Delhi Sultanate

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It has been suggested that this article be merged with Sultan Ala-ud-din Sikandar
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Sultanate of Delhi

←    →
   

←  1206–1526   →
   

←    →

Delhi Sultanate under various dynasties.

Capital Delhi
(1206–1327)
Daulatabad
(1327–1334)
Delhi
(1334–1506)
Agra
(1506–1526)

Languages Persian (official)[1]

Religion Sunni Islam

Government Monarchy

Sultan

 -  1206–1210 Qutb-ud-din Aibak (first)

  -  1517–1526 Ibrahim Lodi (last)

Historical era Late Mediaeval

 -  Established 1206

 -  Disestablished 1526

History of the Turkic peoples

Pre-14th century

Turkic Khaganate 552–744

  Western Turkic

  Eastern Turkic

Avar Khaganate 564–804

Khazar Khaganate 618–1048

Old Great Bulgaria 632–668

  Volga Bulgaria

Turgesh Khaganate 699–766

Uyghur Khaganate 744–840

Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212

  Western Kara-Khanid

  Eastern Kara-Khanid

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Ghaznavid Empire 963–1186

Seljuq Empire 1037–1194

Khwarezmian Empire 1077–1231

Seljuq Sultanate of Rum 1092–1307

Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526

  Mamluk Dynasty

  Khilji Dynasty

  Tughlaq Dynasty

Cairo Sultanate 1250–1517

  Bahri Dynasty

Other Turkic Dynasties [show]

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The Delhi Sultanate is a term used to cover five short-lived dynasties, Delhi based kingdoms or sultanates,
mostly of Turkic and Pashtun(Afghan) origin in mediaeval India. The sultanates ruled from Delhi between 1206
and 1526, when the last was replaced by the Mughal dynasty. The five dynasties were the Mamluk
dynasty (1206–90); the Khilji dynasty (1290–1320); the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414); theSayyid
dynasty (1414–51); and the Afghan Lodi dynasty (1451–1526).

Qutb-ud-din Aibak, a former slave (Mamluk) of Muhammad Ghori, was the first sultan of Delhi and his dynasty
managed to conquer large areas of northern India. Afterwards the Khilji dynasty was also able to conquer most
of central India, but both failed to unite the Indian subcontinent. The sultanate is also noted for being one of the
few states to repeatedly defeat the Mongol Empire.[2]

The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusion of cultures
left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion and clothing. It is surmised that
the Urdu language (literally meaning "horde" or "camp" in various Turkic dialects) was born during this period
as a result of the intermingling of the local speakers of Sanskritic Prakrits with immigrants
speaking Persian, Turkic and Arabic under the Muslim rulers. The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic
empire to have enthroned one of the few female rulers in India, Razia Sultana (1236–1240). In 1526 the Delhi
Sultanate was absorbed by the emergingMughal Empire.

Contents
   [hide] 

 1 Dynasties

o 1.1 Mamluk

o 1.2 Khilji

o 1.3 Tughlaq

o 1.4 Sayyid

o 1.5 Lodi

 2 Monetary system

 3 Mongol invasion and the fall of the Sultanate

 4 Sultans

o 4.1 Mamluk/Slave dynasty

o 4.2 Khalji dynasty

o 4.3 Tughlaq dynasty

o 4.4 Sayyid dynasty

o 4.5 Lodi dynasty

 5 See also

 6 References

 7 Notes

Dynasties[edit]
Mamluk[edit]
Main article:  Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)

Muhammad Ghori (d. 1206) had extended his state southwards at the expense of the Ghaznavids as far
as Lahore and much of Rajasthan and the Punjab and appointed Qutub-ud-din Aibak as governor of this part of
his realm. A slave of Cuman-Kipchak origin, he proclaimed independence after the death of his patron and
ruled from Delhi.[3] His line is therefore known as the Slave (Mamluk) Dynasty on account of his origin. Aibak
began the construction of Qutub Minar, which was completed by Iltutmish, his successor and son-in-law.
Aibak's legitimate successor was his son Aramshah, but the nobles preferred Iltutmish, the Subedar of Badaun.
Iltutmish was the most able ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate. He trebled the exchequer during his reign. He was
followed byRazia Sultana, his daughter, who was a good administrator and the first female sovereign in India.
Her rumored relationship with a Sidi adviser, Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut, as he continued to rise in rank, gave her
nobles an excuse to revolt against her. After Yaqut was killed and Razia imprisoned, she later wedded Altunia
(the Governor of Bhatinda), but she was killed by her nobles after 3 and half years. Balban succeeded her and
ruled until 1286 CE. A great Sultan, he was a Sufi devotee and highly regarded their Saints; many a Sufi mystic
settled in his sultanate, though only one of them rose to full ascendancy over him. [citation needed] Faced with revolts
by conquered territories and rival families in the turmoil for succession after his death, the Mamluk dynasty
came to an end in 1290.

Khilji[edit]
Main article:  Khilji dynasty

The Khalji dynasty were the second Muslim dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate. The slave rulers laid a firm
foundation to the Delhi Sultanate. Naturally Muslims from territories bordering to western northern India
migrated to join other Muslim settlers.

The first ruler of this dynasty was Jalal-ud-din Feroz Shah Khalji. He was a weak ruler and adopted a lenient
policy towards the Mongols. He got one of his daughters married to Ulugh Khan, the Mongol leader. He was
succeeded by his nephew Ali Gurshap, who took the title of Ala-ud-din. He became the Sultan of Delhi in 1296
CE. He brought Gujarat and Malwa under his rule. He was the most able ruler in the Khalji dynasty. He
introduced a free market policy in which he decreased the price of all essential items needed in daily life. The
customs policies of Ala-ud-din Khalji helped double the exchequer. According to Zia-ud-din Barani, a scholar in
the sultan's court said that "no gold, silver, tankas, jitals, on any superflous commodities, which are the causes
of a rebellion, are to be found in the houses of Hindus." After Ala-ud-din's death, there was a war of succession
amongst his sons. The last Khalji ruler was Khusrau Malik. He was weak and thus, the Tughluqs captured the
throne of Delhi.

Tughlaq[edit]
Main article:  Tughlaq dynasty

The Tughlaq dynasty lasted for close to a hundred years. During this period, many parts of India, such as the
states in southern India became independent. It produced two powerful Sultans, Muhammad bin
Tughluq and Firoz Shah Tughlaq. Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (1320–1325), an efficient military commander, was
the first ruler of the dynasty. He was succeeded by Jauna Khan, who took the title of Muhammad bin Tughluq
and became the most able ruler of the Tughluq dynasty. He became the Sultan in 1325 CE. His empire
covered the regions from Peshawar in the North to Madhurai in the South and from Sindh in the west to Assam
in the East. Muhammad made attempts at improving the administration of his vast empire. He tried to reform
the currency. He minted new copper coins. He ordered that copper coins should be used in place of the gold
and silver coins. However, there was no control over the minting of the copper coins. This created a lot of
confusion in the transactions. Therefore, Muhammad made arrangements for exchanging gold and silver coins
against copper coins. This put a tremendous strain on the government treasury. He had to take back this
scheme. He refused to accept the title of Emperor though he expanded his rule to the peninsula. He doubled
the exchequer and shifted his capital in 1326 from Delhi toDaulatabad. He was man of ideas, but he lacked the
skill required for putting these into practice. That was why, though his ideas were good, they proved
unsuccessful. The last few years of his reign witnessed turmoil and rebellions everywhere. His empire began to
disintegrate during his own life-time. He died in 1351 CE He was succeeded by Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351–
1388) who was very successful as a reformer.

Sayyid[edit]
Main article:  Sayyid dynasty

The Sayyid dynasty ruled Delhi Sultanate in India from 1414 to 1451. They succeeded the Tughlaq dynasty
and ruled the Sultanate until they were displaced by the Lodi dynasty.

Lodi[edit]
Main article:  Lodi dynasty

The Lodi Dynasty was a Pashtun dynasty that was the last Delhi Sultanate. The dynasty founded by Bahlul
Khan Lodi ruled from 1451 to 1526. The last ruler of this dynasty, Ibrahim Lodi was defeated and killed
by Babur in the first Battle of Panipat on April 20, 1526.

Monetary system[edit]

A coin of Muhammad bin Tughlaq

In the first half of the 14th century, the Sultanate introduced a monetary economy in the provinces (sarkars)
and districts (parganas) that had been established and founded a network of market centres, through which the
traditional village economies were both exploited and stimulated to be drawn into the wider culture. State
revenues remained based on a successful agriculture, which induced Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq(1325–
51) to have village wells dug, to offer seed to the peasants, and to encourage cash crops like sugarcane.[4]

Mongol invasion and the fall of the Sultanate[edit]

Main article:  Mongol invasions of India

Perhaps the greatest contribution of the Sultanate was its temporary success in insulating the subcontinent
from the potential devastation of the Mongol invasion from Central Asia in the thirteenth century. However, the
invasion of Timur in 1398 significantly weakened the Delhi Sultanate. It revived briefly under the Lodis before it
was conquered by the Mughal emperor Babur in 1526.

The mausoleum ofQutub ud Din Aibak inAnarkali, Lahore, Pakistan.

The last Lodi ruler, Ibrahim Lodi, was greatly disliked by his court and subjects. Upon the death of his father
Sikander Lodi, he quashed a brief rebellion led by some of his nobles who wanted his younger brother Jalal
Khan to be the Sultan. After seizing the throne, by having Jalal Khan murdered, he never really did succeed in
pacifying his nobles. Subsequently Daulat Khan, the governor of Punjab and Alam Khan, his uncle, sent an
invitation to Babur, the ruler of Kabul to invade Delhi.

By way of superior generalship, vast experience in warfare, effective strategy and appropriate use of
artillery, Babur won the first Battle of Panipat (April 1526), in which Ibrahim Lodi was killed on the battlefield.
Babur subsequently occupied Agra and Delhi and the new Mughal dynasty was to rule Delhi until 1857.

Sultans[edit]

Map of Delhi Sultanate.

Mamluk/Slave dynasty[edit]
  Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206–1210), appointed Naib us
Sultanat by Muhammad of Ghori, first Muslim Sultan of India, ruled with
Delhi as capital

 Aram Shah (1210–1211)

 Shams ud din Iltutmish (1211–1236), son-in-law of Qut-bud-din Aibak

 Rukn ud din Firuz (1236), son of Iltutmish

 Raziyyat-ud-din Sultana (1236–1240), daughter of Iltutmish

 Muiz ud din Bahram (1240–1242), son of Iltutmish

 Ala ud din Masud (1242–1246), son of Ruk-nud-din

 Nasir ud din Mahmud (1246–1266), son of Iltutmish

 Ghiyas ud din Balban (1266–1286), ex-slave, son-in-law of Sultan Nasir ud

din Mahmud

 Muiz ud din Qaiqabad (1286–1290), grandson of Balban and Nasir-ud-din

Khalji dynasty[edit]

 Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji (1290–1296)

 Alauddin Khalji (1296–1316)

 Umar Khan Khilji (1316)

 Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316–1320)

 Khusro Khan (1320)
Tughlaq dynasty[edit]

Delhi Sultanate under Tughluq dynasty.

 Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (1320–1325)[5]

 Muhammad bin Tughluq (1325–1351)

 Mahmud Ibn Muhammad (March 1351)

  Firuz Shah Tughluq (1351–1388)

 Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq II (1388–1389)

 Abu Bakr Shah (1389–1390)

 Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III (1390–1393)

 Sikander Shah I (March - April 1393)

 Nasir uddin Mahmud Shah (Sultan Mahmud II) at Delhi (1393–1413), son

of Nasir uddin Muhammad, controlled the east from Delhi

 Nasir uddin Nusrat Shah (1394–1414), grandson of Firuz Shah Tughluq,

controlled the west from Firozabad
Sayyid dynasty[edit]

 Khizr Khan (1414–1421)

 Mubarak Shah (1421–1434)

 Muhammad Shah (1434–1445)

 Alam Shah (1445–1451)

Lodi dynasty[edit]

Delhi Sultanate during Babur's invasion.

 Bahlul Lodi (1451–1489)

 Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517)

 Ibrahim Lodi (1517–1526), defeated by Babur in the First Battle of

Panipat on April 20, 1526
 See also[edit]

 Persianate states

 Historians of Delhi

 Delhi Sultanate literature

References[edit]

1. Jump up^ "Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological

Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Retrieved 2010-11-14.

2. Jump up^ The state at war in South Asia By Pradeep Barua, pg. 29

3. Jump up^ Bruce R. Gordon. "Nomads of the Steppe". My.raex.com.
Retrieved 2012-01-20.

4. Jump up^ Braudel 1984, pp 96f, 512ff

5. Jump up^ Tughlaq Shahi Kings of Delhi: Chart The Imperial Gazetteer of
India, 1909, v. 2, p. 369..

Notes[edit]

 Elliot, H. M. (Henry Miers), Sir; John Dowson. "15. Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí, of

Ziauddin Barani". The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The
Muhammadan Period (Vol 3.). London : Trübner & Co.

 Srivastava, Ashirvadi Lal (1929). The Sultanate Of Delhi 711-1526 A

Dlurl=http://www.archive.org/stream/sultanateofdelhi001929mbp#page/n5/
mode/2up. Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company.

 Khan, Mohd. Adul Wali (1974). Gold And Silver Coins Of Sultans Of Delhi.
Government of Andhra Pradesh.

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Mamluk Sultanate (Delhi)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this

article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may
be challenged and removed. (March 2012)

Mamluk Sultanate

← 
 

← 
  1206–1290   →
← 
 

← 
 Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi

Capital Delhi

Languages Persian (official)[1]

Religion Sunni Islam

Government Sultanate

Sultan

 -  1206–1210 Qutb-ud-din Aibak

 -  1287–1290 Muiz ud din Qaiqabad

History

 -  Established 1206

 -  Disestablished 1290

The Mamluk Dynasty (sometimes referred as Slave Dynasty or Ghulam Dynasty) (Persian:  ‫سلطنت‬
‫مملوک‬, Hindi: ग़ल
ु ाम ख़ानदान) was directed into Northern India by Qutb-ud-din Aybak, a Turkic general

from Central Asia. It was the first of five unrelated dynasties to rule India's Delhi Sultanate from 1206 to 1290.[2]
[3]
 Aybak's tenure as a Ghurid dynasty administrator ranged between 1192 to 1206, a period during which he
led invasions into the Gangetic heartland of India and established control over some of the new areas.

Contents

  [hide] 

 1 History

 2 Architecture

 3 List of Mamluk Sultans

 4 See also

 5 Notes

 6 References

 7 Further reading

 8 External links

History

The Qutub Minar, an example of the Mamluk dynasty's works.

Mamluk, literally meaning owned, was a soldier of slave origin who had converted to Islam. The phenomenon
started in 9th century and gradually the Mamluks became a powerful military caste in various Muslim societies.
Mamluks held political and military power most notably in Egypt, but also in the Levant, Iraq, and India. In
1206, Muhammad of Ghor died. He had no child, so after his death, his sultanate was divided into many parts
by his slaves (mamluk generals). Taj-ud-Din Yildoz became the ruler of Ghazni. Mohammad Bin Bakhtiyar
Khilji got Bengal. Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha became the sultan of Multan. Qutub-ud-din-Aybakbecame the sultan
of Delhi, and that was the beginning of the Slave dynasty.
Aybak rose to power when a Ghorid superior was assassinated. [4] However, his reign as theSultan of Delhi was
short lived as he died in 1210 and his son Aram Shah rose to the throne, only to be assassinated by Iltutmish in
1211.

The Sultanate under Iltutmish established cordial diplomatic contact with the Abbasid Caliphate between 1228–
29 and had managed to keep India unaffected by the invasions of Genghis Khan and his successors.
[3]
 Following the death of Iltutmish in 1236 a series of weak rulers remained in power and a number of the
noblemen gained autonomy over the provinces of the Sultanate. Power shifted hands from Rukn ud din
Firuz to Razia Sultana until Ghiyas ud din Balban rose to the throne and successfully repelled both external
and internal threats to the Sultanate.[3][4] The Khilji dynasty came into being when Jalal ud din Firuz
Khilji overthrew the last of the Slave dynasty rulers, Muiz ud din Qaiqabad, the grandson of Balban, and
assumed the throne at Delhi.[5]

Architecture

The architectural legacy of the dynasty includes the Qutb Minar by Qutb-ud-din Aybak in Mehrauli, the
Mausoleum of Prince Nasiru'd-Din Mahmud, eldest son of Iltumish, known as Sultan Ghari near Vasant Kunj,
the first Islamic Mausoleum (tomb) built in 1231, and Balban's tomb, also in Mehrauli Archaeological Park.

List of Mamluk Sultans

Titular Name Personal Name Reign Note

Temporarily quelled the rebellions of Nasir-ud-Din Qabacha of Multa

Sultan Qutb-ud-din Aibak consolidated his control over North India through administrative hold ov
1206–1210
‫سلطان‬ ‫قطب الدین ایبک‬ monuments, the Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque and the Qutub Minar. Died ac
horseback: his horse fell and he was impaled on the pommel of h

Sultan Aram Shah The rise of Chihalgani (The Forty); an elite group of 40 nobles. They co
1210–1211
‫سلطان‬ ‫آرام شاہ‬ Governor of Badaun, to replace Aram. Iltutmish defeated Aram in the plai

Nasir Amir-ul- Shams-ud-din He shifted Capital from Lahore to Delhi and trebled the exchequer. He def
Mu'minin Iltutmish who had declared themselves contenders of Delhi. Mongols invaded India
1211–1236
Indus by Genghis Khan in 1221. After Genghis Khan's death Iltutmish
‫شمس الدین التتمش ناصرامیر المؤمنین‬ territories. He built the Hauz-i-Shamsi reservoir in Mehrauli in 1230. I

Rukn-ud-din Ruled for just seven months. His mother Shah Turkan for all practical purpo
Sultan April 1236 –
Feroze personal pleasure and debauchery, to the considerable outrage of the citi
‫سلطان‬ ‫رکن الدین فیروز‬
November 1236
Shah Turkan were assassina
 First Female Muslim Ruler in India. Initially she managed to impress th
Jalâlat-ud-dîn associating with the African Jamal-ud-Din Yaqut provoking racial antago
Raziyâ Sultana Razia al-Din Turkic and already resented the rule of a female monarch. She was defeate
1236–1240
‫جاللۃ الدین رضیہ‬ ‫رضیہ الدین‬ However, her brother Muiz-ud-din Bahram usurped the throne with the hel
‫سلطانہ‬ her husband. Both fled and reached Kaithal, where their remaining forces
and killed on Oct

Muiz-ud-din During his reign the Chihalgani became disorderly and constantly bickere

Sultan 1240 – May 15,
Bahram invaded the Punjab & sacked Lahore. The sultan was too weak to take a
‫سلطان‬ ‫معز الدین بہرام‬
1242
of Delhi and put him

Sultan Ala-ud-din Masud He was more of a puppet for the Chihalgani (the forty chiefs) and did not
1242–1246 became infamous for his fondness of entertainment and wine. By 1246, the c
‫سلطان‬ ‫عالءالدین مسعود‬ replaced him with Nasir-ud-din Ma

Nasir-ud-din
Feroze Shah Nasir-ud-din
Mahmud As a ruler, Mahmud was known to be very religious, spending most of hi
1246–1266
‫نصیر الدین فیروز‬ However, it was actually his Deputy Sultan, Ghiyath-ud-
‫نصیر الدین محمود‬
‫شاہ‬

Ghiyath-ud-din Balban ruled with an iron fist. He broke up the Chihalgani group of nob

Sultan
Balban 1266–1287 outposts in areas where there had been disorder and garrisoned them with s
‫سلطان‬ ‫غیاث الدین بلبن‬ he established an efficie

Muiz-ud-din
Sultan Muhammad Being still young at the time, he ignored all state affairs. After four years, h
Qaiqabad 1287–1290
‫سلطان‬ a Khilji chief. His three year old son, Kayumars (1290), nominally succe
‫معز الدین قیق آباد‬

See also

 Tughlaq Dynasty

 Persianate states
Notes

1. Jump up^ "Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological

Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Retrieved 2010-11-14.
 2. Jump up^ Walsh, pp. 68-70
3. ^ Jump up to:a b c Anzalone, p. 100
4. ^ Jump up to:a b Walsh, p. 70
5. Jump up^ Anzalone, p. 101

References

 Anzalone, Christopher (2008). "Delhi Sultanate". In Ackermann, M. E.

etc. Encyclopedia of World History 2. Facts on File. pp. 100–
101. ISBN 978-0-8160-6386-4.

 Walsh, J. E. (2006). A Brief History of India. Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-

5658-7.

 Dynastic Chart The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 2, p.  368.

Further reading

 Srivastava, A. L. (1967). The History of India, 1000-1707 A.D.,. Shiva Lal

Agarwala.
External links

 Encyclopaedia Britannica (Online Edition) – Delhi sultanate

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Slave
Dynasty.

Categories: 
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 1290 disestablishments
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Khilji dynasty
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Khilji Sultanate
?‫سلسله خلجی‬

←  1290–1320   →
 Khilji dynasty

Capital Delhi

Languages Persian (official)[1]

Religion Sunni Islam

Government Sultanate

Sultan

  1290–1296 Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji

- 

  1296–1316 Alauddin Khilji

- 

  1316 Shihab ad-Din Umar

- 

  1316–1320 Qutb ad-Din Mubarak

 - 

History

  Established 1290
- 

  Disestablished 1320
- 

Area 2,700,000 km²(1,042,476 sq
mi)

Today part of  India

 Pakistan
 Bangladesh
   Nepal
 Afghanistan
 Tajikistan
 China

The Khilji dynasty (Persian: ‫;سلسله خلجی‬ Hindi: सलतनत ख़िलजी) or Khalji was a Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin

who ruled large parts of South Asia between 1290 and 1320.[2] It was founded by Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji and
became the second dynasty to rule the Delhi Sultanate of India. Under Ala-ud-din Khilji, the Khiljis became
known for having repeatedly defended South Asia against the Mongol invasions.[3][4]

Contents

  [hide] 

 1 Origins

 2 Position in Turkic Indian society

 3 Khalji people

 4 Propagation of Islam

 5 List of Khilji rulers of Delhi (1290–1320)

 6 Khalji Sultans of Malwa (1436–1531)

 7 See also

 8 References and footnotes

 9 Further reading
  10 External links

Origins

Tents of Afghan nomads in Badghis Province of Afghanistan, which is next to neighboring Turkmenistan.

Copper coin of Alauddin Khilji

History of the Turkic peoples

Pre-14th century

Turkic Khaganate 552–744

  Western Turkic

  Eastern Turkic

Avar Khaganate 564–804

Khazar Khaganate 618–1048
Old Great Bulgaria 632–668

  Volga Bulgaria

Turgesh Khaganate 699–766

Uyghur Khaganate 744–840

Kara-Khanid Khanate 840–1212

  Western Kara-Khanid

  Eastern Kara-Khanid

Pecheneg Khanates Kimek Khanate

860–1091 743–1035

Kipchak Khanates Oghuz Yabgu State

1067–1239 750–1055

Shatuo Dynasties 923–979

  Later Tang Dynasty

  Later Jin Dynasty

  Later Han Dynasty (Northern Han)

Ghaznavid Empire 963–1186

Seljuq Empire 1037–1194

Khwarezmian Empire 1077–1231

Seljuq Sultanate of Rum 1092–1307

Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526

  Mamluk Dynasty

  Khilji Dynasty

  Tughlaq Dynasty

Cairo Sultanate 1250–1517

  Bahri Dynasty

Other Turkic Dynasties [show]

 This box: 

 view

 talk

 edit

The Khilji rulers trace their roots to Central Asia and were of Turkic origin.[5] They settled in what is
now Qalat, Afghanistan before proceeding to Delhi in India. The name "Khilji" refers to an Afghan village or
town known as Qalat-e Khilji (Fort of Khilji).[6] They were treated by others as ethnic Afghansdue to
their adoption of some Afghan habits and customs.[7][8] As a result of this, the dynasty is referred to as a Turko-
Afghan.[9][10][11][12] The three sultans of the Khalji dynasty were noted by historians for their faithlessness and
ferocity.[5]

Ikhtiar Uddin Muhammad bin Bakhtiar Khilji was a servant of Qutb-ud-din Aibak, who was an ex-slave of the
Ghurids with a Turkic background.[13] Mohammad Khilji was an Indo-Ghurid Shah (king) and founder of the
Delhi Sultanate, which conquered Bihar and Bengal in the late 12th century. From this time, the Khiljis became
servants and vassals of the Mamluk dynasty of Delhi. From 1266 until his death in 1290, the Sultan of Delhi
was called Ghiyas ud din Balban,[14] another servant of Qutab-ud-din Aybak. Balban's immediate successors,
however, were unable to manage either the administration or the factional conflicts between the old Turkic
nobility and the new forces led by the Khaljis. After a struggle between the two factions, Jalal ud din Firuz
Khilji was installed as sultan by a noble faction of Turkic, Persian, Arabic and Indian-Muslim aristocrats at the
collapse of the last Mumluk sultan, Kay-Qubadh. Their rise to power was aided by outsiders (some of them
Indian-born Muslims) who might enhance their positions if the hold of the followers of Balban and the "Forty"
(the members of the royal Loya Jirga) were broken. Jalal-ud-din was old, and for a time he was so unpopular
that he dared not enter the capital because his tribe was thought to be close to thenomadic Afghans. During his
short reign (1290–96), some of Balban's officers revolted due to this assumption of power; Jalal-ud-din
suppressed them, led an unsuccessful expedition againstRanthambhor and defeated a Mongol force on the
banks of the Sind River in central India.

Alauddin Khilji, his nephew and son-in-law, was ordered by his father to lead an expedition of between 4,000
and 7,000 men into the HinduDeccan (where many rulers had refused to submit) and capture Ellichpur and its
treasure. Upon his return in 1296 (having gained status and power) he killed his uncle.

Alauddin reigned for 20 years and is considered the greatest member of the dynasty. He captured
Ranthambhor (1301) and Chittorgarh(1303), conquered Māndu (1305) and captured the wealthy Hindu state
of Devagiri,[15] also repelling two Mongol raids. Alauddin's lieutenant, Malik Kafur (a Muslim Indian), was sent on
an expedition to the south in 1308 which led to the capture of Warangal, the overthrow of the Hoysala
Empire south of theKrishna River and the occupation of Madura in the south.[15] Malik Kafur returned to Delhi in
1311. The empire fell into political decadence, and the sultan died in early 1316; Malik Kafur’s attempted
usurpation ended in his death. The last Khalji (Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah) was murdered in 1320 by a former
Indian slave who had risen to become his chief minister and friend, Khusraw Khan. Power was then assumed
by Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, the first ruler of the Turkic Tughluq dynasty. A remnant of the ruling house of the
Khaljis ruled in Malwa from 1436 to 1530 (or 1531), until the Sultan of Gujarat purged the nobility.

To some extent, the Khilji usurpation was a move toward the recognition of a shifting balance of power
attributable to the developments outside the territory of the Delhi Sultanate (in Central Asia and Iran) and to the
changes which followed the establishment of Turkic rule in northern India. In large measure, the dislocation in
the regions beyond the northwest assured the establishment of an independent Delhi Sultanate and its
subsequent consolidation. The eastern steppe tribes' movements to the west not only ended the threat to Delhi
from the rivals in Ghazni and Ghor, but also forced a number of Central Asian Muslims to migrate to northern
India. This phenomenon also led to the destabilization of the core of the Turkic Mamluks. During the Mongol
plunder of Central Asia and eastern Persia (now parts of modern-day Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and
Pakistan), many more members of the political and religious elite of these regions were thrown into northern
India, where they were admitted into the military and administrative cadre by the early Delhi sultans.

Position in Turkic Indian society

The Khilji Turks were not recognized by the older nobility as coming from a pure Turkic stock, even in Singam
and Kuselan (since they had intermarried with non-Turks: Indians, Afghans (Pashtun) and Arab Bedouins);
their customs and manners were seen as different from those of other Turks. Although they had played a role
in the success of the Turkic armies in India, they had always been looked down upon by the leading Turks (the
dominant group during the Slave dynasty). This tension between the Khiljis and other Turks (kept in check by
Balban) surfaced in the following reign, and ended in the displacement of the Ilbari Turks. [16]

Khalji people

Further information:  Ghilzai

Before their expansion into India, the Khalji people were mainly concentrated in Turkestan.[17][18][19] In the
writings of Al-Biruni, Ibn-Batuta, Ibn-Khaldun, Al-Khwarezmi, Masudi, Varahamihira and in Hudud al-'alam, they
are presented as a group of Turkic origin which formed one of the older members of
theHephthalite confederation, and included many nomads near Bactria (in Turfan) and east of modern Ghazni.
Many migrated to various parts of Persia, including to parts of what are now Turkmenistan, Afghanistan,
Pakistan and India, then under the control of the Ghaznavids. [20] In Iran they migrated mainly to Pars, where
they settled an isolated region which is called today Khaljistan ("land of Khaljis"). However, Persian-speakers in
Iran also use the term Khaljito describe nomads of Turkic background in their country. [20] The Khaljis began to
become Pashtunized (Afghanized) since the 8th century and later known as Ghilzais, part of
the Pashtun ethnic group.[21]

The official and court language of the Khilji dynasty was Perso-Arabic.[1] The co-existence of different
languages gave birth to an early form of Urdu.

Propagation of Islam

According to the 14th century scholar Ibn Batuta, the Khilji dynasty encouraged conversion to Islam by making
it customary to have the convert presented to the sultan (who would place a robe on him and reward him with
gold bracelets).[22] During Ikhtiyar Uddin Bakhtiyar Khilji's control of Bengal, Muslim missionaries in India
achieved their greatest success in the number of converts to Islam. [23]

List of Khilji rulers of Delhi (1290–1320)

Personal
Titular Name Reign Notes
Name

He usurped the throne from Kayumars the last Sultan of the Mamluk Dynasty of

Delhi. He re-organized the administration of the government placing his confidants
and family members in important positions. He crushed the rebellions of Malik
Chhajū Kishli and Raja Bairam Dev. He also managed to arrange a peace treaty
Shāyista Khān with an invading Mongol army in 1292 in which a great grandson of Genghis
Malik Fīroz Khan named Alghu embraced Islam. By 1296 Jalal-ud-din had invaded and brought
into his control many Indian territories. His nephew and son-in-law Alauddin, had
‫ملک فیروز‬ 1290–1296 recently invaded Deogiri and obtained tremendous treasure without permission.
(Jalal-ud-din) ‫خلجی‬ Although Jalal-ud-din was warned several times about the possibility of Alauddin's
intentions to overthrow him, he deflected such accusations as mere jealousy of his
‫جالل الدین‬ protege. The Sultan was tricked into visiting his nephew with a small disarmed
cortege near Karra-Manikpur where his nephew held a banquet for him. He was
assassinated when they shook hands by men waiting for signal to attack. He was
beheaded and the head placed on a spear and paraded in several cities.

Juna Khan
Considered one of the greatest of the Sultans of Delhi, he came to power in a bloody
Ala-ud-din[5] Khilji coup. He was a brilliant strategist and an outstanding military commander who was
1296–1316
‫عالءالدین‬ ‫علی گرشاسپ‬ known for his ruthlessness. He repeatedly defeated the invading Mongols. He
prefixed the title of Sikandar Sani which means the Second Alexander.
‫خلجی‬
Umar Khan As a minor he briefly ascended the throne when his father died with the help of Malik
Shihab-ud-din
Khilji 1316 Naib who failed to garner support and was assassinated. Shihab-ud-din was moved
‫شھاب الدین‬ ‫عمر خان خلجی‬ to Gwalior where he died the same year. His reign was 3 months and a few days.

Qutb-ud-din was 18 years old when he became Sultan. He mismanaged state affairs,
Mubarak Khan assassinated and replaced many nobleman and appointed one person who would
Qutb-ud-din Khilji change the fate of the Khilji dynasty namely, Khusro Khan. He invaded Deogiriin
1316–1320 1318 CE and flayed Harpal Dev. Gradually he indulged in alcohol and debauchery,
‫قطب الدین‬ ‫مبارک خان‬ ignoring state affairs. Khusro Khan gradually took over the government and
‫خلجی‬ appointed his Bawariya clansmen. Eventually, he hatched a plot to assassinate the
Sultan, which he did.

Khusro Khan ended the Khilji dynasty in 1320.

Khalji Sultans of Malwa (1436–1531)

  Mahmud Khilji (1436–1469)

 Ghiyas ud din Khilji (1469–1500)

See also

 Kilij

 Ghilzai

 Khalaj people

 Hepthalites

 Turkic people

 Persianate society

 Ikhtiyar Uddin Muhammad Bin Bakhtiyar Khalji

 List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

References and footnotes

1. ^ Jump up to:a b "Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological

Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Retrieved 2010-11-14.

2. Jump up^ Dynastic Chart The Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 2, p. 368.

3. Jump up^ Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the
Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia: A Historical Encyclopedia. ABC-

CLIO. p. 62. ISBN 1-5988-4337-0. Retrieved 2013-06-13.

4. Jump up^ Barua, Pradeep (2005). The state at war in South Asia. U of

Nebraska Press. p. 437. ISBN 0-8032-1344-1. Retrieved 2010-08-23.

5. ^ Jump up to:a b c "Khalji Dynasty". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2010-

08-23. "this dynasty, like the previous Slave dynasty, was of Turkic origin,

though the Khiljī tribe had long been settled in what is nowAfghanistan..."

6. Jump up^ Thorpe, Showick Thorpe Edgar (2009). The Pearson General

Studies Manual 2009, 1/e. Pearson Education India. p. 1900. ISBN 81-

317-2133-7. Retrieved 2010-08-23. "The Khilji dynasty was named after a

village in Afghanistan. Some historians believe that they were Afghans,

but Bharani and Wolse Haig explain in their accounts that the rulers from

this dynasty who came to India, though they had temporarily settled in

Afghanistan, were originally Turkic."

7. Jump up^ Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of medieval India:

from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors.

p. 337. ISBN 81-269-0123-3. Retrieved 2010-08-23. "The Khiljis were a

 Central Asian Turkic dynasty but having been long domiciled in

Afghanistan, and adopted some Afghan habits and customs. They were

treated as Afghans in Delhi Court."

8. Jump up^ Cavendish, Marshall (2006). World and Its Peoples: The

Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa. Marshall Cavendish.

p. 320. ISBN 0-7614-7571-0. Retrieved 2010-08-23. "The sultans of the

Slave Dynasty were Turkic Central Asians, but the members of the new

dynasty, although they were also Turkic, had settled in Afghanistan and

brought a new set of customs and culture to Delhi."

9. Jump up^ Yunus, Mohammad; Aradhana Parmar (2003). South Asia: a

historical narrative. Oxford University Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-1957-9711-6.

Retrieved 2010-08-23.

10. Jump up^ Farooqui, Salma Ahmed (2011). A Comprehensive History of

Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. India:

Pearson Education India. p. 114. ISBN 81-317-3202-9. Retrieved 2012-

11-19.

11. Jump up^ Kumar Mandal, Asim (2003). The Sundarbans of India: A

Development Analysis. India: Indus Publishing. p. 43. ISBN 81-738-7143-

4. Retrieved 2012-11-19.

12. Jump up^ Singh, D. (1998). The Sundarbans of India: A Development

Analysis. India: APH Publishing. p. 141. ISBN 81-702-4992-9. Retrieved

2012-11-19.

13. Jump up^ "Slave Dynasty: 1206-1290". Thenagain.info. Retrieved 2010-

11-14.

14. Jump up^ "Ghiyas-ud-din Balban [1200-1287]". Storyofpakistan.com.

2003-06-01. Retrieved 2010-11-14.

15. ^ Jump up to:a b Sastri (1955), pp 206–208

16. Jump up^ Frances Pritchett. "V. Expansion in the South: The Khaljis and
the Tughluqs". Columbia.edu. Retrieved 2010-11-14.

17. Jump up^ E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, p. 326

18. Jump up^ Eran, Land zwischen Tigris und Indus, 1879, p. 268
19. Jump up^ The Pathans: 550 B.C.-A.D. 1957, by Olaf Kirkpatrick Caroe
20. ^ Jump up to:a b The Cambridge History of Iran, 1968, p.217 by William Bayne
Fisher, Ehsan Yarshater, Ilya Gershevitch and Richard Nelson
 21. Jump up^ "Ghilzay". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
"They are reputed to be descended at least in part from the Khalaj or Khilji

Turks, who entered Afghanistan in the 10th century..."

22. Jump up^ The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the

Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pg. 212

23. Jump up^ The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the

Muslim faith By Sir Thomas Walker Arnold, pg. 227-228

Further reading

 The Oxford History of India, Clarendon Press, 1958.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to Khilji dynasty.

 Encyclopædia Britannica - Khalji Dynasty

 History of India - The Khilji Dynasty

 The Delhi-Sultanat

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Lodi dynasty
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Lodi dynasty

←  1451–1526   →
 Capital Delhi

Languages Pashto (native)
Persian (official)[1]

Religion Sunni Islam

Government Sultanate

History

 -  Established 1451

 -  Disestablished 1526

The Lodhi dynasty (Lodhi (Pashto: ‫( ))لودي‬Pashto: ‫ )د لوديانو واکمني‬was an Pashtun dynasty that ruled northern

India, including modern dayPakistan, from 1451 to 1526. It was founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi when he replaced
the Sayyid dynasty and ended after Ibrahim Lodi was defeated by Babur from Kabulistan in the 1526 Battle of
Panipat. It was during the period of the Lodi's that the first Portuguese Armada underVasco da Gama landed
in India.

Contents

  [hide] 

 1 Bahlul Lodi

 2 Sikandar Lodi

 3 Ibrahim Lodi

 4 Fall of the empire

 5 Afghan factionalism

 6 Betrayal of the empire

 7 Battle of Panipat, 1526

 8 Accession of Babur and the Mughals

 9 Rajput opposition to the Mughals

 10 See also

 11 Notes

 12 References

 13 External links

Bahlul Lodi[edit]

Bahlul Khan Lodi (r.1451–89) was the nephew and son-in-law of Islam Khan (Malik Sultan Shah Lodi), the
governor of Sirhind in (Punjab), India and succeeded him as the governor of Sirhind during the reign of Sayyid
dynasty ruler Muhammad Shah (Muhammad-bin-Farid). Muhammad Shah raised him to the status of an Emir.
After the last Sayyid ruler of Delhi, Ala-ud-Din Alam Shah voluntarily abdicated in favour of him, Bahlul Khan
Lodi ascended the throne of the Delhi sultanate on April 19, 1451.[2] Bahlul spent most of his time in fighting
against theSharqi dynasty and ultimately annexed it. He placed his eldest surviving son Barbak on the throne
of Jaunpur in 1486.

Sikandar Lodi[edit]

Sikandar Lodi (r.1489–1517) (born Nizam Khan), the second son of Bahlul, succeeded him after his death on
July 17, 1489 and took up the title Sikandar Shah. He was nominated by his father to succeed him and was
crowned sultan on July 15, 1489. He refounded Agra in 1504 and constructed mosques.[3] He abolished corn
duties and patronized trade and commerce. He was a poet of repute. He composed under the pen-name of
Gulruk. He was also patron of learning and ordered Sanskrit work in medicine to be translated into Persian. [4]
Ibrahim Lodi[edit]

Main article:  Ibrahim Lodi

Sultan Ibrahim Lodi

Sultan Ibrahim Khan Lodi (1489–1526),[5] the youngest son of Sikandar, was the last Lodi Sultan of Delhi.
[6]
 Sultan Ibrahim (r.1517–26) was a fearlessmilitary leader and kept out the opposition for almost a decade. He
was engaged in warfare with the Afghans and the Mughals for most of his reign and died trying to keep the Lodi
Dynasty from annihilation. Sultan Ibrahim was defeated in 1526 at the Battle of Panipat.[6] This marked the end
of the Lodi Dynasty and the rise of the Mughal Empire in India led by Babur (r. 1526–1530).[7]

Fall of the empire[edit]

By the time Ibrahim ascended the throne, the political structure in the Lodi Dynasty had dissolved due to
abandoned trade routes and the depleted treasury. [8] The Deccan was a coastal trade route, but in the late
fifteenth century the supply lines had collapsed. [8] The decline and eventual failure of this specific trade route
resulted in cutting off supplies from the coast to the interior, where the Lodi empire resided. [8] The Lodi Dynasty
was not able to protect itself if warfare were to break out on the trade route roads; therefore, they didn’t use
those trade routes, thus their trade declined and so did their treasury leaving them vulnerable to internal
political problems.[8]

Afghan factionalism[edit]
Another problem Ibrahim Lodhi had when he ascended the throne in 1517 were the Afghan nobles. Some
nobles backed Ibrahim’s older brother,Jalaluddin, to take up arms against his brother in the area in the east
at Jaunpur. Ibrahim gathered military support and defeated his brother by the end of the year. After this
incident, he arrested Afghan nobles who opposed him. [9] He then proceeded by appointing new administrators,
who were his own men. Other Afghan nobles supporter the governor of Bihar, Dariya Khan against Sultan
Ibrahim.[10]

Another factor that caused uprisings against Ibrahim Lodi, was his lack of an apparent successor. His own
uncle, Alam Khan, betrayed Ibrahim by supporting the Mughal invader Babur.[6]

Babur claimed to be the true and rightful Monarch of the lands of the Lodi dynasty. He believed himself the
rightful heir to the throne of Timur, and it was Timur who had originally left Khizr Khan in charge of his vassal in
the Punjab, who became the leader, or Sultan, of the Delhi Sultanate, founding the Sayyid dynasty.[36] The
Sayyid dynasty, however, had been ousted by Ibrahim Lodi, a Ghilzai Afghan, and Babur wanted it returned to
the Timurids. Indeed, while actively building up the troop numbers for an invasion of the Punjab he sent a
request to Ibrahim; "I sent him a goshawk and asked for the countries which from old had depended on the
Turk," the 'countries' referred to were the lands of the Delhi Sultanate.

Following the unsurprising reluctance of Ibrahim to accept the terms of this "offer," and though in no hurry to
launch an actual invasion, Babur made several preliminary incursions and also seized Kandahar — a strategic
city if he was to fight off attacks on Kabul from the west while he was occupied in India - from the Arghunids.
The siege of Kandahar, however, lasted far longer than anticipated, and it was only almost three years later
that Kandahar and its Citadel (backed by enormous natural features) were taken, and that minor assaults in
India recommenced. During this series of skirmishes and battles an opportunity for a more extended expedition
presented itself.

Betrayal of the empire[edit]

Not only was Ibrahim threatened by his uncle, Alam Khan, who joined forces with Babur, but he was also
threatened by the Rajput leader, Rana Sanga of Mewar (1509–1526).[11] Daulat Khan, the governor
of Punjab also spoke with Babur about Sultan Ibrahim. Khan pledged his allegiance to Babur as well. [5] Sultan
Ibrahim Khan Lodi was easily threatened because his region was surrounded by several other dynasties and
territories. The Khalji Dynasty was positioned to the northeast.[12] The Rajputs were located to the northwest
and the Sultanate of Gujarat blocked the sea to the east.[12] To the south, lied the Khandesh and Berar regions.
[12]
 The Sultanate of Jaunpur located in modern day Uttar Pradesh also surrounded the Lodi Dynasty.[12]

Battle of Panipat, 1526[edit]

Main article:  Battle of Panipat (1526)

After being assured of the cooperation of Alam Khan (Ibrahim’s uncle) and Daulat Khan,Governor of the
Punjab, Babur gathered his army. Upon entering the Punjab plains, Babur's chief allies, namely Langar Khan
Niazi advised Babur to engage the powerful Janjua Rajputs to join his conquest. The tribe's rebellious stance to
the throne of Delhi was well known. Upon meeting their chiefs, Malik Hast (Asad) and Raja Sanghar Khan,
Babur made mention of the Janjua's popularity as traditional rulers of their kingdom and their ancestral support
for his patriarch Emir Timur during his conquest of Hind. Babur aided them in defeating their enemies, the
Gakhars in 1521, thus cementing their alliance. Babur employed them as Generals in his campaign for Delhi,
the conquest of Rana Sanga and the conquest of India.

The section of Babur's memoirs covering the period between 1508 and 1519 is missing. During these
years Shah Ismail I suffered a large defeat when his large cavalry-based army was obliterated at the Battle of
Chaldiran by the Ottoman Empire's new weapon, the matchlock musket. Both Shah Ismail and Babur, it
appears, were swift in acquiring this new technology for themselves. Somewhere during these years Babur
introduced matchlocks into his army, and allowed an Ottoman, Ustad Ali, to train his troops, who were then
known as Matchlockmen, in their use. Babur's memoirs give accounts of battles where the opposition forces
mocked his troops, never having seen a gun before, because of the noise they made and the way no arrows,
spears, etc. appeared to come from the weapon when fired.

These guns allowed small armies to make large gains on enemy territory. Small parties of skirmishers who had
been dispatched simply to test enemy positions and tactics, were making inroads into India. Babur, however,
had survived two revolts, one in Kandahar and another in Kabul, and was careful to pacify the local population
after victories, following local traditions and aiding widows and orphans.

Babur wanted to fight Sultan Ibrahim because he wanted Sultan Ibrahim’s power and territory. [7] They did not
fight against each other because of religious affairs.[7] Babur and Sultan Ibrahim were both Sunni Muslims.
[7]
 Babur and his army of 24,000 men marched to the battlefield armed with muskets and artillery. [6] Sultan
Ibrahim prepared to fight by gathering 100,000 men (well armed but with no guns) and 1,000 elephants. [6] This
is known as the Battle of Panipat in 1526.[5]

Sultan Ibrahim was at a disadvantage, not only because of his out-moded infantry, but also the inter-necine
rivalries. Even though he had more men, Sultan Ibrahim had never fought in a war against gunpowder
weapons.[6] Strategically, Sultan Ibrahim didn’t know what to do militarily. Babur had the advantage right from
the start. Sultan Ibrahim perished on the battlefield along with 20,000 of his men in April 1526. [6]

Accession of Babur and the Mughals[edit]

After Sultan Ibrahim's tragic death on the battle field, Babur named himself emperor over Sultan Ibrahim’s
territory, instead of placing Alam Khan (Ibrahim’s uncle) on the throne. [13] Sultan Ibrahim’s death lead to the
establishment of the Mughal Empire in India. He was the last emperor of the Lodi Dynasty. What was left of his
empire was absorbed into the new Mughal Empire. Babur continued to engage in more military campaigns. [13]

Rajput opposition to the Mughals[edit]

Historically, after Sultan Ibrahim’s death, the Rajput, Rana Sanga and the Rajput states joined forces
against Babur.[14] Babur managed to boost the morale of his troops, which enabled them to defeat the Rajputs.
[13]
 Sultan Ibrahim’s brother, Sultan Mahmud in Bihar, also fought an important battle against Babur; the Battle
of Khanua, which Babur won.[13] Thus, his continuous successful military battles resulted in his control of
the Jumna and central Ganges region.[15]

See also[edit]

 Lodi (Pashtun tribe)

 Lodi Gardens

 List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

 Persianate states
Notes[edit]

1. Jump up^ "Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological

Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Retrieved 2010-11-14.

2. Jump up^ Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). History of Medieval India,

Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, p.244

3. Jump up^ Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). History of Medieval India,

Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, p.256

4. Jump up^ Prof K.Ali (1950, reprint 2006)"A new history of Indo-Pakistan"

Part 1, p.311

5. ^ Jump up to:a b c Jacob, Lt. Gen. Jack Frederick Ralph. “History: The Battle of
Panipat.” Chandigarh Tribune Online Edition, April 24, 2003.

6. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g D.R. SarDesai. India The Definitive History. (Colorado:

Westview Press, 2008), 146.

7. ^ Jump up to:a b c d D.R. SarDesai. India The Definitive History. (Colorado:

Westview Press, 2008), 162.

8. ^ Jump up to:a b c d John F. Richards. “The Economic History of the Lodi

Period: 1461-1526.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the

Orient, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Aug. 1965), 50.

 9. Jump up^ John F. Richards. “The Economic History of the Lodi Period:
1461-1526.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol.

8, No. 1 (Aug. 1965), 66.

10. Jump up^ John F. Richards. “The Economic History of the Lodi Period:
1451-1526.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol.

8, No. 1 (Aug. 1965), 61.

11. Jump up^ John F. Richards. “The Economic History of the Lodi Period:
1451-1526.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol.

8, No. 1 (Aug. 1965), 53.

12. ^ Jump up to:a b c d John F. Richards. “The Economic History of the Lodhi

Period: 1451-1526.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the
Orient, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Aug. 1965), 52.

13. ^ Jump up to:a b c d D.R. SarDesai. India The Definitive History. (Colorado:

Westview Press, 2008), 163.

14. Jump up^ John F. Richards. “The Economic History of the Lodi Period:
1451-1526.” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol.

8, No. 1 (Aug. 1965), 53.

15. Jump up^ D.R. SarDesai. India The Definitive History. (Colorado:

Westview Press, 2008),163.

References[edit]

Beck, Sanderson. INDIA & Southeast Asia to 1800: Ethics of Civilization. California: World Peace
Communications, 2006. <http://www.san.beck.org/2-9-MughalEmpire1526- 1707.html>.

Desoulieres, Alain. “Mughal Diplomacy in Gujarat (1533–1534) in Correia's 'Lendas da India'.” Modern Asian
Studies, Vol. 22, No. 3. pp. 454.<http://www.jstor.org/stable/312590>.

Haider, Najaf. “Precious Metal Flows and Currency Circulation in the Mughal Empire.” Journal of the Economic
and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 39, No. 3 (1996), pp. 298– 364. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3632649>.
India. Indian History: Medieval History. 2005. <http://india.gov.in/knowindia/medieval_history1.php>. 3/10/09.

Jacob, Lt. Gen. Jack Frederick Ralph. “History: The Battle of Panipat.” Chandigarh Tribune Online Edition, April
24, 2003. <http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030425/cth2.htm>.

Richards, John F. “The Economic History of the Lodi Period: 1451-1526.” Journal of the Economic and Social
History of the Orient, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Aug. 1965). <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3596342>.

SarDesai, D.R. India The Definitive History. Colorado: Westview Press, 2008.
 Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. “A Note on the Rise of Surat in the Sixteenth Century.” Journal of the Economic and
Social History of the Orient, Vol. 43, No. 1 (2000), pp. 23–33. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3632771>.

The World Book Encyclopedia, 1979 ed. “Mogul Empire.”

Ud-Din, Hameed. “Historians of Afghan Rule in India.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 82, No. 1
(Jan. – Mar., 1962), pp. 44–51. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/595978

External links[edit]

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media related to Lodhi Empire.

 A History of Sind, Volume II, Translated from Persian Books by Mirza

Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, chpt. 68

 The Sayyids and the Lodhis

 WebIndia - History (Deli Sultanate)

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Sayyid dynasty
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For Kashmiri dynasty, see Sayyid Dynasty.

Sayyid dynasty

←  1414–1451   →

The tomb of Muhammad Shah at Lodi Gardens, New Delhi.

Capital Delhi

Languages Persian (official)[1]

Religion Islam

Government Sultanate

Sultan

 -  1414–1421 Khizr Khan

 -  1445–1451 Alam Shah

 History

 -  Established 1414

 -  Disestablished 1451

The Sayyid dynasty was the fourth dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate from 1414 to 1451. They succeeded
the Tughlaq dynasty and ruled that sultanate until they were displaced by the Lodi dynasty.

This family claimed to be Sayyids, or descendants of Muhammad. The central authority of the Delhi Sultanate
had been fatally weakened by the successive invasion of Timur and his sack of Delhi in 1398. After a period of
chaos, when no central authority prevailed, the Sayyids gained power at Delhi. Their 37-year period of
dominance witnessed the rule of four different members of the dynasty.

The dynasty was established by Khizr Khan, deputised by Timur to be the governor of Multan (Punjab). Khizr
Khan took Delhi from Daulat Khan Lodi on May 28, 1414 and founded the Sayyid dynasty. But he did not take
up the title of sultan and nominally, continued to be aRayat-i-Ala (vassal) of the Timurids, initially of Timur and
after his death, his successor Shah Rukh, grandson of Timur.[2] Khizer Khan was succeeded by his son
Mubarrak Khan after his death on May 20, 1421, who styled himself as Muizz-ud-Din Mubarak Shah in his
coins. A detailed account of his reign is available in the Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi written by Yahya-bin-Ahmad
Sirhindi. After the death of Mubarak Khan, his nephew Muhammad Khan ascended the throne and styled
himself as Sultan Muhammad Shah. Just before his death, he called his son Ala-ud-Din from Badaun and
nominated him as his successor.

The last ruler of this dynasty, Ala-ud-Din Alam Shah voluntarily abdicated the throne of the Delhi sulatanate in
favour of Bahlul Khan Lodi on April 19, 1451 and left for Badaun. He continued to live there till his death in
1478.[3]

Contents

  [hide] 

 1 The rulers

 2 See also

 3 Notes

 4 References

The rulers[edit]
 1. Khizr Khan 1414–1421
2. Mubarak Shah 1421–1434

3. Muhammad Shah 1434–1445

4. Ala-un-din Alam Shah 1445–1451

See also[edit]

 Persianate states

 List of Sunni Muslim dynasties

 Sadaat-e-Bilgram

 Saadat-e-Bara
Notes[edit]

1. Jump up^ "Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological

Survey of India". Asi.nic.in. Retrieved 2010-11-14.

2. Jump up^ Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). History of Medieval India,

Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, p.237

3. Jump up^ Mahajan, V.D. (1991, reprint 2007). History of Medieval India,

Part I, New Delhi: S. Chand, ISBN 81-219-0364-5, p.244

References[edit]

 Encyclopædia Britannica - Sayyid Dynasty

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