REPORT SHEET

EXPERIMENT 4: Acid – Base Titration – Determination of x in Hydrated Sodium

Carbonate

Objectives : To determine the value x in the formula of hydrated sodium carbonate

Na2 CO 3 . xH 2 O.

Chemicals : Dilute hydrochloric acid, HCL 7.0 g/dm 3, hydrated sodium carbonate
solution,
Na2 CO 3 . xH 2 O 34.0 g/dm 3, methyl orange indicator.

Apparatus : Buret, buret clamp, retort stand, 20-mL volumetric pipette, pipette filler,
250-mL conical
flask.

Procedure:

1. The burette washed by distilled water and then rinsed with about 5-10 mL of
standard HCL 0.1 M solution, running the second rinsing through the buret.
The buret clamped to the retort stand.
2. The buret filled with standard HCL 0.1 M solution until zero mark. The tip is
complete filled with the solution and contain no air bubble. The initial reading
of buret was recorded.
3. 1.5 g of hydrated sodium carbonate, Na2 CO 3 . xH 2 O are weighed and
dissolved in 50 cm3 of pure water in a beaker. This solution transferred
completely into 250 cm3 graduated flask, and filled until reach the mark with
distilled water, and mix well.
4. The burette filled with 0.10 M of hydrochloric acid solution.
5. 25.0 cm3of hydrated sodium carbonate, Na2 CO 3 . xH 2 O solution pipetted into a
250 cm3 conical flask, conical flask, 3-4 drops of methyl orange indicator are
added.
6. The Na2 CO 3 . xH 2 O solution titrated with standard HCL solution until the end
point is reached. The end point is indicated when the entire solution changes
from yellow to orange and the color remains for at least 30 second. The final
buret reading are recorded.
7. Step 5-6 repeated to obtain two consecutive titration agree to ±0.10 mL.
8. ALL titration reading are recorded in the space provided on the report sheet.
9. The buret rinsed twice with tap water and once with distilled water when the
experiment finish.
RESULT/CALCULATION:

ROUGH
Number of titration Titration 1 Titration 2
Titration

Final burette reading

20.0 40.0 60.0
(mL)

Initial burette reading

0.00 20.0 40.0
(mL)

Volume of HCL used

20.0 20.0 20.0
(mL)

Volume of Na 2 CO 3 . xH 2 O (V A ) = 25.0 mL

Average volume of HCL ( V A ) used = 20.0 mL

The colour of the methyl orange indicator change from yellow to orange.

MaV a a
=
MbV b b

(0.1 M )(20 mL) 2

=
(M b )(25 mL) 1

( 0.1 M ) (20 mL)

Mb =
(25 mL)( 2)

M b= 0.04 m

¿
MM = 1.5 g/250 mL ¿ −1
(0.04 mol l )

6 g L−1
=
0.04 mol L−1

MM = 150

2(22.99) + 12.01 + 3(16) + X (18) = 150

X = 2.445
2 Na2 CO 3 . 5 H 2 O+ 4 HCL → 4 NaCL+2 CO2 +7 H 2 O

Discussion
Questions

1. If during the preparation of the standard sodium oxalate solution, the meniscus in
the volumetric flask was overshot by a few drops of water, would the calculated
molarity of sodium oxalate be higher or lower than the actual molarity? Explain

The molarity of sodium oxalate solution will be lower than actual molarity because the
volume is inversely proportional to the molarity.

mole
M=
V

2. Calculate the concentration of the resulting solution if 0.25 g potassium

permanganate, KMnO 4 is dissolved with distilled water in a 250-mL volumetric
flask.

g
Mole =
mm

0.25 g
=
[39.1+54 . 94+16 ( 4 ) ]

0.25
=
158.04

= 1.5818 x 10−3 m

mole
Molar =
v

1.5818× 10−3
=
0.25 L

=6.072 × 10−3
 Methyl orange is a pH indicator frequently used in titrations.It is often used in
titrations because of its clear and distinct colour change. Because it changes colour at
the pH of a mid-strength acid, it is usually used in titrations for acids. Not like a universal
indicator, methyl orange does not have a full spectrum of colour change, but has a
sharper end point and can determined the value of HCl used precisely.
Methyl orange has mutagenic properties.
In a solution becoming less acidic, methyl orange moves from red to orange and finally
to yellow with the reverse occurring for a solution increasing in acidity. The entire colour
change occurs in acidic conditions.
In an acid it is reddish and in alkali it is yellow. Methyl orange has a pKa of 3.47 in water
at 25 degrees Celsius.

Number of X in the hydrated sodium carbonate determine the composition of the water
in this compound.

Conclusion

From the experiment X, 2.44≈2.50=5/2.,so when the equation was balanced, X is 5 in

the compound of Na2 CO 3 . xH 2 O.