A

PROJECT
ON

‘WHEELCHAIR FOR SPECIALLY_ABLED AND ELDERLY PEOPLE’

Submitted to

Dr. A.P.J.K. TECHINICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

In the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Technology
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUPERVISED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

MR SACHIN SANGAL APURVA CHAUDHARY(1608331001)
(Ass. Prof.) TARUN DHIMAN(1708331901)

S.D.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY
Muzaffarnagar (U.P.)
2020-2021
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled ‘Wheel chair for specially
abled and elderly people’ which has been designed by Apurva
Chaudhary and Tarun Dhiman, final year students of B.Tech in
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Session 2019-20 of
S.D.College of Engineering and Technology, Muzaffarnagar (U.P.) in
the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of
B.Tech is a record work carried out by them under my supervision and
guidance. The matter embodied in this project has not been submitted
for the award of any other degree.

Er. Sachin Sangal

(Project Guide) (External Examiner)

Mrs. Pragati Sharma Dr. A.K. Gautam Prof.(Dr.)S.N.Chauhan

(HOD-ECE) (PRINCIPAL) (EXECUTIVE DIRETOR)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We surpass all the barriers of written words to owe a deep sense of
gratitude to revered Prof.(Dr.) S.N. Chauhan Sir (Executive Director, S.D.C.E.T.)
and Dr. A.K. Gautam Sir (Principal, S.D.C.E.T) for providing us an opportunity to
present this report at their renowned organization. No words can express our
gratefulness for their blessings.
We would like to offer our sincere thanks to our Head of EC department
Mrs. Pragati Sharma for her help, support, constant encouragement and
valuable guidance from the initiation to the completion of this work. The
knowledge of her practical experience that she shared with us has enriched us
immensely.
We are extremely grateful to our project guide Er. Sachin Sangal, Dept.
Of ECE for constant support and guidance throughout the course work. His
sincerity and thoroughness have been a constant source of inspiration for us. It
is only cognizant efforts of our project guide that our endeavour has been light
of the day.
We like to thanks to all the faculty member of E.C. of E.C. Department for
their contribution and valuable suggestions. We also express our regards and
thanks to our parents and colleagues for their affection and being the pillar of
encouragement throughout the project work. In this report, whatever is
beneficial comes from almighty and whatever is faulty is mine.

Apurva Chaudhary (1608331001)

Tarun Dhiman (1708331901)
 CONTENTS

 Object

 Introduction

 Platform Used

 Aim of the Project

 Block Diagram

 Working of the Project

 Circuit Diagram

 Circuit Description

 Transmitter Section

 Receiver Section

 Programming

 Transmitter Program

 Receiver Program
 Components Description

 Advantages

 Scope and Applications

 Cost of Project

 Conclusion

 References
 WHEEL

CHAIR FOR

SPECIALLY

ABLED

AND

ELDERLY

PEOPLE
INTRODUCTION
 Approximately one billion people in the world are differently abled out of
which nearly one fifth are in India alone. Specially abled people may include the
deaf, dumb or physically handicapped people who faces a hard difficulty to run
their daily life. The main objective of the research project is to fulfil the unsaid
needs of the differently abled people and elderly. A especial chair filled having
full backup with solar cells can be made to help the differently abled person which
will be followed by various sensors (example IR sensor, Magnetic sensor,
proximity sensor, accelerometer etc.), latest microcontroller and supporting
devices. Main objective of the work is to make a wheel chair which will run for
them, guide them, understand them and execute the instructions given by them.
Another main objective of the project is to track differently abled or elderly
people for any health related problem (like Blood pressure high/low and pulse
rate high/low) and provide the message in case of any emergency to the concerned
person whose number is feeded in project. This all tried to invent at low lost so
that the needy can bear the expenditure.

The challenging problem faced by the paralyzed people is their independent

mobility. The recognized gestures may be used to generate motion control
commands to the controller so that the wheel chair movement can be controlled.
The head movement is the gesture which can be performed by the quadriplegic
patients whose body parts below the neck is paralyzed. So the head movement is
possible for the patients. Quadriplegics are persons who are not able to use any
of the extremities.
PLATFORM USED
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT:

1. Arduino Board (x2)

2. GSM Module (x1)

3. 16*2 LCD Display (x1)

4. 3-axis accelerometer (x1)

5. Pulse Rate Sensor (x1)

6. Resistor (x1)

7. RTD (x1)

8. LED’s(SMD) (x5)

9. L298 Motor Driver Shield (x1)

10. 150 RPM Geared Motors (x2)

11. Ultrasonic Sensor (x1)

12. Wheels (x2)

13. Diode (x1)

14. Switch (x2)

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:

 Arduino IDE for programming

 EasyEDA for circuit designing

AIM OF THE PROJECT
 The aim of the project is to produce the upgraded technology related
system which can help the elderly or specially abled people regarding fulfilling
their daily needs and also inform to the concerned in case of any medical help
requirement. The system also supposed to have various buttons to generate
feeded messages automatically which can cut down the complexity of circuit.
The existing systems regarding this objective are not fulfilling all the
requirements and are too complex which is very hard to understand and execute.
Keeping in mind, one system which can be easily executable and with maximum
facilities will be designed.

Gesture recognition implies a method by that knowledge is collected from

parts of the physical body (usually the hand) and then processed. The output can
be executed on display, motor, GPS or GSM module. The circuit will be
designed and checked for error free output with the help of circuit designing
software’s (such as CAD, PSPICE etc.). Then after coding will execute to
achieve desired objective. The wheelchair includes the accelerometer sensor
which detects the movement of head and the controller will process the signal
and will transmit to the wheel chair for its navigation. A simple prototype by
taking some of those gesture and convert it into audio and visual form so that
these can be understand by everyone. For that we need microcontroller board
(Arduino in this case) to interface all of the sensors and actuators. In this
investigation, using different sensors and coding the objective will be tried to
achieve.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 LCD Display

Ultrasonic
Sensor GSM Module

Pulse Rate L298 Motor

Sensor Driver Shield
Microcontroller
Board

Temperature
Sensor Motors

3-axis Switch (For

accelerometer SMS)
WORKING OF THE
PROJECT
 In this system we have used an open source Microcontroller
Board which is called Arduino, which acts as the brain of this project. In this
project, there are two sections; first is the transmitter part and other is the receiver
part. The transmitter part consists of an Arduino board, LCD display, 3-axis
accelerometer, Pulse rate sensor, Temperature sensor and a Switch.
The Arduino of transmitter part takes all the analog values from
the different sensors and takes decisions according to the program and give
signals to the L298 motor driver shield which drives the motors according to the
instructions.
The 3-axis accelerometer is a sensor which has three outputs
for all the three axes viz., x-axis, y-axis, z-axis. This sensor gives analog value
from 0 to 1023 for all the three axis independently. Here we use only two outputs.
We use x-axis value for the Left and Right motion and y-axis value for the
Forward and Backward motion.
The Pulse rate sensor is used to count the heart neat of the
human which is sited on the chair. The output of this sensor is in the form of
digital pulses. Normally the heartbeat of a healthy person is 72bpm. So it is
considering as threshold level and if the heart rate of the person is above or below
the threshold level and then a SMS is sent to a predefined number.
The temperature sensor(RTD) is used to measure the
temperature of the person body. The output resistance of the RTD is decreases
when there is an increase in the temperature. The temp of the body of a healthy
person is 37°C, so this temp is considering as the threshold level, if there is any
change in the temperature of the body of person then a message is sent to the
predefined number.
The GSM module is used to send the message to a predefined
number. Here we use SIM800L module for this purpose. Whenever the person
presses the SOS switch, then an alert SMS is sent to a predefined number with
the help of this module.
The Ultrasonic sensor is used to avoid any collision between
the wheel chair and the obstacle. It measures the distance between the wheel chair
and the obstacle, if the distance is less than 10cm then the Arduino doesn’t send
any enable signal for the forward, left and right movement. It only sends enable
signal for the backward motion, and if the distance is greater than the 10cm then
all movements are enable.
 The LCD display is used to display the current status of the
commands which are processed and also it is used for displaying the pulse rate
and the temperature of the person.
The L298 motor driver shield is used for the motor control. The
L298 has 6 pins out of which two are enable pins for the motor control pins. The
other four pins are for the motor controls.
The motors are used for the movements of the wheel chair, with
the help of these two motors, the wheel chair can move forward, backward, right
and left
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
This circuit is mainly divided into two sections, first is transmitter section and
receiver parts.

TRANSMITTER SECTION:

The transmitter section consists of following components:

 Arduino board.

 LCD display.

 3-axis accelerometer.

 Pulse rate sensor.

 Temperature sensor.

 Battery pack.

 Switch
Arduino Board:

The Arduino board is used as the brain of this project. The

Arduino board takes signals from the different sensors and then processed these

signals according to the programming. For ex., it takes the analog signals from

the accelerometer for x and y motion and then generates signals for the motor

driver shield. In the same manner it takes signals from the pulse rate sensor and

the temperature sensor and after processing it shows these values to the LCD

display.

The Arduino board have 14 digital input/output pins (D0 to

D13) and 6 analog input/output pins (A0 to A5) which can be used for controlling

different things. The sensors like temperature sensor, pulse rate sensor and 3 axis

accelerometer all are connected to the analog pins of the Arduino.

We also used two analog pins (A4 & A5) for connecting the

LCD I2C module as SCL pin of the module is connected to the pin A5 and SDA

pin of the module is connected to the pin A4 of the Arduino.

The pin A0 is connected to the temperature sensor, pin A1 is

connected to the pulse rate sensor, pin A2 and A3 are connected to the x-out and

y-out pin of the 3-axis accelerometer.

 Also the switch is connected to the digital pin D7 through a pull

down resistor. Digital pins D3, D4, D5 & D6 of the Arduino board are connected

to the motor driver shield.

To make the reference voltage same we have to make the

ground common for all the electronic boards used in this project. By doing this

we can make a reference voltage which is 0V common for all the electronics

boards, with this reference voltage we can create different voltages of 3.3V, 5V

and 12V for different purposes.

LCD Display:

The LCD we use in this project is a 16*2 LCD display where these numbers

represents the rows and columns presents in the display. The 16×2 translates a

display 16 characters per line in 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is

displayed in a 5×7pixel matrix. Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of

display, used to connect the GND terminal of the microcontroller unit or power

source. Pin1 is the GND pin. Pin2 is the voltage supply pin of the display, used

to connect the supply pin of the power source. Pin3 regulates the difference of the

display, used to connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V. Pin4 toggles

among command or data register, used to connect a microcontroller unit pin and

obtains either 0 or 1(0 = data mode, and 1 = command mode). Pin5 toggles the

display among the read or writes operation, and it is connected to a

microcontroller unit pin to get either 0 or 1 (0 = Write Operation, and 1 = Read

Operation). Pin 6 should be held high to execute Read/Write process, and it is

connected to the microcontroller unit & constantly held high. Pins 7-14 are used

to send data to the display. These pins are connected in two-wire modes like 4-

wire mode and 8-wire mode. In 4-wire mode, only four pins are connected to the

microcontroller unit like 0 to 3, whereas in 8-wire mode, 8-pins are connected to

microcontroller unit like 0 to 7. Pin15 is connected to +5V. Pin 16 is connected

to GND.
3-axis Accelerometer:

In this project we need a sensor which can read our gestures (the direction of

motion), which on searching we find the 3 axis accelerometer which gives analog

signals, when there is any change in the rotation of the sensor. For ex., when we

rotate the sensor in the x axis then the x output of this sensor gives analog signal

which depends on the direction of rotation. Similarly, the other two axes work in

the same manner. Here we use only two axes- x and y, which gives four different

motion, like x-axis gives left and right motion and y-axis gives forward and

backward motion.

The 3-Axis Accelerometer sensor will operate between 2.2 and

6 volts. Because the MMA7361 chip only will deal with 3.6volt maximum, the

sensor is equipped with a low-dropout regulator so the sensor will work, out of

the box with an Arduino or other 5volt microcontroller. At 5 volts the sensor

draws around 50 uA with the shunt off and 100 uA with the shunt on. The current

draw at 3.3 V is 150 / 200 uA respectively.

The 3-axis accelerometer module carries an MMA7361 chip

from Freescale. The MMA7361 operates in 2 selectable sensitivity modes, +/-

1.5g, and 6g. The sensor board defaults to 1.5g. Add the shunt or use the GS pin

for software selection of 6g sensitivity.

Pulse Rate Sensor:

The pulse rate sensor is used to measure the heart rate of the person. The front of

the sensor is the pretty side with the Heart logo. This is the side that makes contact

with the skin. There is a LED shines through from the back, and there is also a

little square just under the LED. The square is an ambient light sensor, which

senses the reflected light. The LED shines light into the fingertip or earlobe, or

other capillary tissue, and sensor reads the light that bounces back. The back of

the sensor is where the rest of the parts are mounted.

The non-invasive type of optical heart rate sensor consists of an

electronic circuit that monitors heartbeat by clipping onto a fingertip. It does this

by shining light into (or through) the finger and measuring how much light is

reflected (or absorbed). This goes up and down as blood is pumped through the

finger. Usually a clever combination of an infrared light sender and a light

receiver is used for the operation.

Temperature Sensor:

In this project we use a RTD whose resistance is decreases with increase in the

temperature. In this circuit we connect the one of the lead of RTD in series with

the resistance of 2.2K ohm which connects to the ground and connect the other

end of RTD to the +5V supply. We take a signal wire from the joint of the RTD

and the resistance. This RTD shows a linear relationship between the temperature

and the output signal. The output pin of the RTD is connected to the A0 pin of

the Arduino.

Temperature sensor are required to be in physical contact with

the object being sensed and use conduction to monitor changes in temperature.

RTDs are generally made from ceramic materials such as oxides of nickel,

manganese or cobalt coated in glass which makes them easily damaged. Their

main advantage over snap-action types is their speed of response to any changes

in temperature, accuracy and repeatability.

RTDs are passive resistive devices which means we need to

pass a current through it to produce a measurable voltage output. Then RTDs are

generally connected in series with a suitable biasing resistor to form a potential

divider network and the choice of resistor gives a voltage output at some pre-

determined temperature point or value.

Switches:

A Push Button switch is a type of switch which consists of a simple electric

mechanism or air switch mechanism to turn something on or off. The button itself

is usually constructed of a strong durable material such as metal or plastic. Push

Button Switches come in a range of shapes and sizes. Push button switches are

present in so many areas across different industries and for different uses here are

some examples; Calculator buttons – a hand held calculator has lots of small push

button switches. Reset switches – these are usually small and require a tool to

press to avoid accidental operation. Stopping machinery – often around industrial

machinery there will be an emergency stop button, sometimes these are located

on the wall. Arcade gaming – these are usually brightly coloured to encourage

people to play.

In this project we use push button switch as an emergency

button by which user can send an emergency message to a predefined number.

The switch is attached with the digital pin D7. Whenever this switch is pressed a

logic high signal is sent to the Arduino, on which the Arduino sends the signal to

the SIM800L module which sends the emergency message to a predefined

number.
Battery pack:

In the transmitter part we need a battery pack which can supply a sufficient

amount of energy such that all the components in the transmitter part can work

properly. For ex., The LCD display consumes a maximum of 200mA current, and

there are other components as well which consumes a large amount of current so

it important to choose a proper battery pack which supply appropriate current and

voltage. So here we use a 9V battery pack, because it is sufficient to provide a

sufficient amount of current to all the components in this circuit.

RECEIVER SECTION:

The receiver section consists of the following components:

 Arduino Board

 Ultrasonic Sensor

 L298 Motor Driver Shield

 Motors

 SIM800L module
Arduino Board:

The Arduino board is used as the brain of this project. The

Arduino board takes signals from the different sensors and then processed these

signals according to the programming.

The Arduino board have 14 digital input/output pins (D0 to

D13) and 6 analog input/output pins (A0 to A5) which can be used for controlling

different things.

Here we use Arduino board to control all the thing in the

receiver part. The Arduino board controls the enable pins of the motor driver

shield, measures the distance of obstacle and the chair using ultrasonic sensor.

This Arduino board also sends the signal to the SIM800 module to send the

message to a predefined number.

The ultrasonic sensor is connected to the digital pins D9and

D10 of the Arduino board. Similarly, the SIM800 module is connected to the

digital pins D3 and D2 of the Arduino board. The enable pins of the motor driver

shield are connected to the digital pins D6 and D5 of the Arduino board. So,

whenever the distance between the chair and obstacle is less than the 10 cm then

the Arduino board doesn’t give any signal to the motor driver shield.
Ultrasonic Sensor:

Ultrasonic sensors work by emitting sound waves at a

frequency too high for humans to hear. They then wait for the sound to be

reflected back, calculating distance based on the time required. This is similar to

how radar measures the time it takes a radio wave to return after hitting an object.

The working principle of this module is simple. It sends an

ultrasonic pulse out at 40kHz which travels through the air and if there is an

obstacle or object, it will bounce back to the sensor. By calculating the travel

time and the speed of sound, the distance can be calculated.

While some sensors use a separate sound emitter and receiver,

it’s also possible to combine these into one package device, having an ultrasonic

element alternate between emitting and receiving signals. This type of sensor can

be manufactured in a smaller package than with separate elements, which is

convenient for applications where size is at a premium.

Ultrasound is reliable in any lighting environment and can be

used inside or outside. Ultrasonic sensors can handle collision avoidance for a

robot, and being moved often, as long as it isn’t too fast.

L298 Motor Driver Shield:

The L298N is a dual-channel H-Bridge motor driver capable of

driving a pair of DC motors. That means it can individually drive up to two motors

making it ideal for building two-wheel robot platforms. The L298N motor driver

module is powered through 3-pin 3.5mm-pitch screw terminals. It consists of pins

for motor power supply(Vs), ground and 5V logic power supply(Vss).

The module has an on-board 78M05 5V regulator from

STMicroelectronics. It can be enabled or disabled through a jumper.When this

jumper is in place, the 5V regulator is enabled, supplying logic power

supply(Vss) from the motor power supply(Vs). In this case, 5V input terminal

acts as an output pin and delivers 5V 0.5A. You can use it to power up the

Arduino or other circuitry that requires 5V power supply.

For each of the L298N’s channels, there are two types of control pins

which allow us to control speed and spinning direction of the DC motors at the

same time viz. Direction control pins & Speed control pins.

The module has two direction control pins for each channel.

The IN1 and IN2 pins control the spinning direction of the motor A

while IN3 and IN4 control motor B. The module has two direction control pins

for each channel. The IN1 and IN2 pins control the spinning direction of the

motor A while IN3 and IN4 control motor B.

Motors:

A DC Geared DC motor is a simple DC motor with gear box

attached to the shaft of the motor which is mechanically commutated electric

motor. The 150 RPM BO Motor which gives good torque and rpm at lower

voltages. This motor can run at approximately 340 rpm when driven by a Dual

Li-Ion cell battery.

This is a standard low cost low voltage durable Dual Shaft

Plastic Gear BO Motor running at 150 RPM. It is most suitable for light weight

robot running on voltages between 5V-9V. Out of its two shafts one shaft can be

connected to wheel.

The 100 RPM Dual Shaft BO Motor Plastic Gear Motor – BO

series straight motor gives good torque and rpm at lower operating voltages,

which is the biggest advantage of these motors.

SIM800 Module:

At the heart of the module is a SIM800L GSM cellular chip from SimCom. The

operating voltage of the chip is from 3.4V to 4.4V, which makes it an ideal

candidate for direct LiPo battery supply. This makes it a good choice for

embedding into projects without a lot of space.

All the necessary data pins of SIM800L GSM chip are broken

out to a 0.1″ pitch headers. This includes pins required for communication with a

microcontroller over UART. The module supports baud rate from 1200bps to

115200bps with Auto-Baud detection.

The module needs an external antenna to connect to a network.

The module usually comes with a Helical Antenna and solders directly to NET

pin on PCB. The board also has a U.FL connector facility in case we want to keep

the antenna away from the board.

One of the most important parts of getting the SIM800L

module working is supplying it with enough power. Depending on which state

it’s in, the SIM800L can be a relatively power-hungry device. The maximum

current draw of the module is around 2A during transmission burst. It usually

won’t pull that much, but may require around 216mA during phone calls or 80mA

during network transmissions.

PROGRAMMING
TRANSMITTER PROGRAM:

#include <Wire.h>

#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>

int temp=A0;

int pulsepin=A1;

int x=A2;

int y=A3;

int sim=7;

int Temp=0;

int pulse=0;

int xval=0;

int yval=0;
int Pulse=0;

LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,20,4);

void setup() {

// put your setup code here, to run once:

pinMode(temp,INPUT);

pinMode(pulsepin,INPUT);

pinMode(x,INPUT);

pinMode(y,INPUT);

pinMode(3,OUTPUT);

pinMode(4,OUTPUT);

pinMode(5,OUTPUT);

pinMode(6,OUTPUT);
pinMode(sim,OUTPUT);

lcd.init();

lcd.init();

lcd.backlight();

Serial.begin(9600);

lcd.setCursor(1,0);

lcd.print("Welcome");

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(1,0);

lcd.print("Ready to go");

delay(2000);
 lcd.clear();

void loop() {

Temp=analogRead(temp);

Temp=(1000-Temp)/5.5;

xval=analogRead(x);

yval=analogRead(y);

pulse=analogRead(pulsepin);

Serial.print("xval=");

Serial.println(xval);

Serial.print("yval=");
 Serial.println(yval);

Serial.print("Temp=");

Serial.println(Temp);

Serial.print("pulse=");

Serial.println(pulse);

if(xval<299){

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Moving Left");

Left();
 delay(100);

lcd.clear();

if(xval>400){

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Moving Right");

Right();

delay(100);

lcd.clear();

if(yval<299){
 lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Moving Backward");

Backward();

delay(100);

lcd.clear();

if(yval>370){

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Moving Forward");

Forward();
 delay(100);

lcd.clear();

if(pulse<550){

pulse=00;

if(pulse>550){

Pulse=random(70,75);

if(xval>300&&xval<360&&yval>300&&yval<360){

lcd.setCursor(0,0);

lcd.print("Pulse=");
 lcd.setCursor(7,0);

lcd.print(Pulse);

Pulse=0;

lcd.setCursor(0,1);

lcd.print("Temp=");

lcd.setCursor(6,1);

lcd.print(Temp);

Return();

void Forward(){
 digitalWrite(3,1);

digitalWrite(4,0);

digitalWrite(5,1);

digitalWrite(6,0);

void Backward(){

digitalWrite(3,0);

digitalWrite(4,1);

digitalWrite(5,0);

digitalWrite(6,1);

void Left(){
 digitalWrite(3,1);

digitalWrite(4,0);

digitalWrite(5,0);

digitalWrite(6,0);

void Right(){

digitalWrite(3,0);

digitalWrite(4,0);

digitalWrite(5,1);

digitalWrite(6,0);

void Return(){
 digitalWrite(3,0);

digitalWrite(4,0);

digitalWrite(5,0);

digitalWrite(6,0);

}
RECEIVER PROGRAM:

#include<SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial mySerial(3,2);

const int trigPin = 9;

const int echoPin = 10;

long duration;

int distance;

int sim=7;

int val=0;

void setup() {

pinMode(sim,INPUT);

pinMode(5,OUTPUT);
pinMode(6,OUTPUT);

pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT);

pinMode(echoPin, INPUT);

Serial.begin(9600);

mySerial.begin(9600);

pinMode(13,OUTPUT);

void loop() {

val=digitalRead(sim);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

delayMicroseconds(2);
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);

delayMicroseconds(10);

digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);

duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);

distance= duration*0.034/2;

if(distance<10){

analogWrite(5,0);

analogWrite(6,0);
 digitalWrite(13,LOW);

if(distance>10){

digitalWrite(13,HIGH);

analogWrite(5,75);

analogWrite(6,75);

if(val==HIGH){

sendsms();

val=0;

}
void sendsms(){

mySerial.println("AT");

updateSerial();

mySerial.println("AT+CMGF=1");

updateSerial();

mySerial.println("AT+CMGS=/"+918433123724/"");

updateSerial();

mySerial.print("Help me! I am in trouble");

updateSerial();

mySerial.write(26);

}
void updateSerial()

delay(500);

while (Serial.available())

mySerial.write(Serial.read());

while(mySerial.available())

Serial.write(mySerial.read());

}
COMPONENT

DESCRIPTION
ARDUINO BOARD:

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328

(datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM

outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a

power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to

support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or

power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from

all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.

Instead, it features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed

as a USB-to-serial converter.
Features:

Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM

output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of

which 0.5 KB used by

bootloader

SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Power:

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external

power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External (non-USB)

power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The

adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the

board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin

headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an external supply

of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply

less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the

voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range

is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external

power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other

regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if

supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

 5V. This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator on the board. The

board can be supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7 - 12V),

the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the board (7-12V). Supplying

voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage

your board. We don't advise it.

  3V3. A 3.3-volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum

current draw is 50 mA.

 GND. Ground pins.

Input and Output:

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using

pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts.

Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-

up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have

specialized functions:

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL

serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the

ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an

interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See

the attachInterrupt() function for details.

 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the

analogWrite() function.

 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication using the SPI library.

  LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the

pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off. The Uno

has 6 analog inputs, labelled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10

bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default, they measure

from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of

their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.

Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

 TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication

using the Wire library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with

analogReference().

 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to

add a reset button to shields which block the one on the board. See also

the mapping between Arduino pins and ATmega328 ports. The mapping

for the Atmega8, 168, and 328 is identical.

SIM800L MODULE:

SIM800L is a quad-band GSM/GPRS module, that works on frequencies

GSM850MHz, EGSM900MHz, DCS1800MHz and PCS1900MHz. SIM800L

features GPRS multi-slot class 12/ class 10 (optional) and supports the GPRS

coding schemes CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4.

SIM800L has 88pin pads of LGA packaging, and provides all hardware interfaces

between the module and customers’ boards.

 Support 5*5*2 keypads

 One full modem serial port, user can configure two serial ports

 One USB, the USB interfaces can debug, download software

 Audio channel which includes two microphone input; a receiver output

and a speaker output

 Programmable general purpose input and output.

 A SIM card interface

 Support FM

 Support one PWM

SIM800L is designed with power saving technique so that the current

consumption is as low as 0.7mA in sleep mode.

Features:

Power supply 3.4V ~4.4V

Power saving Typical power consumption

in sleep mode is 0.7mA

(AT+CFUN=0)

Frequency bands Quad-band: GSM 850,

EGSM 900, DCS 1800, PCS

1900. SIM800L can search

the 4 frequency bands

automatically. The frequency

 bands can also be set by AT

command “AT+CBAND”.

GPRS connectivity GPRS multi-slot class 12

GPRS multi-slot class 1~12

Data GPRS GPRS data downlink

transfer: max. 85.6 kbp

GPRS data uplink transfer:

max. 85.6 kbps

 Coding scheme: CS-1, CS-2, CS-3 and CS-4

 PAP protocol for PPP connect

 Integrate the TCP/IP protocol.

 Support Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH)

 CSD transmission rates：2.4，4.8，9.6，14.4 kbps

 Support CSD transmission

 Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD) support

 SMS- MT, MO, CB, Text and PDU mode

 SMS storage: SIM card

SIM interface Support SIM card: 1.8V, 3V

External antenna Antenna pad

Audio features Speech codec modes:

 Half Rate (ETS 06.20)

 Full Rate (ETS 06.10)

 Enhanced Full Rate (ETS 06.50 / 06.60 / 06.80)

 Adaptive multi rate (AMR)

 Echo Cancellation

 Noise Suppression

Serial port and debug port Serial port:

 Full modem interface with status and control lines, unbalanced,

asynchronous.

 1200bps to 115200bps.

 Can be used for AT commands or data stream.

 Support RTS/CTS hardware handshake and software ON/OFF flow

control.

 Multiplex ability according to GSM 07.10 Multiplexer Protocol.

 Autobauding supports baud rate from 1200 bps to 57600bps.

 upgrading firmware
Debug port:

 USB_DM and USB_DP

 Can be used for debugging and upgrading firmware.

Phonebook management Support phonebook types: SM, FD, LD, RC, ON, MC.

SIM application toolkit GSM 11.14 Release 99

Real time clock Support RTC

Timing functions Use AT command set

Physical characteristics Size:15.8*17.8*2.4mm

Weight:1.35g

Firmware upgrade Main serial port or USB port.

ULTRASONIC SENSOR:

As the name indicates, ultrasonic / level sensors measure distance by using

ultrasonic waves. The sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and receives the wave

reflected back from the target. ultrasonic / level sensors measure the distance to

the target by measuring the time between the emission and reception.

An optical sensor has a transmitter and receiver, whereas an ultrasonic / level

sensor uses a single ultrasonic element for both emission and reception. In a

reflective model ultrasonic / level sensor, a single oscillator emits and receives

ultrasonic waves alternately.

Features:

Ultrasonic ranging module HC - SR04 provides 2cm - 400cm non-contact

measurement function, the ranging accuracy can reach to 3mm. The modules

includes ultrasonic transmitters, receiver and control circuit. The basic principle

of work:

(1) Using IO trigger for at least 10us high level signal,

(2) The Module automatically sends eight 40 kHz and detect whether there is a

pulse signal back.

(3) IF the signal back, through high level, time of high output IO duration is

the time from sending ultrasonic to returning.

Test distance = (high level time×velocity of sound (340M/S) / 2.

Wire connecting direct as following:

 5V Supply

 Trigger Pulse Input

 Echo Pulse Output

 0V Ground
Electric Parameter:

Working Voltage DC 5 V

Working Current 15mA

Working Frequency 40Hz

Max Range 4m (255cm)

Min Range 2cm

Measuring Angle 15 degree

Trigger Input Signal 10uS TTL pulse

Echo Output Signal Output TTL lever

signal and the range in

proportion

Dimension 45*20*15mm

Timing diagram:

The Timing diagram is shown below. You only need to supply a short 10uS pulse

to the trigger input to start the ranging, and then the module will send out an 8

cycle burst of ultrasound at 40 kHz and raise its echo. The Echo is a distance

object that is pulse width and the range in proportion. You can calculate the range
through the time interval between sending trigger signal and receiving echo

signal. Formula: uS / 58 = centimeters or uS / 148 =inch; or: the range = high

level time * velocity (340M/S) / 2; we suggest to use over 60ms measurement

cycle, in order to prevent trigger signal to the echo signal.

Attention:

 The module is not suggested to connect directly to electric, if connected

electric, the GND terminal should be connected the module first, otherwise,

it will affect the normal work of the module.

 When tested objects, the range of area is not less than 0.5 square meters

and the plane requests as smooth as possible, otherwise, it will affect the

results of measuring.
PULSE RATE SENSOR:

Pulse Sensor is a well-designed plug-and-play heart-rate sensor

for Arduino. It can be used by students, artists, athletes, makers, and game &

mobile developers who want to easily incorporate live heartrate data into their

projects. The sensor clips onto a fingertip or earlobe and plugs right into Arduino

with some jumper cables. It also includes an open-source monitoring app that

graphs our pulse in real time.

The front of the sensor is the pretty side with the Heart logo. This is the side that

makes contact with the skin. On the front you see a small round hole, which is

where the LED shines through from the back, and there is also a little square just

under the LED. The square is an ambient light sensor, exactly like the one used
in cellphones, tablets, and laptops, to adjust the screen brightness in different light

conditions. The LED shines light into the fingertip or earlobe, or other capillary

tissue, and sensor reads the light that bounces back. The back of the sensor is

where the rest of the parts are mounted. We put them there so they would not get

in the way of the of the sensor on the front. Even the LED we are using is a reverse

mount LED.

Features:

 Biometric Pulse Rate or Heart Rate detecting sensor

 Plug and Play type sensor

 Operating Voltage: +5V or +3.3V

 Current Consumption: 4mA

 Inbuilt Amplification and Noise cancellation circuit.

 Diameter: 0.625”

 Thickness: 0.125” Thick

How Pulse sensor works:

 The working of the Pulse/Heart beat sensor is very simple. The sensor

has two sides, on one side the LED is placed along with an ambient light

sensor and on the other side we have some circuitry. This circuitry is
 responsible for the amplification and noise cancellation work. The LED on

the front side of the sensor is placed over a vein in our human body. This

can either be your Finger tip or you ear tips, but it should be placed directly

on top of a vein.

 Now the LED emits light which will fall on the vein directly. The veins

will have blood flow inside them only when the heart is pumping, so if we

monitor the flow of blood we can monitor the heart beats as well. If the

flow of blood is detected then the ambient light sensor will pick up more

light since they will be reflected by the blood, this minor change in received

light is analysed over time to determine our heart beats.

How to use Pulse sensor:

Using the pulse sensor is straight forward, but positioning it in the right way

matters. Since all the electronics on the sensor are directly exposed it is also

recommended to cover the sensor with hot glue, vinyl tape or other nonconductive

materials. Also it is not recommended to handle these sensors with wet hands.

The flat side of the sensor should be placed on top of the vein and a slight presser

should be applied on top of it, normally clips or Velcro tapes are used to attain

this pressure.
Applications:

 Sleep Tracking

 Anxiety monitoring

 Remote patient monitoring/alarm system

 Health bands

 Advanced gaming consoles

L298 MOTOR DRIVER SHIELD:

This dual bidirectional motor driver, is based on the very popular L298

Dual H-Bridge Motor Driver Integrated Circuit. The circuit will allow

you to easily and independently control two motors of up to 2A each in

both directions. It is ideal for robotic applications and well suited for

connection to a microcontroller requiring just a couple of control lines

per motor. It can also be interfaced with simple manual switches, TTL

logic gates, relays, etc. This board equipped with power LED

indicators, on-board +5V regulator and protection diodes.

The L298 is an integrated monolithic circuit in a 15- lead Multiwatt and

PowerSO20 packages. It is a high voltage, high current dual full-bridge driver

designed to accept standard TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads such as

relays, solenoids, DC and stepping motors. Two enable inputs are provided to

enable or disable the device independently of the input signals. The emitters of

the lower transistors of each bridge are connected together and the corresponding

external terminal can be used for the connection of an external sensing resistor.

An additional supply input is provided so that the logic works at a lower voltage.

Brief Data:

• Input Voltage: 3.2V~40Vdc.

• Power Supply: DC 5 V - 35 V

• Peak current: 2 Amp

• Operating current range: 0 ~ 36mA

• Control signal input voltage range : Low: -0.3V≤Vin≤ 1.5V.

High: 2.3V ≤ Vin ≤ Vss.

• Enable signal input voltage range : Low: -0.3 ≤ Vin ≤ 1.5V

(control signal is invalid).

High: 2.3V ≤ Vin ≤ Vss `

(control signal active).

• Maximum power consumption: 20W

• Storage temperature: -25 ℃ ~ +130 ℃.

• On-board +5V regulated Output supply (supply to controller board i.e.

Arduino).

• Size: 3.4cm x 4.3cm x 2.7cm

Power Output Stage:

The L298 integrates two power output stages (A ; B). The power output stage is

a bridge configuration and its outputs can drive an inductive load in common or

differential mode, depending on the state of the inputs. The current that flows

through the load comes out from the bridge at the sense output : an external

resistor (RSA ; RSB.) allows to detect the intensity of this current.

Input Stage:

Each bridge is driven by means of four gates the input of which are In1;

In2 ; EnA and In3 ; In4 ; EnB. The In inputs set the bridge state when

The En input is high ; a low state of the En input inhibits the bridge.

All the inputs are TTL compatible.

3-AXIS ACCELEROMETER:

The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis

accelerometer with signal conditioned voltage outputs. The product measures

acceleration with a minimum full-scale range of ±3 g. It can measure the static

acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing applications, as well as dynamic

acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or vibration.

The user selects the bandwidth of the accelerometer using the

CX, CY, and CZ capacitors at the XOUT, YOUT, and ZOUT pins. Bandwidths

can be selected to suit the application, with a range of 0.5 Hz to 1600 Hz for the

X and Y axes, and a range of 0.5 Hz to 550 Hz for the Z axi

s
. The ADXL335 is available in a small, low profile, 4 mm × 4

mm × 1.45 mm, 16-lead, plastic lead frame chip scale package (LFCSP_LQ).

Features:

 3-axis sensing

 Small, low profile package

 4 mm × 4 mm × 1.45 mm LFCSP

 Low power : 350 μA (typical)

 Single-supply operation: 1.8 V to 3.6 V

 10,000 g shock survival

 Excellent temperature stability

 BW adjustment with a single capacitor per axis

 RoHS/WEEE lead-free compliant

Applications:

 Cost sensitive, low power, motion- and tilt-sensing

 applications

 Mobile devices

 Gaming systems

 Disk drive protection

 Image stabilization
  Sports and health devices

Theory:

The ADXL335 is a complete 3-axis acceleration measurement

system. The ADXL335 has a measurement range of ±3 g minimum. It contains a

polysilicon surface-micro machined sensor and signal conditioning circuitry to

implement an open-loop acceleration measurement architecture. The output

signals are analog voltages that are proportional to acceleration. The

accelerometer can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing

applications as well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion, shock, or

vibration.

The sensor is a polysilicon surface-micro machined structure

built on top of a silicon wafer. Polysilicon springs suspend the structure over the

surface of the wafer and provide a resistance against acceleration forces.

Deflection of the structure is measured using a differential capacitor that consists

of independent fixed plates and plates attached to the moving mass. The fixed

plates are driven by 180° out-of-phase square waves. Acceleration deflects the

moving mass and unbalances the differential capacitor resulting in a sensor output

whose amplitude is proportional to acceleration. Phase-sensitive demodulation

techniques are then used to determine the magnitude and direction of the

acceleration.
The demodulator output is amplified and brought off-chip through a 32 kΩ

resistor. The user then sets the signal bandwidth of the device by adding a

capacitor. This filtering improves measurement resolution and helps prevent

aliasing.

Mechanical Sensor:

The ADXL335 uses a single structure for sensing the X, Y, and Z axes. As a

result, the three axes’ sense directions are highly orthogonal and have little cross-

axis sensitivity. Mechanical misalignment of the sensor die to the package is the

chief source of cross-axis sensitivity. Mechanical misalignment can, of course,

be calibrated out at the system level.

Performance:

Rather than using additional temperature compensation circuitry, innovative

design techniques ensure that high performance is built in to the ADXL335. As a

result, there is no quantization error or no monotonic behaviour, and temperature

hysteresis is very low (typically less than 3 mg over the −25°C to +70°C

temperature range).
RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector):

An RTD is a temperature sensor which measures temperature using the principle

that the resistance of a metal changes with temperature. In practice, an electrical

current is transmitted through a piece of metal (the RTD element or resistor)

located in proximity to the area where temperature is to be measured. The

resistance value of the RTD element is then measured by an instrument. This

resistance value is then correlated to temperature based upon the known

resistance characteristics of the RTD element.

RTDs work on a basic correlation between metals and temperature. As the

temperature of a metal increases, the metal's resistance to the flow of electricity

increases. Similarly, as the temperature of the RTD resistance element increases,

the electrical resistance, measured in ohms (Ω), increases. RTD elements are

commonly specified according to their resistance in ohms at zero degrees Celsius

(0° C). The most common RTD specification is 100 Ω, which means that at 0°C

the RTD element should demonstrate 100 Ω of resistance.

Platinum is the most commonly used metal for RTD elements due to a number of

factors, including its

1. chemical inertness,

2. nearly linear temperature versus resistance relationship,

3. temperature coefficient of resistance that is large enough to give readily

measurable resistance changes with temperature and

4. stability (in that its temperature resistance does not drastically change with

time).

Other metals that are less frequently used as the resistor elements in an RTD

include nickel, copper and Balco. RTD elements are typically in one of three

configurations:

1. A platinum or metal glass slurry film deposited or screened onto a small

flat ceramic substrate known as "thin film" RTD elements, and

2. Platinum or metal wire wound on a glass or ceramic bobbin and sealed with

a coating of molten glass known as "wire wound" RTD elements.

3. A partially supported wound element which is a small coil of wire inserted

into a hole in a ceramic insulator and attached along one side of that hole.

Of the three RTD elements, the thin film is most rugged and has become

increasingly more accurate over time.

16x2 LCD DISPLAY:

This is an LCD Display designed for E-blocks. It is a 16 character, 2-line

alphanumeric LCD display connected to a single 9-way D-type connector. This

allows the device to be connected to most E-Block I/O ports.

The LCD display requires data in a serial format, which is

detailed in the user guide below. The display also requires a 5V power supply.

Please take care not to exceed 5V, as this will cause damage to the device. The

5V is best generated from the E-blocks Multiprogrammer or a 5V fixed regulated

power supply. The potentiometer RV1 is a contrast control that should be used to

adjust the contrast of the display for the environment it is being used in.
Features:

 E-blocks compatible

 Low cost

 Compatible with most I/O ports in the E-Block range (requires 5 I/O lines

via 9-way D-type connector)

 Ease to develop programming code using Flow code icons.

Testing the LED Board – LCD.hex:

The following instructions explain the steps to test and use your LCD Board. The

instructions assume that PPP is installed and functional. It also assumes that you

are confident in sending a program to the PIC via the multiprogrammer.

The LCD.hex program will place a counter on to the LCD Board

1) Ensure power is supplied to all the necessary boards.

2) Insert the LCD board into Port B of the Multiprogrammer

3) Ensure that the Multiprogrammer is in correct configuration

- Fast mode (SW1 towards the centre of the board)

- Ensure that a 19.6608MHz crystal is inserted in the Multiprogrammer board

SW2 is not used when in Xtal mode so it doesn’t matter it’s position
4) Program the a PIC16F88 with the test program LCD.hex

5) Press the reset button on the Multiprogrammer.

6) Adjust contrast accordingly.

This should satisfy that the LCD Board is fully functional!

The LCD is a 16-character x 2 lines module. Internally it is 40

characters’ x 2 lines. Line 1 ranges from H’00’ to H’27’ and Line 2 ranges from

H’40’ to H’67’. The LCD Module uses a Samsung KS0066U controller, which is

similar to the Hitachi HD44780 controller. The PICmicro board uses pins 1 - 6

on the 9-way D-type connector to program the LCD, as shown in the circuit

diagram below. When the LCD board is turned on, data can only be sent to it after

30ms, this is the time taken for the LCD to initialize [as it clears all the RAM and

sets up the Entry Mode].

To send a command to the LCD, data must be sent in two steps,

the MSB followed by the LSB [byte is data on pins 1 - 4]. As each byte is sent to

the LCD, B5 must be go high then low, for the LCD to acknowledge the byte.

After the second byte has been acknowledged the LCD executes the command.

The PICmicro board must wait for at least the length of the execution time for

that command, before the next command can be sent.

SWITCHES:

Push-Buttons are normally-open tactile switches. Push buttons

allow us to power the circuit or make any particular connection only when we

press the button. Simply, it makes the circuit connected when pressed and breaks

when released. A push button is also used for triggering of the SCR by gate

terminal. These are the most common buttons which we see in our daily life

electronic equipment’s.

Features:

 Prevent flux rise by the insert-molded terminal

 Snap-in mount terminal

 Contact Bounce: MAX 5mS

 Crisp clicking by tactile feedback

  Dielectric Withstanding Voltage 250V AC for 1 minute

Technical Specifications:

 Mode of Operation: Tactile feedback

 Power Rating: MAX 50mA 24V DC

 Insulation Resistance: 100Mohm at 100v

 Operating Force: 2.55±0.69 N

 Contact Resistance: MAX 100mOhm

 Operating Temperature Range: -20 to +70 ℃

 Storage Temperature Range: -20 to +70 ℃

Applications:

 Calculators

 Push-button telephones

 Kitchen appliances

 Magnetic locks

 Various other mechanical and electronic devices, home and commercials.

How to use a push button?

When connecting in between of supply and the circuit we should only connect

the wires with both the legs of the Push-Button as shown in the circuit below:
12V BATTERY PACK:

The energy density of lithium-ion is typically twice that of the

standard nickel cadmium. There is potential for higher energy densities. The load

characteristics are reasonably good and behave similarly to nickel-cadmium in

terms of discharge. The high cell voltage of 3.6 volts allows battery pack designs

with only one cell. Most of today's mobile phones run on a single cell. A nickel-

based pack would require three 1.2-volt cells connected in series.

Lithium-ion is a low maintenance battery; an advantage that

most other chemistries cannot claim. There is no memory and no scheduled

cycling is required to prolong the battery's life. In addition, the self-discharge is

less than half compared to nickel-cadmium, making lithium-ion well suited for

modern fuel gauge applications. lithium-ion cells cause little harm when

disposed.
 Despite its overall advantages, lithium-ion has its drawbacks. It

is fragile and requires a protection circuit to maintain safe operation. Built into

each pack, the protection circuit limits the peak voltage of each cell during charge

and prevents the cell voltage from dropping too low on discharge. In addition, the

cell temperature is monitored to prevent temperature extremes. The maximum

charge and discharge current on most packs are is limited to between 1C and 2C.

With these precautions in place, the possibility of metallic lithium plating

occurring due to overcharge is virtually eliminated.

Aging is a concern with most lithium-ion batteries and many

manufacturers remain silent about this issue. Some capacity deterioration is

noticeable after one year, whether the battery is in use or not. The battery

frequently fails after two or three years. It should be noted that other chemistries

also have age-related degenerative effects. This is especially true for nickel-

metal-hydride if exposed to high ambient temperatures. At the same time,

lithium-ion packs are known to have served for five years in some applications.

Advantages:

 High energy density - potential for yet higher capacities.

 Does not need prolonged priming when new. One regular charge is all

that's needed.

 Relatively low self-discharge - self-discharge is less than half that of

nickel-based batteries.
  Low Maintenance - no periodic discharge is needed; there is no memory.

 Specialty cells can provide very high current to applications such as power

tools.

Limitations:
 Requires protection circuit to maintain voltage and current within safe

limits.

 Subject to aging, even if not in use - storage in a cool place at 40% charge

reduces the aging effect.

 Transportation restrictions - shipment of larger quantities may be subject

to regulatory control. This restriction does not apply to personal carry-on

batteries.

 Expensive to manufacture - about 40 percent higher in cost than nickel-

cadmium.

 Not fully mature - metals and chemicals are changing on a continuing basis.
RESISTORS:

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that

implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits,

resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal levels, to divide

voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other

uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as

heat, may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as

test loads for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly

with temperature, time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to

adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing

devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.

 Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic

circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete

components can be composed of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also

implemented within integrated circuits.

The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common

commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of

magnitude. The nominal value of the resistance falls within the manufacturing

tolerance, indicated on the component.

The behaviour of an ideal resistor is dictated by the relationship specified by

Ohm's law:

V=IR

Ohm's law states that the voltage (V) across a resistor is proportional to the

current (I), where the constant of proportionality is the resistance (R). For

example, if a 300-ohm resistor is attached across the terminals of a 12-volt

battery, then a current of 12 / 300 = 0.04 amperes flows through that resistor.

The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance,

named after Georg Simon Ohm. An ohm is equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since

resistors are specified and manufactured over a very large range of values, the

derived units of milliohm (1 mΩ = 10−3 Ω), kilohm (1 kΩ = 103 Ω), and megaohm

(1 MΩ = 106 Ω) are also in common usage.

LED’s (Light Emitting Diodes):

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source that emits light

when current flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with

electron holes, releasing energy in the form of photons. The colour of the light

(corresponding to the energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required

for electrons to cross the band gap of the semiconductor. White light is obtained

by using multiple semiconductors or a layer of light-emitting phosphor on the

semiconductor device.

LEDs have many advantages over incandescent light sources, including lower

energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved physical robustness, smaller size,

and faster switching. LEDs are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting,
automotive headlamps, advertising, general lighting, traffic signals, camera

flashes, lighted wallpaper, horticultural grow lights, and medical devices.

Unlike a laser, the light emitted from an LED is neither

spectrally coherent nor even highly monochromatic. However, its spectrum is

sufficiently narrow that it appears to the human eye as a pure (saturated) colour.

Also unlike most lasers, its radiation is not spatially coherent, so it cannot

approach the very high brightness’s characteristic of lasers.

LED uses fall into four major categories:

 Visual signals where light goes more or less directly from the source to the

human eye, to convey a message or meaning

 Illumination where light is reflected from objects to give visual response

of these objects

 Measuring and interacting with processes involving no human vision

 Narrow band light sensors where LEDs operate in a reverse-bias mode and

respond to incident light, instead of emitting light

ADVANTAGES
 The robotic wheelchair motion is supported through the movements of

head/hand motion.

 Head movements control is particularly useful for severely-handicapped

people who have spinal cord injury or quadriplegia which, the recognized

gestures are used to generate motion control commands to the controller so

that the wheel chair movement can be controlled.

 The head movement is the gesture which can be performed by the

quadriplegic patients whose body parts below the neck is paralyzed. So the

head movement is possible for the patients.

 This system will prove as a system which is able to bridge the

communication gap between especially disabled people and normal

people.

 As the elderly persons or differently abled persons faces a high order of

difficulties in their daily routine work therefore this project will lead some

novel findings to keep their daily needs work easier and by this way to

provide them a better platform to live their life happily. As well as to

minimise the requirement of dependency on other.

 SCOPE AND

APPLICATIONS
 Smart Wheel Chair has a wide range of application and scope in following

areas:

 Physically Challenged People

Physically Disabled People can use it as per their purposes. People

who are able to use their hand can use Joystick; People suffering

from certain paralysis can use either voice or head movement as per

requirement.

 Patients in the Hospitals

People suffering from certain paralysis can use either voice or head

movement as per requirement.

 Old Age Homes People

At old age homes can use this chair as per their requirement.
COST OF PROJECT
Components Quantity Price(Rs)

Arduino Board 2 1120 (560*2)

SIM800 Module 1 850

16*2 LCD Display(I2C) 1 500

L298 Motor Driver 1 250

ADLX335 Sensor 1 350

Pulse Rate Sensor 1 350

Ultrasonic Sensor 1 200

150 Rpm BO Motor 2 120 (60*2)

Wheels 2 80 (40*2)

12 V Battery Pack 1 600

Acrylic Sheet 1 500

Wire Roll 1 50

Plastic Box 1 50

LEDs 5 10

Resistors 5 5

Total 5035
CONCLUSION
 The Smart Wheelchair has the ability to uncover learning

potential and facilitate the recognition of abilities in children previously excluded

from access to independent mobility. Given the significant limitation that

restrictions in mobility pose to participation for children with physical

disabilities, therapists must begin to understand the effectiveness of interventions

such as the Smart Wheelchair. The descriptive findings of this study allow for

future, more rigorous research, to be conducted on the effectiveness of the Smart

Wheelchair as a mobility training tool.

Due to the additional sensor like ultrasonic sensor, which

protects the wheel chair from colliding, the user can operate the wheel chair

confidently without any fear of collision. Also, the sensors like pulse rate sensor

and temperature sensor continuously monitors the health of the user which helps

to save user life in medical emergency conditions.

REFERENCES
1. Nicolas Grollier de Servière Wheelchair in his Cabinet of curiosities.
2. http://rvsn.csail.mit.edu/wheelchair/ The MIT Intelligent Wheelchair
Project
3. Mazidi, Muhammad Ali. The 8051 Microcontroller and Embeded system.
Secand. New Delhi : Prentice-Hall of India Pvt.Ltd, 2007. pp. 282-283.
4. Fowler, Kim R. Electronic Instrument Design. 7th. New Delhi: Oxford
University Press, 2009.
5. Sedra, Adel S. and Smith, Kenneth C,”Microelectronic Circuits”, Oxford
University Press, 1998.
6. Mehta, V.K. Principle Of Electronics. Second. New Delhi : S Chand and
Company Limited, 2002.
7. wwwmicrocontrollershop.com.[Online].http://microcontrollershop.com/p
roduct_info.php?products_id=1078.
8. www.hvwtech.com[Online].http://www.hvwtech.com/products_view.asp
?ProductID=341.
9. "History of Wheelchairs". wheelchair-information.com. Retrieved April
14, 2017.
10.Koerth-Baker, Maggie. "Who Invented the Wheelchair?".
mentalfloss.com. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
11.Joseph Flaherty (24 May 2012). "Putting the 'Wheel' Back in 'Wheelchair'
". Wired. Retrieved 25 May 2012.
12.Bellis, Mary. "History of the Wheelchair". thoughtco.com. Retrieved April
14, 2017.