: Correction of Spectral Gamma Ray measurements for borehole effects

Nomenclature: K . . ........ SGR Potassium measurement

U . . ........ SGR Uranium measurement
T . . ........ SGR Thorium measurement
Xcor . ........ SGR X measurement (K, U, or T) corrected for borehole effects
FX-E ......... X-measurement (K, U, or T) correction factor for effect E, where E can be m (mud) or
csg (casing)
dh . . . . . . . . . . borehole diameter (caliper measurement in open holes; tubular ID in cased holes)
hcsg . . . . . . . . . casing thickness

Given: K = 2%
U = 5 ppm
T = 7 ppm
ρm = 10 lb/gal
dh = 9.79 in (casing ID)
hcsg = 0.48 in
Tool centered in borehole

Find: Kh-cor, Uh-cor, and Th-cor

Procedure: First, note that

Kcor = FK-csg • FK-m • K
Ucor = FU-csg • FU-m • U
Tcor = FT-csg • FT-m • T

Use the chart labeled “CENTERED” to determine FK-m, FU-m, and FT-m. Enter the chart on the Borehole
Size axis at 9.79-in. Project vertically into the chart to the “B” family (ρm = 10-lb/gal) K, U, and T curves.
Then project horizontally from each of these curves to the Correction Factor axis, there estimating FK-m
to be 1.58, FU-m to be 1.48, and FT-m to be 1.42.

Use the chart labeled “CASING CORRECTIONS” to determine FK-csg, FU-csg, and FT-csg. Enter the chart
on the Casing Thickness axis at 0.48 in. Project vertically into the chart to the K, U, and T curves. Then
project horizontally from each of these curves to the Correction Factor axis, there estimating FK-csg to
be 1.46, FU-csg to be 1.37, and FT-csg to be 1.37.

Calculate
Kcor = FK-csg • FK-m • K = 1.46 • 1.58 • 2% = 4.61%
Ucor = FU-csg • FU-m • U =1.37 • 1.48 • 5 ppm = 10.14 ppm
Tcor = FT-csg • FT-m • T = 1.37 • 1.42 • 7 ppm = 13.62 ppm

Answer: Kcor = 4.61%, Ucor = 10.14 ppm, and Tcor = 13.62 ppm
Chart: GR-3 (Volume of Clay from Gamma Ray)

Applications: Determination of formation clay volume from gamma ray measurements

Nomenclature: GRmin . . . . . . . Gamma Ray in a clay-free (clean) zone

GRmax . . . . . . . Gamma Ray in a 100% clay zone
GR . . . . . . . . . Gamma Ray in zone of interest
Vcl . . . . . . . . . clay volume in zone of interest
GRnor . . . . . . . normalized Gamma Ray

Given: GRmin = 25 API units

GRmax = 95 API units
GR = 67 API units
Formation type: U.S. Gulf Coast sand

Find: Vcl

Procedure: First calculate GRnor as follows:

GRnor = (GR - GRmin ) / (GRmax - GRmin ) = (67 - 25) / (95 - 25) = 0.60
Either the Tertiary Clastics or the Steiber relation can then be used to determine Vcl.

To use the Tertiary Clastics relation, enter the chart at GRnor = 0.60 on the Normalized Gamma Ray
axis. Project vertically until reaching the Tertiary Clastics curve, then horizontally to the Volume of Clay
axis, there estimating Vcl to be approximately 0.30.

To use the Steiber relation, enter the chart at GRnor = 0.60 on the Normalized Gamma Ray axis. Project
vertically until reaching the Steiber curve, then horizontally to the Volume of Clay axis, there estimating
Vcl to be approximately 0.33.

Answer: Vcl = 0.30 from the Tertiary Clastics relation.

Vcl = 0.33 from the Steiber relation.

Notes: You can calculate Vcl from the following relations.

Tertiary Clastics:

Vcl = 0.083 (23.7GRnor - 1)

Steiber:

0.5
Vcl =
1.5 - GRnor

Clavier:

Vcl = 1.7 - 3.38 - (GRnor + 0.7)2

0.5

 
Consolidated and Mesozoic:

Vcl = 0.33 (22GRnor - 1)

Linear:

Vcl = GRnor