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Tecla Assignment Homework 1
Tecla Assignment Homework 1
YEAR 2020
SEMESTER 2.1
CODE IS 202
LECTURER L.WINJI
a) Bus topology
b) Ring topology
c) Star topology
d) Mesh topology
e) Tree topology
f) Hybrid topology
a) BUS TOPOLOGY
• All the nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals) on a bus
each end. All nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals) are
• The cable length is limited. This limits the number of stations that
can be connected.
• This network topology can perform well only for a limited number of
nodes.
b) RING TOPOLOGY
communication purposes.
• A failure in any cable or device breaks the loop and can take down the
entire network.
network. When a device needs to transmit, it reserves the token for the
• Very orderly network where every device has access to the token and the
opportunity to transmit.
• The failure of a single node of the network can cause the entire network
to fail.
c)STAR TOPOLOGY
• In a star network, each node (file server, workstations, and peripherals) is
• The hub takes a signal that comes from any node and passes it along to
the network.
• Easy to manage
network.
• It has multiple links, so if one route is blocked then other routes can
e) TREE TOPOLOGY
transmit to and receive from one other only and are not required to
• The tree topology arranges links and nodes into distinct hierarchies in
• All the computers have access to the larger and their immediate
networks.
f) HYBRID TOPOLOGY
• A combination of any two or more network topologies.
a variety of topologies
• It is extremely flexible.
• It is very reliable.
• Expensive
A set of rules can be used e.g. the Carrier Sense Multiple with Collision Detection (CSMA and CD)
States that:
If the bus is quiet, transmitting proceeds, while transmitting monitor for a collision
If the bus is busy then listen until it is quiet and then immediately transmit.
send a jamming signal to other devices to notify them if there has been a collision and stop transmitting.
RING TOPOLOGY
In order to minimize collision in ring topology there must be introduction of a congestion control
algorithm that is based on that ring network.
The algorithm can be divided into two categories that are source algorithm and link algorithm.
Source algorithm such as the TCP algorithm which adjusts the speed of data transmission in the host and
network edge equipment.
Link algorithm such as AQM algorithm that executes in the network algorithm it detect an occurrence of
congestion.
STAR TOPOLOGY
There should be introduction of a network switch at its center hence all data transmitted from single
devices on the network should go through the switch and then send to its destination.
MESH TOPOLOGY
Use of switches that provides a single collision domain instead of using hubs.
The nodes must be physically placed in an orderly hierarchy for the data to be directly distributed to the
target node and avoid data loss and corruption.
TREE TOPOLOGY
Proper installation of the devices and ensuring that the hubs connected have a larger capacity to widely
distribute data packets.
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
Use of virtual token ring protocol which prevents collisions as it virtually rearranges the devices in a
logical ring manner and allows a unique token to be passed along this ring from device to device.
only the token holder is allowed to send data and the token passing is implemented as a special packet.
3.Various networking devices used in both LAN and WAN
Routers – A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP addresses. Router is
mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect LANs and WANs together and have a
dynamically updating routing table based on which they make decisions on routing the data packets.
Router divide broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.
Hub
It is a common connection point for devices in a network and are commonly used to connect segments of
a LAN.
It also contains multiple ports and when a packet arrives to one port, it is then copied to other ports so that
all segments of LAN can see all packets.
Types of Hub
Active Hub: - These are the hubs which have their own power supply and can clean, boost and relay the
signal along with the network. It serves both as a repeater as well as wiring center. These are used to
extend the maximum distance between nodes.
Passive Hub: - These are the hubs which collect wiring from nodes and power supply from active hub.
These hubs relay signals onto the network without cleaning and boosting them and can’t be used to
extend the distance between nodes.
Brouter – It is also known as bridging router is a device which combines features of both bridge and
router. It can work either at data link layer or at network layer. Working as router, it is capable of routing
packets across networks and working as bridge, it is capable of filtering local area network traffic.
Gateway – A gateway, as the name suggests, is a passage to connect two networks together that may
work upon different networking models. They basically work as the messenger agents that take data from
one system, interpret it, and transfer it to another system. Gateways are also called protocol converters
and can operate at any network layer. Gateways are generally more complex than switch or router.