See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/304451079

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

Book · November 2015

CITATIONS READS

0 3,761

1 author:

Mustafa B. Al-hadithi
University of Anbar
19 PUBLICATIONS   5 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Mustafa B. Al-hadithi on 26 June 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 Fundamentals
of
Fluid Mechanics

First Edition

Asst.Prof.Dr.Mustafa B. Al-hadithi
Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering
University of Anbar

2015
Contents i

Table of Contents

1. INTODUCTION and FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS 1-18

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Definition of Stress 1
1.3 Definition of Fluid 2
1.4 Concept of Continuum 3
1.5 Fluid Properties 3
1.6 Viscosity 4
1.7 Causes of Viscosity 6
1.8 Application of Viscosity Concept 7
1.8.1 Viscous Torque Power – Rotating Shafts 7
1.8.2 Viscous Torque-Disk Rotating Over Parallel
Plate 8
1.9 Compressibility 10
1.10 Surface Tension of Liquids 11
1.10.1 Surface Tension Phenomenon 11
1.10.2 Capillarity 12
1.11 Dimensions and Units 13
Problems 16
2. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION in FLUIDS 19-54
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Forces a fluid Elements 19
2.3 Pressure on a Stationary fluid 20
2.4 Pressure Forces on a Fluid Element 21
2.4.1 Incompressible Fluid 23
2.4.2 Compressible Fluid 24
2.5 Pressure Measurements 27
2.6 Manometers 29
2.6.1 Piezometer Tube 29
2.6.2 U-Tube 30
2.6.3 Manometers for Measuring Gauge and Vacuum
Pressure 31
2.6.4 Manometers to Measure Pressure Difference 32
2.6.5 Inverted Tube Manometer 34
2.7 Hydrostatic Forces on Submerged Plan Surface 35
Contents ii

2.8 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surface 39

2.9 Buoyancy and Stability of Floating Body 40
2.9.1 Buoyancy Force 40
2.9.2 Stability 43
2.9.3 Stability Related to Water Line 45
2.10 Fluid in Rigid – Body Motion 47
2.10.1 Acceleration on a Straight Path 47
2.10.2 Rotation in a Cylindrical Container 49
Problems 52

3. FLUID FLOW – BASIC CONCEPT 55-76

3.1 Definitions 55
3.2 Description of Fluid Motion 56
3.3 Variation of Flow Parameters in Time and Space 57
3.4 Material Derivative and Acceleration 58
3.5 Streamline, Path Lines, Stream Tube, Streak Lines 63
3.5.1 Streamline 63
3.5.2 Path Line 65
3.5.3 Stream Tube 66
3.5.4 Streak Line 66
3.6 Movement of Fluid Element 67
3.6.1 Pure Translation 67
3.6.2 Linear Deformation 68
3.6.3 Rate of Deformation in the Fluid Element 69
3.6.4 Rotation 70
3.7 Concepts of Circulation and Vorticity 73
Problems 75

4 DYNAMICS of FLUID FLOW 77-112

4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Definitions 77
4.3 Types of System 78
4.4 Basic Laws 80
4.4.1 Conservation of Mass- The Continuity Equation 80
4.4.2 Continuity Equation – Differential Form 81
4.4.3 Continuity Equation (C.E)- Vector From 83
4.4.4 Free Body Method 85
Contents iii

4.5 Energy Equation of Ideal Flow a long a Stream Line 86

4.6 Conservation of Momentum 90
4.6.1 Linear Momentum (L.M) 90
4.6.2 The Application of Momentum Theorem 91
4.6.3 Angular Momentum (Moment of Momentum) 104
4.7 Radial – Flow Devices 106
Problems 108

5 APPLICATIONS of MOTION and ENERGY EQUATIONS 113-128

5.1 Measurement of Flow Rate Through Pipe 113
5.1.1 Venturimeter 113
5.1.2 Orifice Meter 117
5.1.3 Flow Nozzle 120
5.2 Orifice in a Reservoir 122
5.3 Pitot Tube for Flow Measurements 123
5.3.1 Hydrostatic, Hydrodynamic, Static and Total Pressure 123
5.3.2 Pitot Tube for Measurement 125

6. DYNAMIC SIMILARITY and DIMENSION ANALYSIS 129-154

6.1 Definition of physical Similarity 129
6.2 Geometric Similarity (G.S) 129
6.3 Kinematic Similarity (K.S) 130
6.4 Dynamic Similarity (D.S) 130
6.4.1 D.S of Flow Governed by Viscous, Pressure and
Inertia Forces 132
6.4.2 D.S of Flow with Gravity and Inertia Forces 133
6.4.3 D.S of Flows with Surface Tension as the
Dominant Forces 134
6.4.4 D.S of Flows with Elastic Force 134
6.5 The Application of D.S and the Dimensional Analysis 136
6.5.1 The Concept 136
6.5.2 Dimensional Analysis 137
6.5.3 Dimensional of physical Quantities 138
6.6 Rayleigh's Indicial method (Method-1) 139
6.7 Buckingham's Pi Theorem (Method-2) 142
6.7.1 Mathematical Description of Pi Theorem 142
6.7.2 Procedure for Determination Pi Terms 143
 Contents iv

6.7.3 Selection of Repeating Variables 144

Problems 152

7. VISCOUS INCOMPRESSIBLE FLOWS in PIPE 155-192

Part -One (Laminar Flow) 155
7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 Relationship between Shear Stress and Pressure Gradient 155
7.3 Laminar Flow between Parallel Plates 156
7.4 Couette Flow 158
7.4.1 Maximum and minimum Velocities 159
7.5 Pipe of Circular Cross – Section 161
7.5.1 Hagen – Poiseuille Flow 161
7.5.2 Volumetric Flow Rate 162
7.5.3 Shear Stress in Horizontal Pipe 163
7.5.4 Shear Stress in Inclined Pipe 164
Part-Two (Turbulent Flow) 168
7.6 Friction Factor Calculations 168
7.7 Simple Pipe Problem 169
7.7.1 Solution Procedure 169
7.7.2 General Applications 173
7.8 Minor Losses 175
7.9 Pipe in Series 183
7.10 Equivalent Pipe 184
7.11 Pipes in Parallel 186
Problems 189

8. INTRODUCTION to BOUNDARY LAYER 193-210

8.1 Boundary Layer Definitions and Characteristics 193
8.2 Boundary Layer Theory (Flow over Flat Plate) 194
8.3 Displacement Thickness (𝛿𝑑 ) of B.L 196
8.4 Momentum Thickness (𝜃) 197
8.5 Energy Thickness (𝛿𝑒 ) 197
8.6 VonKarman Integral Equation 200
8.7 Approximate Solution to the Laminar B.L 203
8.8 Solution of Turbulent B.L Power Law form 206
Problems 209
Refrences.

View publication stats