10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1-0: COUNTDOWN

I will: I’ll

My name is…
05-07-1995
28-08-1995
Where are you from?
I am from Colombia. I’m from Bogota. I am Colombian, from Bogota.

What day is today?

Today is Monday.
There are seven days in a/the week: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday,
Friday, Saturday, and Sunday.
What’s the date today?
Today is MONTH – DAY – YEAR = September 16th, 2019 = the 16th of September
There are twelve months in a year: January, February, March, April, May, June,
July, August, September, October, November, and December.

I am Gemini. I am Gemini because I was born on June 11th, 1957.

Tania is Cancer. Tania was born on July 5th.
Miguel is Virgo. Miguel was born on August 28th. HYPHEN

Shakira was born in America, in Colombia, in Barranquilla, in 1977, in February,

on February 2nd 1977: on the 2nd of February (of) 1977.
I am 62 years old.

What does … mean?

How do you say … in English?
How do you spell … / that? T-H-U-M-B

I don’t know.
I don’t remember.
I have the word on the tip of my tongue.

VOCABULARY ON/ABOUT FOOD(S) & DRINK(S)

Water – mineral water – a bottle of water – bottled water
Wine – red wine – white wine – rosé wine - color: burgundy
Coffee – a cup of coffee – a mug – coffee pot – coffee maker
Milk – a carton of milk – a bottle of milk – whole milk / low fat milk
Tea – tea pot – a cup of tea – green tea…
Would you like tea / a cup of tea / a tea?
Bread – whole bread – sliced bread – one/a slice of bread
Pasta
Rice – rice with chicken – rice with milk
Sausage
Chicken
Meat: beef / pork
Fish FISH – FISHES
Cheese
Vegetables
Fruit (s)
Eggs – fried eggs – scrambled eggs (with…) – hard/soft boiled eggs – poached eggs
Soup
Ice-cream – an ice-cream cone
Butter – peanut butter – margarine -

Spain – Spanish / Spaniard

METER: m SQUARE METER(S): m2

Kg

I am average height.
I am average weight.

In optics and photography there is a technique called PHOTO-GRAY

My eyes are dark brown. I have dark brown eyes. DARK EYES

My hair is short, wavy, and black -a little gray. A gray hair.

I have short hair.
I have short, straight, and black hair.

My hair is dyed.

HOMOPHONES
HER – HAIR – HARE PEACE – PEAS – PIECE
TO – TOO – TWO
I – EYE
ICE – EYES
SEA – SEE

MINIMAL PAIRS
BUT – BAT MILL – MEAL CHOOSE – SHOES
CUT – CAT BIT – BEAT DITCH – DISH

THIS 0 THAT 0
THESE 000 THOSE 000

TAG QUESTION – QUESTION TAG

A tag question is a short question at the end of a sentence just to confirm. If the
sentence is affirmative, the tag question is negative, and vice-versa.

Nancy is very pretty, isn’t she? Pete is not a lawyer, is he?

Nancy plays the guitar, doesn’t she? Pete doesn’t study here, does he?

Workmates= co-workers DO NOT OPEN

HAVE = VERB HAVE = AUXILIARY

I have. I don’t have. I have worked. I haven’t seen Liz today.
Do you have a car? Have you eaten tempura?
Does Joe have a moto? Has Betty been sick this month?
I think that Nelly is a good secretary.
I know
He thinks
He doesn’t know (that) today is the exam.
They believe
They believe that.
They believe that that is right.

To be good or bad at…

I am good at cooking. I am bad at drawing.
Jack is good at Geography. Jack is bad at tennis.

The first…
The second…
…
The one before the last.
The last sentence. The last one.

With a comb I comb my hair.

With a hairbrush I brush my hair.
Either with a comb or a hairbrush I dress my hair. He’s a hairdresser.

After … + … After class, … After 7, we…

Afterwards…
Then, …

Smile! Laugh.
Smile at the camera. Laugh at… Don’t laugh at me.

SAY HELLO SAY GOODBYE

KISS HELLO KISS GOODBYE
WAVE HELLO WAVE GOODBYE

+ I like… – I don’t like…

++ I like… very much. – – I don’t like… at all.
+++ I love… – – – I hate… = I can’t stand…

IN – ON – AT TIME
IN in 1977, in November, in March 2016, in the morning/afternoon/evening, in
summer, in (the) spring, in the XX century, in the 90s, in the Middle Age,

ON on June 30th, on Saturday, on vacation, on (a) holiday, on (the) weekends, on

my birthday, on a May morning, on a sunny afternoon

AT at night, at midnight, at midday, at noon, at dawn, at sunrise, at dusk, at

sunset, at 7, at 8 in the morning, at half past 11,

IN – AT – IN – ON – IN – ON – ON – IN – ON – IN – AT – ON – AT – IN – IN – ON

“Business are business” - “BUSINESSES ARE BUSINESSES”

Time Sheet -
Maybe yes, maybe no.
Maybe it rains, maybe it snows.

TO CHEAT (to copy) TO CHEAT ON:

Don’t cheat! Nelson is cheating on Nelly.
Without cheating!

AGREE & DISAGREE

ISN’T – ISN’T, EITHER, AM NOT, EITHER – IS
I DON’T – DOES – DOES, TOO. DOES, TOO.
YOU NEVER – DOESN’T, EITHER – DOESN’T, EITHER – DO
Eddie lives – we don’t – B does – JP does, too.
Bo has – I don’t – Lynn doesn’t, either. Mr. Green does
You aren’t – Jim isn’t, either – Patty is – Mr. Richards is, too.
Angie bites – I don’t – C doesn’t, either – Rachel does.

THRICE: 3 TIMES
HW
He is my namesake: we have the same name.
NAMES NICKNAMES
Deborah Debbie Bo
Barbara Barbie
Charles Charlie, Charly, Chas, Chuck, Chucky, Chuckie
William Wil, Bill, Willy, Billy, Willie, Billie

First name Second/Middle name

Mary Ann Smith
Alaina Corinne Belisle
Ronald W. Reagan Miss Walker
John F. Kennedy Miss Rose Fitzgerald
George W. Bush Miss Wilson
Barack H. Obama Miss Hussein
Donald J. Trump John

ONOMATOPOEIA
Uh-huh YES.
Uh-uh NO.

Jane Janet Jeanne Jeannette …tte – lle - nne

Victor Manuelle
PERSONAL PRONOUN POSSESSIVE - POSSESSIVE
SUBJECT OBJECT ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS
I …me My… …mine
He …him His… …his
She …her - Her… …hers
It …it Its… …its
We …us Our… …ours
You …you Your… …yours
They …them Their… …theirs

Something belongs to me. It is mine. It’s my… Those papers belong to you.
The Latin Possessive The Saxon Possessive
This is the book of Paul. This is Paul’s book. ‘s: the…of
They are the children of Liz and Tom. They are Liz and Tom’s children.
Those are the toys of mi children. Those are my children’s toys.
I love the guitar of James. I love James’ guitar.
I know the parents of Tess. I know Tess’s parents.

ADJECTIVES
Clean – Dirty Don’t say dirty words. Four-letter words FUCK
For Using Carnal Knowledge
EUPHEMISM
The Boyacá Avenue is wide, very wide. /open-minded/
The streets in La Candelaria are narrow. He is a narrow-minded man.
High tide / Low tide
Sad (blue) - Happy, glad, pleased, elated, merry, gay
A poet could not but be gay in such a jocund company – THE DAFFODILS – WW
WALK – TALK / WALKIE-TALKIE
Light / Heavy Light / Dark
Strong / Weak = feeble
Open / Closed He stood there with wide-open eyes. Wide-Shut Eyes
Easy / Difficult It’s a piece of cake! Difficult = Hard
Expensive / Cheap It’s a (real) bargain. To bargain: negotiate the price.
The hare – The snail
Right / Left Left-handed - right: correct / wrong, incorrect
To be right / To be wrong.
Delicious = tasty, tasteful / disgusting, tasteless, bland
New – Old If I can’t wear: worn-out.
BAR OFF
Full / Empty Half-full / Half-empty F / E

FURNITURE
Floor lamp – Standing lamp - Table lamp – Ceiling lamp
Easy chair – Armchair

IN – ON – AT LOCATION

Carlos is in back of Betty. Carlos is after Betty.

Carlos is behind Betty. Carlos is after Betty.

TIME
What time is it?
It’s 10.
It’s 10 o’clock. ON THE CLOCK - WATCH
It’s 10 sharp.
It’s 9 in the morning / in the evening
It’s 4 in the afternoon / in the morning: 4am / 4pm
It’s 4:30 = four thirty - It’s half past four.
It’s 4:15 = four fifteen - It’s (a) quarter past 4.
It’s 4:45 = four forty-five - It’s fifteen to five – It’s (a) ¼ to five.
It’s in the morning – in the afternoon – in the evening at night

What time is the meeting? It is AT 3 pm.

REGULAR PLURALS IRREGULAR PLURAL

BOOK, BOOKS MAN, MEN
PEN, PENS WOMAN, WOMEN
TABLE, TABLES GENTLEMAN, GENTLEMEN

…S ES MOUSE, MICE
GLASS, GLASSES LOUSE, LICE
DRESS, DRESSES
BUS, BUSES
GOOSE, GEESE
…H ES FOOT, FEET
BRUSH, BRUSHES TOOTH, TEETH
WATCH, WATCHES
WITCH, WITCHES
SHEEP
…O ES DEER
TOMATO, TOMATOES DICE
POTATO, POTATOES
NEGRO, NEGROES FISH – FISHES
PHOTO, PHOTOS
MOTO, MOTOS

…F, FE VES
KNIFE, KNIVES
WOLF, WOLVES
CALF, CALVES
HALF, HALVES
WIFE, WIVES
ROOF, ROOFS

…Y …IES (CONS + Y)
BABY, BABIES
CITY, CITIES
BERRY, BERRIES

She is an old maid. He is an old bachelor.

PUNCTUATION
. PERIOD (…) PARENTHESIS @ ARROBA – AT
, COMMA “…” QUOTATIONS – QUOTATION MARKS
: COLON « … » FRENCH QUOTATIONS
; SEMICOLON {…} BRACKETS & AMPERSAND
’ APOSTROPHE […] SQUARE BRACKETS * ASTERISK
… ELLIPSES …! EXCLAMATION MARK - HYPHEN
/ SLASH …? QUESTION MARK – DASH
WWW. DOT
4,5 We need 5 points more to win the game.
4.5 POINT After a surgery: 1 stitch – 20 stitches
A Broken Dream - PRESENT
This is the story of Tommy Parker, a young man who lives with his father. He has a
dream in his life: he wants to be a ballet dancer; but Mr. Parker doesn’t like/share
this idea, he thinks (that) it is not the right career for a “real man”, that’s why he
hits and kicks his son whenever he dances. One day the young man reacts: he
punches his father who falls down knock-out. At that very moment he
realizes/sees that he is strong and changes his mind; he starts training (to train) to
become a boxer. After winning several important matches, he becomes
national/domestic champion. Then he travels/goes to the USA where he becomes
World Champion. Now, Tommy is wealthy, millionaire, and independent; but he is
unhappy. Why? Because he knows that he cannot be a ballet dancer. Why?
Because he is hefty/burly (he has much muscle) and a ballet dancer must be slim,
very thin.

REGULAR VERBS IRREGUALR VERBS

… ED PAST – PAST PARTICIPLE … ED
Play – Played Go - Went - Gone
Study – Studied Am-Is-Are was, were been
Work – Worked Think Thought Thought
Paint – Painted Cut - Cut _ Cut
Answer – Answered Read - Read - Read

SHOP – SHOPPED – SHOPPED SELL – SOLD – SOLD

STUDY – STUDIED – STUDIED FIND – FOUND – FOUND
DANCE – DANCED – DANCED FALL – FELL – FALLEN
PUSH – PUSHED – PUSHED TAKE – TOOK – TAKEN
HELP – HELPED – HELPED BUILD – BUILT – BUILT
JUMP – JUMPED – JUMPED GIVE – GAVE – GIVEN
PULL – PULLED – PULLED GET – GOT – GOT / GOTTEN
ARRIVE – ARRIVED – ARRIVED RUN – RAN – RUN
WAIT – WAITED – WAITED DRIVE – DROVE – DRIVEN
CARRY – CARRIED – CARRIED LEAVE – LEFT – LEFT

I am clumsy, so (therefore) I put my coffee away to (in order to) avoid an accident.

A Broken Dream - PAST

This is the story of Tommy Parker, a young man who lived with his father. He had a
dream in his life: he wanted to be a ballet dancer; but Mr. Parker didn’t like/share
this idea, he thought (that) it is/was not the right career for a “real man”, that’s
why he hit and kicked his son whenever he danced. One day the young man
reacted: he punched his father who fell down knock-out. At that very moment he
realized/saw that he was strong and changed his mind; he started training (to
train) to become a boxer. After winning several important matches, he became
national/domestic champion. Then he traveled/went to the USA where he became
World Champion. Then, Tommy was wealthy, millionaire, and independent; but he
was unhappy. Why? Because he knew that he couldn’t/cannot be a ballet dancer.
Why? Because he was/is hefty/burly (he had much muscle) and a ballet dancer
must be slim, very thin.

…ED /t/ /d/ /Id/

Vocabulary – THE FAMILY
Boyfriend – Girlfriend
Fiancé – Fiancée
The day of the wedding: groom – bride
Husband – Wife = the “just married” – a trip: honeymoon - bitter moon
They are newly married
If the man dies, the woman is widow - widowed
If the woman dies, the man is widower - widowed
Ken and Tom are brothers. Liz and Jane are sisters. They are brothers and sisters.
Ken and Liz are brother and sister. They are siblings.

My family: my parents and my brothers and sisters + my children

My close relatives: uncles/aunts + cousins + nephews/nieces + grandparents
My relatives. The other people in the family.
John is a friend of mine.
John is my friend.
John is an acquaintance.

To Christianize or baptize a child, the parents ask a couple to be there.

They are godparents: godfather/godmother
The children are godchildren: godson/goddaughter

When a couple get married, they usually ask another couple to be there: they are
witness – witnesses (plural)

In my family, Teresa is the oldest / the older one.

…
I am the youngest / the younger one.

To sweeten the coffee. To put the sugar in the coffee. To stir the coffee with a
straw/teaspoon – to sip, to take a sip.

ANN – ANA – ANNE – ANNIE

You are fined: you must pay a fine – They give you a fine ticket.

York - New York

Jersey - New Jersey
Orleans - New Orleans

ASKING QUESTIONS
Verb To BE
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Are you … ?
Are you + verb + ing ?
Is he …?
Are they + verb + ing ?

INFORMATION QUESTIONS
Where is Nelly today ?
Why are you studying English?
Who …
When …
What …
Which …
How …
How old …

Other VERBS
YES/NO QUESTIONS
Do you play golf ?
Does Joe like tea ?
Information Questions
What do you do after class ?
When does he travel ?
Why do you work there ?
How …
How many…
How much…
Where …

The word ABBREVIATION should be shorter.

CUT – chop – slice – dice

Shark – JAWS – My Poor Little Angel – Home Alone

EYELASHES – upper eyelashes / lower eyelashes

LIPS – upper lip / lower lip
EYELIDS – upper eyelid – lower eyelid
TEETH – upper teeth / lower teeth 1 tooth – 3… teeth

When you someone very well, you say: “I know him as the back of my hand.”

When you know a place very well, you say: I know Bogota as the back of my hand.
“I am familiar to Bogota.”

Thumb – Index finger – Middle finger – Ring finger – Little finger (… pinky)

I was finger printed.

I was x-rayed.

VOCABULARY – CLOTHES – CLOTHING – GARMENT

Dress
Skirt – Miniskirt: Mary Quant, British fashion designer – in late 50’s – early 60’s
Shirt – collar – sleeves – long-sleeve shirt – short-sleeve shirt – sleeveless
Sweater – pull-over
Trousers – Pants – slacks – jeans – a blue jean
Jacket – coat -blazer – raincoat
Scarf – 1925-27 Cannes Festival – Isadora Duncan
Shorts – short pants – Bermuda – hot pants
Socks – stockings or pantyhose – garter belt
Underwear
T-shirt – polo shirt
Shoes – shoelaces – sole – high-heel(ed) shoes – high heels – heels
Slippers – flipflops – thongs – sandals / hemp sandals
Pajamas
Gloves
Wellingtons – rubber boots – rain boots
Hat – ribbon

MATERIALS
Cotton – Linen – Lycra – Wool – Leather – Corduroy – Silk – Polyester – Felt

HALLOWEEN
Hallow: to make sacred, to sanctify
Eve: Adam and Eve – Eve: the day (night) before an important day
October 31st – they buried alive the heretics: witches whoever who did against
Hallowed eve
November 1st is a very important day in the Catholic church/community, they
celebrate all the Saints: the Saints Day
In the Middle Age(s) – Inquisition
Children went out in the evening asking for candy/candies or sweeties and saying:
“Treat or trick” TREAT: a deal – TREAT: something delicious to eat: cake, pie
Spider web – pumpkin – witches – brooms – costumes – dress up – disguise

Once, I dressed up as JP Montoya.

One day, I dressed up as a princess.
In 199, I dressed up as Zorro.

ASKING QUESTIONS
What’s her name? Does she like her job?
Is she married? What does she do in her free/spare time?
Is she pretty? What does she do on weekends?
How old is she? What time does she get up on Sunday?
Where is she from? How much does she earn (per year / yearly)?
When was she born? How does she go to work?
Where does she live? How many siblings does she have?
Does she have children? How many brothers and sisters does she have?
Where does she work? Where does she eat lunch?
What does she do there?
Does she speak French?
You go somewhere by plane, train, bus, car, by taxi, helicopter, boat
You go on foot, bike, moto, horseback in a taxi

CARTOON 1
One day a man feels sick and goes to see a doctor. After examining him and after
some tests, the doctor concludes than he has a very serious sickness. The patient
gets worried and scared: he thinks and says that he is going to die. The doctor tries
to console him explaining/telling that the illness has a cure, that he can heal easily:
just eating healthy and doing exercise. But the patient gets more worried and now
he is terrified, and he shouts that he is certainly going to die because he knows
himself very well and he knows he is unable to change his habits, so/therefore he is
going to die.
 MATERIALS
PACKS:
VOCABULARY – SONGS – GRAMMAR – CARTOONS – READINGS – EAST-WEST –
TESS – CHECKLISTS – EXERCISES

Vocabulary – Geography
Beach – sand – water – sea – waves – tide: high tide / low tide: it depends on the Moon.
Desert – sand – dunes – oasis
Forest – wood, woods – pine, pines – a pine wood – jungle
Hill
Island – Iceland is an island – She lives on an island. She lives in Providencia.
Lake – lagoon
Mountain
Ocean
River – stream - You cry a river
Valley – Canyon
Volcano – crater – lava – ash, ashes – erupt, eruption – smoke, smokes
Waterfall – falls
Plateau
Cliff – fjords
Cactus – cactuses – cacti Fungus – funguses – fungi

BE IN A PLACE
I am in Cali. I was in Cali. I will be in Cali. I have been TO Cali.

JOBS – PROFESSIONS – OCCUPATIONS

Postman – Mailman
Bricklayer – House maker
Shop assistant – seller – salesman, saleswoman
Secretary – Typist
Vet – Veterinarian
Mechanic
Farmer
Carpenter – …
Doctor – Physician – General practitioner
Hairdresser – hair stylist – stylist – barber
Cook – chef
Fire fighter – fireman, firemen
Waiter – Waitress - They wait tables.
Teacher
Factory worker
Clerk – They help to organize, arrange…
Electrician
Plumber
Singer
Housewife

When you have had a good time, you say: I had a blast!

SIMPLE PAST
WAS – WOKE – GOT – OPENED – LOOKED – WENT – PUT – TO BOIL – WENT –
DIDN’T TAKE – WASN’T – SHAVED – BRUSHED – COMBED – WENT – MADE –
TURNED – WAS – WAS – HAD TO TAKE – WAS – WATCHED – SMILED – SAID –
TOLD – DIDN’T NEED – COULD TAKE – THANKED – GOT – DIDN’T PUT – WASN’T
GOING – HAD TO GO – KISSED – LEFT – WERE – STOPPED – ASKED – TO TAKE –
WAS – AGREED – OPENED – INVITED – TO GET – GOT – RAN – WASN’T –
DROPPED – WAS/IS – THANKED – WAVED – WENT – TOLD – WAS – DIDN’T NEED
– DROVE – WAS – GOT – WAS WATCHING – WAITING – GREETED – TURNED …

…CVC +… CVCC BEGIN – BEGINNING STEP, STEPPED, STEPPING

COUNT OR COUNTABLE NOUNS / NON COUNT OR NON COUNTABLE

Oranges – Books – Pencils – Friends Sugar – Coffee – Patience – Faith
MANY MUCH
HOW MANY…? HOW MUCH…?
CUÁNTOS/CUÁNTAS CUÁNTO/CUÁNTA
I have some, five, many oranges. I (don’t) have much coffee.
I don’t have any oranges. I have (a) little coffee.
I have very few friends. I have very little coffee.
I have a lot of books. I have a lot of coffee.
I have lots of books. I have lots of coffee.

ADJECTIVES
…ING : A moment, an activity, a situation
…ED : The person is/gets or feels

The boy was about to kiss the girl when the parents entered the living room. It was
an embarrassing moment. He felt embarrassed.
BORING – EXCITED – WORRIED – SURPRISED – TIRING – FRIGHTENED –
WORRYING – INTERESTED – EXCITING – ANNOYED

THE MOON OF INDIA – EPISODE 1

The Moon of India is a jewel, a necklace. It is important because it belongs to a museum it is a
piece from a museum, it is very expensive: more than four million dollars.
No. No, he doesn’t. No, he doesn’t know who took it.
A. Gray is the director of the City Museum.
P. R. is one suspect. He is the man who called the police. He is the man who died in the phone
booth.
Casey is a policeman. He is a cop. He is the policeman who answered the phone/call…
Lt. Washington is a police officer, he is Casey’s boss.
Richardson called the police because he was in danger, at risk, was threatened. He called the
police to (in order to) give information, to inform his partner, to squeal his partner (squealer)
- brown-nose: ENTROMETIDO
His partner shot Richardson. Richardson was killed/murdered/assassinated/shot – stabbed
Venice is a city in Italy. It’s the city of the channels. A MAN A PLAN A CANAL PANAMA
Princess is the feminine of prince, the daughter of a king and (a) queen.
Princess is the name of a ship: it is a ship.

WEAR – WORE – WORN BLEED – BLED – BLED

TEAR – TORE – TORN FEED – FED – FED

BLOW – BLEW – BLOWN STAND – STOOD – STOOD

ARTICLES
DEFINITE ARTICLES – INDEFINITE ARTICLES
THE A, AN SOME – ANY
I see a car. The car is blue.
He lives in Havana – She lived in Cairo.
In winter, in the winter
The cat is a domestic animal.
Cats are domestic animals.
We need apples, oranges and bananas.
Where are the oranges?
You get home. Please, don’t put the bananas in the fridge.

PRESENT PERFECT – HAVE/HAS + PAST PARTICIPLE

HAS + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE …?
HAVE + SUBJECT + PAST PARTICIPLE …?

Have you eaten something unusual, strange, weird…?

What is the strangest thing (that) you have eaten?
Have you even eaten big-ass ants?

Have you eaten sushi? Have you ever seen a UFO?

Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
I ate … I have never seen…

What does … mean? It means…

What does UFO stand for? It stands for Unidentified Flying Object.
UFOLOGY – UFOLOGIST

In a BEAUTY CONTEST there are five finalists (from the total of contestants):
1 the winner: the Beauty Queen Miss…
st
2 the 1 runner up
3 the 2nd runner up
4 the 3rd runner up
5 the 4th runner up

My mother usually did that, but today she never bites her nails.
My mother used to (do that/it), but not anymore.

Cocks, hens, chicks = their meat is chicken

Ducks, geese, turkeys, hens, roosters = they’re “chickens”

Wind: noun Wind: verb – Rewind

COLOMBIA IS PASSION
LOOKS – SEE – KNOW – ARE – ACT – DREAM – IS – IS – MAKE – RHYTHM – BRING –
FRIENDS – ARE – ARE – HAPPIEST – TAKES – HAVE – IS – BIGGEST – SHOWS – IS –
ARE – IS – WOMEN – ORCHIDS – HAVE – THINK – LOVE – HAVE – FALLEN – MIX –
SPORTS – HAVE – WINNER – HAVE – ARE – ARE – HAVE – SHARE – PASSION –
PERHAPS – THINK – REFLECTS – IS

What did you do when the accident happened?

I took a photo. I called the police. I vanished.

What were you doing when the accident happened?

I was trying to change a bulb…
NEEDED
WAS ALSO WATCHING
“That’s all she ever does.” “That’s all they ever do.” “That’s all you ever do.”
CALLED – WEREN’T – WERE – WAS WORKING
WALKED – WAS TALKING – WERE BUSILY WORKING – WERE QUETLY DISCUSSING
WAS WATCHING
WAS – DIDN’T HEAR – WASN’T LISTENING
CALLED – WAS JUST THINKING
WAS CROSSING – STRUCK
ENTERED – WERE BUSILY BARGAIN – TRYING – WERE HUNTING – WERE LEADING
– WERE ARGUING – WALKED – WAS SELLING – BOUGHT
RESCUED – WAS
ALWAYS LEFT – ACTUALLY EXPECTED – WAS ACTUALLY EXPECTING
LIVED – WAS LIVING
LOUDLY LAUGHED – SUDDENLY FELL
DID YOU DO – WERE YOU DOING
WAS READING – WROTE
WERE – WAS

The Master of suspense: ALFRED HITCHCOCK – Psycho – Vertigo – The 39 Steps –

The Rear Window – James Stewart / Grace Kelly (Cannes Film Festival – Prince of
Monaco) – The Birds – The Night of the Pencils

UNIVERSALS:
Use a capital letter at the beginning of a sentence or writing – proper names
(people, places) – after a period
ENGLISH: use capital initial for: SPANISH
Languages, nationalities, months, days, subjects No.

SUBSTITUTION DRILL
Those men were sick last month.
Jack Jack was sick last month.
You You were sick last month.
Negative You weren’t sick last month.
I I wasn’t sick last month.
Betty Betty wasn’t sick last month.
Question Wasn’t Betty sick last month?
Present Isn’t Betty sick this month?
Affirmative Is Betty sick this month?
Kevin Is Kevin sick this month?
They Are they sick this month?

Where does Betty study fine arts?

What does Betty study at the university?
What does Betty do at the university?
Who studies fine arts at the university?

A march – a marcher – a protest – a protester – a strike

I took part in the protest.

I went out to the march. It was a pan march.

I did the washing/laundry. I did the ironing: I ironed my clothes.

THE CONDITION
CONDITION 1
1-A The condition: If + simple present - Subordinate: simple present
If I am thirsty, I drink water.
If Nancy calls me, I answer.
If I am sleepy, I go to bed.

1-B The condition: If + simple present - Subordinate: IMPERATIVE

If you are cold, put on a sweater.!
If you don’t want to go, don’t go!

1-C The condition: If + simple present - Subordinate: simple future

If Nelly calls me, I won’t (will not) answer.
If you come early, we will go to the movies.

CONDITION 2
The condition: If + simple past -
would (not) + verb
If I had a car, I would go somewhere.
I wouldn’t stay here.
Ah, if I spoke Japanese… I’d apply for that scholarship.
Ah, if I were 20 years younger…
KNEW – HAD / GAVE / WERE / WERE / LIVED – WERE / WERE / HAD – BOUGHT /
HAD / KNEW / CAME / HAD – WERE – DIDN’T HAVE / KNEW / HAD / COULD /
STOPPED / WEREN’T – DIDN’T LIVE / ATE

… I would call her. … we would visit the Eiffel Tower.

… she would be perfect.
… I would be worried (worry) about him.
… you’d love them.
… I would show them what I did.
… he would take me to the theater.
… we’d rest a little.
… they would be healthy / healthier.
… he wouldn’t use/take/ride TM anymore.
… I would pass the exam.
… I would be in M., resting.
… I would prepare some cocktails for them.
… he would take me to my work.
… she would be the best swimmer of our family.
… they wouldn’t have health troubles.

What would you do if you became blind?

If I became blind, oh, my God if I became blind… I’d be/get very sad and worried,
I would cry a river, I would need medical assistance, and psychological help/aid, I
wouldn’t know what to do, I wouldn’t take my life: commit suicide, I would learn
the Braille system to read and write, I couldn’t (wouldn’t be able to) teach music…

CONDITION 3
The regret – We cannot modify things/facts – Impossible hypothesis
The Condition The Subordinate
If + past perfect (HAD+PP) would/wouldn’t have + past participle

Situation: a friend of mine was in hospital for three months, he died last week and
was buried/cremated, I didn’t go to see him, I didn’t even know that he was sick.
If I had known that my friend was sick, I would have gone to see him/her.
If the woman hadn’t called the police, they wouldn’t have caught the thief.
If Mildred had paid attention, she would have understood the explanation.
If Mildred had paid attention to the explanation, she’d have understood (it).

I studied Languages and/so/therefore I became/am a language teacher.

If I hadn’t studied Languages, I wouldn’t have been/become a language teacher.
If I hadn’t studied Languages, I wouldn’t be a language teacher.

If I hadn’t studied Languages, I’d have studied Astronomy.

If Miguel hadn’t studied Music, he’d have studied Physics (to be a physicist).
If Tania hadn’t studied Music, she’d have studied Optometry.

If you say: I have to fix it or to repair it = you will do it yourself.

I have/need to have it fixed/repaired.

What are you doing now / right now?

Why didn’t he answer the phone?
Where were you (and what were you doing) yesterday at noon?
Where did she buy those watches?
What did she tell you?
Has he (ever) seen the movie “…” (already)?
Did Tim have a car when he was a child?
When did you meet Henry?
What is she going to do next weekend?
Why didn’t Ann call you?
Where did your neighbors go last Saturday?
What did your neighbors do last Saturday?
Have you already finished this exercise?
Who did Ken see at the party last night?
Can you (please) give her cell-phone number (please)?
What did Sue and Kevin eat for dinner?
Who won one million dollars thanks to the/that/an investment?

LINKING WORDS or CONNECTORS – LOGICAL CONNECTORS

Celia Cruz was ugly. She was talented. She succeeded in life.
Celia Cruz was ugly, BUT she succeeded in life.
Celia Cruz was ugly, HOWEVER she succeeded in life.
Celia Cruz was ugly, AND she succeeded in life.
ALTHOUGH Celia Cruz was ugly, she succeeded in life.
THOUGH Celia Cruz was ugly, she succeeded in life (THOUGH).
IN SPITE OF her ugliness, Celia succeeded in life. In spite of the fact of being…
DESPITE her ugliness, Celia succeeded in life.
IN SPITE OF being ugly, Celia succeeded in life.
DESPITE being ugly, Celia succeeded in life.
Celia succeeded in life THANKS TO her talent. Thanks to +
Celia succeeded in life DUE TO her talent. Due to –+
EPA C., has become famous BECAUSE OF her stupidity. Because of –
The thief was caught thanks to a woman who called the police.
EPA C. was caught because of a woman who called the police.

JOSHUA WENDELL
He died the eve (the day or the night before) of the day when the story is/was
told/written.
The woman whom Joshua loved.
She married J’s best friend just to hurt him, to make him suffer (in a sudden
wrath).
Joshua was waiting for - a word from her.
- her.
- her to come.
- her to come and apologize.
- her to come and say I am/was sorry.

Moral Say what you need to say at the right time.

We shouldn’t be (too) proud.
Pride kills relationships.

The Loneliness of Pride

Joshua’s Love Story
Joshua’s Tragedy
You cut the grass: you mow the grass: you mow the lawn, with a grass cutter or
a grass mower.

TLC: FTA = Free Trade Agreement

WAS – HAD – WAS – HAD – SAYS/SAID – FED – PLAYED – CRIED – DID – NEEDED
– WANTED – ISN’T/WASN’T – WAS – WORKED – SAYS/SAID – HATED – COME –
WERE – THINK – GET – WANT

I am fed up: I am full, I ate enough.

I am fed up with:

When introduced, Orientals don’t shake hands; they usually bow. Take a bow!

THE PASSIVE VOICE

The match was won by the Brazilian team.
A race car will be bought by us.

The bird eats the worm.

He sharpened the knives.

My hair is too long right now. I need to cut it. I can’t do it myself.
I am going to HAVE MY HAIR CUT. How often do you have your hair cut?
I have my hair cut every six weeks. How often do you have your hair dyed?
Some people don’t polish their shoes: they have their shoes polished.
She doesn’t have her nails polished: she polishes them herself.

Bed – pillows – blankets – sheets

Wardrobe – closet
Alarm clock – set the alarm at 4
TV – television – television set – TV set – remote control – screen – plasma screen
Armchair – easy chair
Sofa – couch
Table – desk – round table
Chair – stool – bench – seat – wheelchair – rocking chair
Cushion
Drawers
Lamp – table/desk lamp – ceiling lamp – floor lamp: standing lamp – bulb
Picture – photograph, photo – pic – a painting – painting – frame – passe-partout –
technique: oil on canvas
Fridge – freezer – refrigerator – ice box
Washing machine – dryer machine – dryer – built-in dryer
Washbasin
Bath – tub – bathtub
Stove – rings – oven – microwave oven Tire: rim – a flat tire
Sink
Tap – faucet – tap water
Mirror

“To be or not to be, that is the question…”

Tip – noun – a tip – an advice – the amount that is given

Tip – verb: to give something extra

If a place is messy, people say that is “up-side down” or messy.

If you put on a T-shirt and the label/brand can be seen, it is “in-side out”.

A door or a window is closed/shut or it is half open, wide open

“Eyes wide shut”

At the same speed / pace / rhythm. Pace maker.

To snore

If you don’t stop, if you persevere, if you don’t give up, if you keep on doing…, you
will get your goals.

Jane – Janet Jeanne – Jeannette

Pants – Short pants – shorts

Lenses – Contact lenses – contacts
Shoes – High-heel shoes – Heels / High-heels
Marlboro – Light cigarettes – Lights

The Olympic Games – The Olympics