10th week:

Chapter 7.
Archaeal and Eukaryotic Molecular
Biology
(Archaea와 진핵생물의 분자생물학)
 Chapter 7

Chapter 8
(12th Edition)
Archaeal and Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
(Archaea 와 진핵생물의 분자생물학)
 Molecular Biology of Archaea
(Archaea의 분자생물학)
• Chromosomes of Archaea resemble those of Bacteria

• DNA packaging and chromosome replication are more similar to

Eukarya

• Archaea possess both DNA gyrase and histones

– Histones: eukaryotic-like proteins used for winding DNA

– DNA-histone structure known as nucleosome

• Archaeal chromosome is circular like Bacteria

– Replicates by bidirectional synthesis

– Machinery of replication is more similar to Eukarya

 Genes and Gene Expression
(유전자와 유전자 발현)
• Eukaryotes: each gene is transcribed individually
• Prokaryotes: multiple genes may be transcribed together

 Synthesis of the
Informational Macromolecules

Source: Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12th edition.

Figure 7.1
 Molecular Biology of Archaea
(Archaea의 분자생물학)
• Archaea have a simplified version of eukaryotic transcription
apparatus
– Promoters and RNA polymerase similar to eukaryotes

• Regulation of transcription has major similarities with Bacteria

• Introns are found in tRNA and rRNA genes of Archaea like

eukaryotes
Promoter Architecture and Transcription in Archaea

Source: Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12th edition.

Figure 8.2
Splicing of Archaeal Introns: Reaction Scheme

Source: Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12th edition.

Figure 8.3
 Molecular Biology of Archaea
(Archaea의 분자생물학)
• Archaea share 67 of 78 proteins of the ribosome in common with
Eukarya
• Eukarya and Archaea have twice as many translation factors as
Bacteria
• Translational machinery is more similar between Eukarya and
Archaea than between either and Bacteria
• Bacteria and Archaea share several fundamental properties that
are absent from eukaryotes
– Typically single-celled, most divide by binary fission
– Neither possesses a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
– Archaea and Bacteria have coupled transcription and translation
– Both possess a single, circular chromosome
– Both use Shine-Dalgarno sequences to indicate translation start
Genomic Features of the 3 Domains

Source: Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12th edition.

Figure 8.4
Transcription and Translation Features of the 3 Domains

Source: Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12th edition.

Figure 8.4
 Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
(진핵생물의 분자생물학)
• Protein encoding genes in Eukarya are often split into multiple exons
(coding regions) by introns (non-coding regions)

• Both introns and exons are transcribed into the primary transcript

• Functional mRNA is formed by the excision of introns and splicing of

exons
Information Transfer in Eukaryotes

Source: Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12th edition.

Figure 8.5
 Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
(진핵생물의 분자생물학)
• Eukaryotes contain much more DNA than is needed to encode
all proteins required for cell functioning
– 3% of DNA in human genome encodes protein
– >90% of prokaryotic DNA encodes protein
– Eukaryotic microorganisms have fewer introns than higher eukaryotes
• Often have multiple copies of the same gene
• Have multiple linear chromosomes in the nucleus
• Eukaryotes wind DNA around histones to form nucleosomes
• DNA-histone complex is called chromatin
– Highly condensed chromatin called heterochromatin
• Heterochromatin forms during eukaryotic cell division
Packaging of Eukaryotic DNA Around a Histone Core

Source: Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12th edition.

Figure 8.6
 Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
(진핵생물의 분자생물학)
• Mitosis
– Normal form of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells

– Chromosomes are replicated and partitioned into two nuclei

– Results in two diploid daughter cells

• Meiosis
– Specialized form of nuclear division

– Halves the diploid number to the haploid number

– Results in four haploid gametes

 Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
(진핵생물의 분자생물학)
• Eukaryotic nuclei contain linear DNA
• Replication of DNA at extreme 5′ end represents a problem
– Viruses use a protein primer
– Eukaryotes use telomeres and telomerase
• Eukaryotic chromosomes also contain centromeres
– Attachment site for spindle fibers
Replication of Linear DNA Using Protein Primers

Source: Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12th edition.

Figure 8.8
The Eukaryotic Centromere

Source: Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12th edition.

Figure 8.10
 Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
(진핵생물의 분자생물학)
• RNA processing: many RNA molecules must be altered before they
are ready to carry out their role in the cell
– RNA splicing
• Removes introns from RNA transcripts
• Performed by the spliceosome
– RNA capping
• Addition of methylated guanine to 5′ end of mRNA
– Poly (A) tail
• Addition of 100–200 adenylate residues
• Stabilizes mRNA and is required for translation
Activity of the Spliceosome

Source: Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12th edition.

Figure 8.11
Processing Pre-mRNA into Mature mRNA in Eukaryotes

Source: Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12th edition.

Figure 8.12
 Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
(진핵생물의 분자생물학)
• Ribozymes: RNA molecules with enzymatic activity
– Self-splicing intron: an intron that has enzymatic activity and splices
itself out of RNA

– Most found in mitochondria and chloroplasts

– Catalyze reaction only once

– Vestiges of simpler form of life?

Self-splicing Ribozymal Intron of Protozoan Tetrahymena

Source: Brock Biology of Microorganisms 12th edition.

Figure 8.13
 Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
(진핵생물의 분자생물학)
• Eukaryotes have multiple RNA polymerases
– RNA polymerase I: transcribes genes for two large rRNAs

– RNA polymerase II: transcribes protein encoding genes

– RNA polymerase III: transcribes genes for tRNA, 5S RNA, and other
small RNA molecules
 Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
(진핵생물의 분자생물학)
• Protein synthesis is more complex in eukaryotes than in Bacteria
– Eukaryotic ribosomes are larger than bacterial ribosomes

– More initiation factors in Eukarya

– Eukaryotic mRNA is monocistronic

– Eukaryotic mRNA has no ribosome-binding site

• Eukaryotic mRNA is recognized by its cap
 Eukaryotic Molecular Biology
(진핵생물의 분자생물학)
• Healthy cells do not contain dsRNA
– Presence of dsRNA indicative of RNA virus in cell
– RNA interference (RNAi): defense against dsRNA viruses
• Cleaves dsRNA
• Destroys ssRNA corresponding to targeted dsRNA sequence
• Found only in eukaryotes
• RNAi triggered by dsRNA longer than 20 base pairs
– Long dsRNAs cleaved into 21–23 bp by Dicer nuclease
• Short interfering RNA (siRNA): 21–23 bp fragments from Dicer
• RNA Induced Silencing Complex (RISC): recognizes and destroys ssRNA
corresponding to siRNA
• RNAi effect can travel through plasmodesmata in plants
• RNAi effect can be passed through generations of C. elegans