Speaking Volumes Narrative and intertext in Ovid and other Latin poets Alessandro Barchiesi Edited and translated by Matt Fox and Simone Marchest z DuckworthPpa in 2001 by oernd Dceworth Co, 1 Freh Stee London 1D AT “op ee aaa Fax 020 04 00 nas enquedckwort polar sk ‘ore duane ck 1 2001 by Alesandr Bari ‘righ reser No pref hi punt mayb epedaod ed neva yam of ttl nan em yy menos ‘stat he por erainon he pblaber [catalog esa er tha oo ie vale Bom he Bred bry one Contents Preface Continues arratvity a Voie and Narrative ‘instances in the Metamorphoses ‘Teaching Auguste thro Allusion Future Reflexive: Two Modes of Allusion and the Heroider ‘Tropes of atertertualty in Roman Eple Some Ponts on Map of Shipwrecks ‘Allusion and Society: Ovid the Censor Notes Bibliography Index Lacorum BEGEseBe 160 199 208Preface {begin by offering short summaries of the individual papers that now form {he eight capers of tis bok Tn square brackets alr the chapter tile pve the peo rginal publication. 4. Contnutiee (MD 16,1988) ‘The bane condition fr Ovid poste is a sense of continuity and cori nee, betecn tris as between texts 2. Narraisity and convention in the Heroes MD 18,1887) “The Moron construct a world where the stilton and equivcation ‘etwoun copie convention and non-lepiae plat is asoures ofcontract and 4 bios and narration instance inthe Metamorphoses (MD 2, 1989) ‘The presence ofintanal narrator in the Metamorphove, a fo being tn inet eruchral deve, creates inplesions and ion “4 Teaching Augustus though allusion (MD 31, 1983) In swo poems whore diferent authors, Horaco und Ovid, address the pero the ole of allusion i etrateie and suggests a delicate balance ‘wean addcesce and audience 5 Future reflexive {HSP 1989 Gin Enlish) ‘The Alexandrian idea of positioning sory asa forerunner of ie trad tional background becomes a systematic approach in the Herder, ‘whereby can is both foretalled and aca ledge. 4 ropes of intertextualtyn Roman epi Lexis 18,198) pie sbjecvty is restriton for Roman selcrefleiity, but aleo ‘Mimlales tropes, that i mediated figures and images f iterary ‘elconseiousness: dreams, ortls, memories, etact and echoes. 7, Some point on a map of shiparecks (MD 99,1997) Contemporary pater and perspective inthe tady of Werary memory and inteeetaaliy: summing‘ Speaking Volumes {Allusion and society: Ould the censor AJAH 13, 1997 Gn Eli) (One final easestudy presente a pole text facing plitel, not teary Intertestuaity and advocates rodelogy of llacion Speaking Vlamer is colin of papers previouty published in varias Juma over decade’ wo of thes Eng tlan The aan haplaehave bon tania and revised by tie Fors tne Marches tthe tne both graduate sadets of Princeton Universo) T tive updated the eters tad sae changes when ose bu T have ‘efine rom reforming the angen Taken ogee the papers ‘eek to detrbe the Oviian peti lus a wesc moment i che history of Roman intent sd oer perspectives o ther ete ot oma and AletandanHertre The tracy athe aeons froma paper where th fur inon tert problasd end otha paper that foreprounds the problem Hf Bow far an iniersextnl presto erare can del with dscures, jn ete erste chap ters alm to eolre inks betwen interstayan! gn naene (Sand, power) eray history (wile Chapter emp sre ‘peeensive snap of Romaine asennad thorestareh af my genentin of atin Yt sage tt esses {env narrative a aso wl fund fob eiqutows throughout fora cuts vou “Te le, a wil be clearer a he end of Chaper 1c basd on the suring prophet image of iia 111083, where th Orden tno Smuts with eachother inside he botkcac of Onde Called ‘Weta: Seong lunes ln arene the nay whic lion {eanigats previous wars of erature and evn Gough ire iofambig ofthe rst vale payer and eves of comme ‘ton ened several pe my ‘Sime ofthe nde hs have contd Haas and comments fr he india papers wil ev chan su fc but ere fel Tes ane frleast Stephenfinds win gave en frgtae eng he spend ‘volumes by Ovid in Hinds (1985), a "Thenok ae whe ores macho Susnna Broun, who sugested he so fhe election, andthe er advoe of Door Bk. Tan qually grateflto the translators aod tthe adie of Hara Cores ‘Gutgery Universi) the fur of working ogee I the falar ‘meow af the historia "ag La Ris fa Cz Mere the ‘onan Sea rummer of 200) ‘Acero, 17 Noverer 2000" an. 1 Continuities Mh aan he err he rem of tai ear Towa putin and onthe mechanic fhe area alien, uljecte on Semana ben rien recently and with sures They ae tea, TBnezol nto baked othe preparation ofa ommentary on Od. Bach Jadiidal contusion ta eapone oapecie uncertatee of txt and Interpretation sd shout jaded on tow mera, the more sas the ‘Gite ncs any uty intent em atextaa-otil pont of ie These ‘Rpts indade chosing bowen vrant reading defending exe {Extemisions, ond endorsing conjctral emenains “rum anther pt of iw lads ta ths asrtment comparison tote snmbl afi il sen at re red Te eo jens onion one hy one ae sso terol problems, nak choral choses smply the presner of ndertrng male hat al or “ur recouton del th far exprenson and ofasrratve, And the ay {nua the Ovdlan text imple rods lows one ta limp corn ‘Saractenate ad coherent treads tay can be raced back oan foctcs, Wha ie more seme tome Sat tis priest do with fartciar way of wewing erro Ths why I wl be neeeary at testo pss om nidul probs to ertan saeco Ovid oct tnd vo nein peal the way in whic Ovid represents narrative texts and thers posible interconnections, thee points of passage iia tne, n ich oe tet sem oboe ef in enter "Sule of ts pct ar prtclryexpocd tothe danger of «more somewtat eslogcal and rear they nd ep explaining te what degree ride intimately and ppcally Own. We sao ron thers of oer naphutisng te recurrence of ean alae schema and he pri SHE Gheresce te inetxtan imagination My bral comment ‘rls olay the renponaity for these natn on Ovid himsell This TBoutd alone cerse trl le inortanee of Ovid pict pct a ‘Shoc ihat atherise bund as we avet the aarow ompaer fined Sat contests) ght nd fw acenons fre proper ngieance to De condwo Speaking Volumes 1. The misfortunes of Brisls: Heroides 9.44 Briseis has heen taken by Againemn and Achilles abandons her to her fe: At thi point abe cals to ind her pail pt (Qo mera ep er iA? Greene satan stefan? Dire are gras ot ih ‘ier ai) Judging hom the most recent editions, the textual stats of 44 must be ‘anaidered stable Dorrie cepts met, the consensus in the manusci tradition, nd records in the apparatus: matis Planudes Housman Por ‘mer In fact, the erection of mets to mali had a rather trbule fate ia the second half ofthe nintcenth century ‘Some caefiation isin order here. Tt e true thatthe Palner-Purser ‘tition propares mals, accompanying this choice with an enthuse ‘ote in the apparatus: mais Housman, gud mirc confirmat Plamudes, nels bri Tes true lap thatthe version a the thirteenth century monk ‘makes ono think thet his model had offered tne mals amcinn hha tots hupirgmencis hate ouboun epeltn? (171 alm.) Neverthe "ess, Housman didnot pli the cajectare malic ax his own Ini 1809, review of Palmer Purser, he linits hima toting that mall eae ot the beste contributions to the Ovidian txt dervale frm Planudes and that it amounts to e new and independent argument in favour of thie fonjecare ~ whieh Housman cirreclyaasigns to te true author Kast chs The comment of Palmer Parser at 34s slao precise (and again ‘enthusiastic. “This confiematon of Lars eonjectre ix probably the most ‘nal service rendered tothe erica of Ov bythe verion of Planes 7 300) ‘This clarification might scom pedantic (and i i by now common ‘knowledge that our modern apparatus are used o robbing from the poor togivota the neh), oo muel oa thatthe eonjectre mats has lost eed without eve reeling he honour ofan expt refutation. Once teil ‘excitement a the novelty ofthe Byzantine version had wor of, moder ‘dior tranguily tamed back to the valgate text, which seems reproach ble as far as sensei cancerned,prosenting at does & use of incepta fs e noun that sounds difclior when compared to the combination ingots mals ‘Alter all, the conjecture had been presented in a vory Iconic manner ven before this silent eclipse. Lehre proposed tin ¢ short not fs work, ‘tho whole not very sucemeful and Il flowed almed at dacovering {the many interpolations and falafications inthe tent of Ovid epetles ‘ic arganent wally rected upon to ~aetaaly quite relevant Ovidian, 1 Continues a allel: Pot 4450 om pu nos len ete mal, ad He. 18k gre annum por ortena tor” On the ber se, Bcf a Kn ar ed exp ejecta naptime Metre ales rae ob ncn of Ged ep, anton he age ota of Hamer ras ht I pts tne seas ye et ecrtn by ftun Arce alut otal inwe 4092 gh oer ‘erates gush he wa anomie pron her et Acie {52th ty nshering hr hurd er he rater eet het alae Ones ten, tes an ford a eran aon a oe oer maser Buta bow eto, his ine by ‘Semeur, ha woened hr condone apn. Now she ae bet sere on andre nade acpi Arjen woman athena ‘Gols dor muss exact karting th dof he ‘gan ye i). Stes dere rtm andthe retin ay ati, td fav he iw st lone ewan nen The pela arn of he mol epi res redo {ear peeiy lo wtch rcs has ren nd Te heroes Eon thg of nistre’ e honing of te epi se titers munue Oval coe nb ie pero the ‘Eimer wn gronaundamenal mtn Homer are ‘ete wrath cn ine Ov hig wc 1 ern, he cua cane alhe pn gan Homer age har peer bwn eta et SRE ieidwat le, he wahot Aesth ve erect S.Sater deny sonal tron hin pero nce ot terown Bsa mig be eric “avo an eae cnet = ISL sng nding or Leaner nd cpr sis ded angie he orgy Heepnt er 1835 ott np tamtday ‘tevlbus qugrSary losses het deny nets aso ‘eisai esl le air, me 4 Pano dase that toh momen tein never eset er tn pc he eae fhe mere eal hat Ovi ie rata ting ge alent ine athe way of it marta the Eft eam Dita Mart to Lyensia moni i ‘vi ganar era anlar na ‘Titan amuse ta compensvinae sum ‘dominant om ater eae ier 2492)2 ‘Speaking Volumes ‘This nls Brice lament in ad 19: spa yey @ Roady ye manip kal ewe wep tltov np mthiceSebacyuevev Set yah ‘pels se xary ong, 0 Hot lela sem, rpeioue, ot tavees oksGpine Sap Exton (88 ty 8 W Eaoces, Oe eh ub dbs "ArAEDS eceney,népoty Be ety elo Mivatsg, ale, dake tgaowes Ayahog Brena Koupdiqy diogov Bjoct, dBety «et vals 5 Ovi, Baron 8 yaw geet MapyaBoneoe, Tin 9291) But her memories of disaster, just ain Ovid aie from & new disaster, the dent of Patocus, who Breese mourning. Le now compare the two verses, in Ovid and in Homer which introduce the train from preset migfortane (he rape by Agamemnon, the death of Patrol) fo fer sorowfulrecllctio ‘44 na vei nent mall ra alia 194006 noe Goyeta raw Fe ROMY cet ‘Tae allusion is cour, and the punt of view ofthe Homeri Brass — for ‘whom anew fakon aways fellows a previous orginal talon ~ eompele ue to print mali in Ovid Now the nial alliterative pair molior male fetes and Balances the pair mises tite with which the couplet begin, jutaposing at the same time an antithesis with redusdant. Finally, the aeval of the molior hon, hy freful hyperbston, seems fo Intrrupe abruptly the series of her disgrace) Ovids reader knows that thie chin of mata isnot over yet. Brace’ leter ie written after the ‘mbasey to Ahile, and before ofcourse, his wrath has essed Brees ‘basa tendin Acie tent,» gentle man who has always ted to comfort hor (et Her. 3.284; 11. 19289 and 206), Those fanart Homer ‘Know that this dear and only trend of Brice ie going to fll in bale = [eter yet, isabou fl, Fone oa, ax Ovi ores ua the temporal (on and the dramatic framework ofthe epee, isis ison the Ferg ‘losing Patrochus nso. And tis new Laon willbe bt another ink in the Shain of ae which Ons Bisel ley knows how era in er esting ara save, 2. Clrces promise: Remedia Amoris 281 Circols making her last stomp to detain the departing Ulyases After she has fed as an enehantres ( Ars2-103) she resorts ote at of verbal persuasion: 1. Continates 8 “nh ea? i aa Tete Camo p ero gua male valet ung, Tucan so rege tore far tw ee ila ogra saver stebt Uns i om wei vr aor Not em. 2515) ne qazome ofthe plats pode. aed with solar atten in tbe caress Dijeees enters etar dow te pret erat OPeegaot wore n Homer 0 2089) Molt itor etn ome ence ttn have printed and cantina aetna ce hens od aa ec 92 Tn readin. {2200 ie lng rene unchanged eer nh uch rena ‘ican hau Lingo Tree, Ten ayo ne ska ith oe ‘inant Gry alt ovr sw of 2b! Sod be hr ne, nd wrstsrbrang is need noah Che audigy to ‘ehing known ich Oncam adem ala Ovi rete oe SSee'Phngetwithoet ete Theme having hem how pn eu fs cnn gosto Es Kenney wo moe thm one Woah ‘Spier hacmnd thei tht oneal serpent reang ‘iri and ha expnned’s 2nd a perp efoing Yo Armor “rt my cnesin werent etn os he tex roped ‘einer may bo ml 88 anther rnc, namely ome to Tem tanrelrat tthe teeny rrus oe ler en {Eick that Renee thaw spore aot igh on area that atch tough he en een nd, deta. Sikes inch ose than Ovi comment supose. ‘ho eel mentum Ces pena ha ng teen notes clea tone the Hols han he Remedi, Co tpn tte roca herve Osea in han Ord ease ne thar ene ath dyed but connce er bie Sey an gato ve ber back Cee apes besos ond of ‘ele th at ines beau efi date meant fe Rem Steoagpeains sto, ants inarpument comes {ex preaan fo Dis eter to Anes te Dd, Ce isthe {Retadtonotte seer oui he maerl fora ey ‘SEemetuyrensnconany hope er marae: Dido promoesAcess Sone ter np, ht awl provide hm with nam nt nt puted bat alae he wither tligerent ted dent prone ‘thc ee eat ore cape Her 7378) Render of ‘iriiwe sry wei hs prom fade onthe ened ner Nitsa roped Aen, he ented that by sayin erthage Be Spiga dope flu ef fret conquests on 2580), Th ioe “te of oval om impr sane In rel, Ov Db Stor bt te peace whic he wandering Tj ne v0 mocha“ ‘Speaking Volumes ls, i an amusing apostic gesture 2 typeal of Ovid arte denon, at ‘any ware and Uurphs as he wishes, re Instead make a single offer Us Jand there i pace without ‘dian content presupposts that this isan argustent tht nt eats for 1s Cire concerned ~ might appeal to Odyeeous, just as Dis promises to Aeneas are likely to evoke a predictable response from him (that in ‘thecompesite image hat the reader construct of Aone by eombining the ‘charactor of te latter's implied addressee withthe traditional character ‘tAuneas , Vinge Aenene) Thus one might expect that Circe fern frder to be fective, is motivated by the igure of the adresse. This Droblom has Deen noticed by GP. Goold who, however adopts ery Aierent Interpretation " In his vem, Ciro’ agument te completly ‘wrong, even eounterprodvtve nd ie theant tli ray fer the eae (iyateu isthe qintesontal ero who tlre or danger and noveto peace and eafety are unoltale oles to a man who finds them boring (Good correct tat uta in 284 fllowing Bentley)" “find Goold reasoning freod. He presupposes and takes for granted {hat Oyseeus i ony aller adventure and dangers, kind of romantic ‘Odysseus, But Odysseus in Homer is not lke thie, ad the end ofall hi veanderings wll e pence and tranquility (Od. 24-48) jn ke the pence (Circe promiseshere:OvdsUljses a character hoe frequent reappech- lance in the erie works and the Metamorphoses has is evi unique ‘thorenc) i nove that dcalizod A any rat, the matter in queaton here {5 wars not adventures and travel And wher da we ever nd a Uleses as'a charactor eager fr War? Dose, on the contrary ott right, The ‘notion that ‘no one her summoning Ue allies to wage Wer against Trey {i pertinent and meaningful ot because Odyeseus is daft these kinds sf promises, but for the oppsite reason: boone is addressed eens ‘vo went sara a feign madness to avoid ging when that fru ery fame calling. (Ovid himself narrates the story ia Mt. 19:3: tid ‘cammentzreont | Naupllades(Palneeal animi ittogue tat ad rma) “The argument i designed ad hoe to appeal to the most famous dra dodger in antiquity. Stl Ulysee dove not pay atention while she el talking, he cars of And iremeally = thi erly the irony ofthe present gsage ~ he docs well o refuse Cire promises and lave "Wore perhaps over personalizing the narrative steation andthe next step willbe even worse Iwill ak Ovid text a atonalitc question, one ‘those questions which serious erties ind iietour and pedartie Same ‘explanation isin arder tht wil dea with general feature of Ovo Dts, We know that Ovid's imagination i, 0 speak, intertextaal and [yslemati. His devcion to deceptive iloions consi in taking too ‘strouny tional txts (both iterary and mythical) and thee explck or ‘merely potential intoreonnctions, Ovid gase favury those space 1m 1. Continuiter 15 Se nen reese ei ait once ay lesbain Senatrtar ates an aparece noe eiitcere ual rb tetaete eimai ieaa ree eer Seema iota fuemecieke ene Soleavaeeneme amen ertecurteknmie coor Ergin eceee tae eraeemnpes ieee aerator Santee Rin Settee amen cmmgeeore econ cane chara ae sor ie oro eee mrtutininaee ecient Sateasecietmeacsuroc igutokuapeearaemore tel ch chara tigers pepe serena So Sra ate econ [ray —taniotaectun gntare ofwhich Ovid master areas of contact Eines Gowran ete es Sir Seer fue mca Feared incendie aarementae Senecio Teac Bee er aman ee Ree cere re emenraemtee sueinencemanepcim teem Caitieamenre enema Eouoresarsageieemeea= iach chen cares cme eis cucat aaa aot amie iinaecctanenyeredine itdesar, ieamiraatae date ae6 Speaking Volumes ‘not mako of Ovid an Ralightenment polemicist. Ho does not hide his oabts about the chronology for stores uf Bacchus" Ha is lear nat ‘atloalieticcrtigue of the anthropomorphic cresaiogy, bat aly stem af ‘heigened senility that arate when one expences and teste the ‘whole mica tradition ll tones ‘Thor ar texte that scr to be predestined to undergo thes sorta of combinatry teat Two great epic texte of antiquity each narrate the deeds ‘ta hor who has rarive the war at Troy We know thatthe more recent ‘one, th Aen, largely patterned onthe Mist, she Gdyssey: but this 6 ‘ot what coneerae us here. The point i eatber tht the mei evades'the (aynsy:t hate ae if were astonomous. The Teer is alowed to tmpse the possibilty that Aeneat and Odyseeus ‘might meet. Tn the {radio that Vir had before him, this eenunteron allan so atualy [happened at eatin ne ranch ofthe tradition ® But Vir has arranged. tterything inorder to avoid tis encounter He has not fly exploited the Possiblo permutations provided by this spatil and temporal proximity. (Wie can tise elaberate onthe reaton why he chore not to do this, inthe ‘ame terme applied earlier to Ovid. Thematle analogy and opatiotexnporal fentinuty are, when taken tageUser ta forces tha exert on powerfal an traction, The Aeneid i already too chose to the Ode ne themate Sractue io suctain a spatl-tampora intersection. Vir decided avail {he opening up of an endles reiprcal mirroring whieh would have ‘undermined hie transformation of the Homeric made The ore the pot ‘of Virgspoom seams to take Asneas to the threshold ofthe Osc, tbe ‘more his behaviour diverges frm Ut of Odysseus. Vir who so oon, ‘hat hs hero openly resomble Odysseus, distinguishes him strongly from ‘the modal wherever to place and ume ofthelr separate adventures attain ‘early perfect caincidece, Aenea cures Ithaca, reversing the gestures 4nd wards af Odysseus pon his homecoming * He reseuse from the ‘anger of the Cyclops not only his own companions but @ companion of (Odysseus aswell He staers clea ofthe Phacacans, Sl, the Sirens and (ire, nthe places where Aeneas could mest lyase or'opeat Odyase0s (ero oeastne thst Virgl perceives ae smilarythrestening to the aon ‘my ef his areaive) Aenea a providentillystered away ‘When the dnc joined the rank of gost claseieal narrative, aleed new questions for educated readers of epic. The relative chronlagies of myths aad of arratives had long since oseupied the minds of erudite Greeks, Homer and the tragodians offered an ideal hunting ground fr ‘ynchronies and anachronisme. Ava consequence, Roman commentators took very serounly the querion of wheter, and to what deqres, the Individdal adventures of Aeneas and Odyaeeue might have bean conten porsneaus (ef Sere Dan, on Aened 3.40 The basi which to begin fynchronied reading of the two poems was clear: Homer tells us that ‘Gaysseus wandered fora total often years, and Ving ropeatedly mentions 1.Contnutes 1" a wcen-year period (though atin the slearest of ways, bt thats enather ese) ‘Redaniries, such at who fire visited the cave of Polyphemus, do nat anise s today, but Od new how to take advantage of them Aeneid ving preent the carious sary of transformation af the Trojan shipe {ua cca aymphs (a sory that many have considered one of his most ‘Dvd’ production). Naturally Virgil doesnot aay what happened to thee crenturen servards. The metamorphose i already for him @ ‘Mog concesion tothe fantarG and odaserbe the feelings ofa charac. ero is ina corain san, an exehip, and sn arn an exe, Is an Aindoraking too unproable to interest him. But Ovid oct all Uh way. [Reon to the Metomophoser, n which this metamerphoss is duly ‘Meorded. the Noiads remember their post as Vosels, retlning pity fee {hire and Keeping them slot during storme They make an exception, ‘Bowever forthe Greeks nce Ingemuch as they are ex trees he Nainds ‘ell antives of Trojan Id. tis on account of tei patratism thatthe ‘nymph witness with grst satisfaction the shipwreck of Odjaseus rat (Ga. 2368)" The assumption making this play posible is that ame of ‘Giysteur wanderings lopally ought to have orured lator than the Sorter voyage of Aeness, Homer complicated internal chronology lends ‘aust to the roving of the romps between book 9 ofthe Aeneid and Bok 6 ofthe Odesey. Against al be appearance ofthe real chronology, the word of Virgil is contemporary and sometimes even prog to that Inrrned by Homer For thst be the eae one need only take the ext, {nd the eonnedtions between thm, a thet Word. Hence ts porsibe that the ene Bebween Odysseus and Cire inthe FRemedia slows ane to ake a tational inference of his Kind i 20 fares one accept he poualty of asking te tere questions of where and sen afterall, Ovid might have doo so counden umes, interrogating Therary and mythoogeal exe destined to flow together a tse making the Metamorphoses, the Fas, an alteady in tho Herod). We aren the ‘hores of Latiom ~ where every iterate person af this age, Greck and Roman, inpardealar Vir, imagined Crees home tobe” in an unapee fed year ote harc aa, As far aa dating goo, we can dobetor han thi ‘Wiltout «doubt we are ina Yea post Totam capram’ Oyeseus hasbeen Irandering for ten year afer she fal Ue ty, ad he venture with ire (ss lear from Homer) occurs stan advanced stage of his craves. ‘Ammer eve himself a yeterna and survivor athe wer at Ts, il rch the shores of Lata roughly seven year ner the captro ofthe cy. Tae hero wil bring with him, an bring abou, new Troy. Cire might Well non hina Tia surat hile Aeneas, knowing better, is ertaino the oppose:6 Speching Volumes aon eure rie den 16H Bat thro is mar. Our present passage clearly rules aut not only a new ‘Tox but anew Trojan War aswell This aseveryone knows. ithe primary heme of the seond half of the Arn, i which the war i Lat le repeatedly, and from shifting perspectives, presnted asa repay ofthe ‘Trojan War Tt it unnecesary here o real relevant passages in the ‘Acnid Isat ey toimagine how tncomfortabie Odyarear, the Grek ‘moet hated bythe Trojans, would fee in thi itantion, Ancient Hay a6 Whole which, as Cuee very apy pots eu, has 's Tar’ ben a peaceful Tand'~ lo about to be embrled in a watt ardet inci Ausonia ef immmobilis ante. Aeneid 7.622), Not only wil the Halians be called (0 frm, repestng the roe ofthe Gresk liane agunat the new Troy the ‘Greek hsoes wil be called back to arms au well a leat those who are avilable on lation in italy Diomedes, Odysseus’ companion in many ‘sdventures willbe reed ad arma ia ree ht sr Ape In Vieilerepetediterum, Ovid ruras nds both it eason for being and its exymoronie complement." just as Aenea’ confident lie under imine Cire's on hi. Similar. the gesture of ealing ales o am takes ‘So new meaning when projected onto the fture, and the empty gener priphrase non aligns provider the best pele setap fora radden onic ‘impletin. From the same perspective it also one that Ciree guaran ‘eg Oaescus dominion over the ‘entire Kingdom af undisturbed peace "Finally ts odd Ute goddae famous for her lairvayance turns it szuch am uneiable prophetees. (si for shoor intrest? Oris i rather because which would bea very Ovidian move - chess in fove as tobe Dlinded?) Cire’s word, brne off by Use winds invita cur vents verbo [ere Not" tarn ot we be empty pramies, contradicted by m oture alrway given over to tho great national epie~a future in sum, already 8. Ariadne and her future: Heroides 1081.98 theres ditinetve mde of Oviian allusion itis thai organized, ‘so tonpeakin retrospect. By this Tmenn those wel-nown cases where a ‘Ovidan characarrecale and repeate anther past sell and quotes a ‘outside txt ot part afis oer own subjective memary Ariadne in Peat 1 Continates 1» 41460, complains of Bacchi nity. Since he ste init» replay af co lio i perfcty ing for Arid to qute erly her ‘user repraath o Theat Le tho vey same words the bere ued BGmullres As. Conte wrote Ande, Orrcharester ave” perenne prone in Cale’ yon, and remmbers ihe tnt the red when fhe toa and laments of Catal Ariadne Monin! is the marker of retebange ofthe aieene between the Meret momen and th ian part™ One old ay tht te replay has Uceet upon the reader of mentary wavering of porepton, The ‘eputon ofan sential station has smehong tating abot a8 ‘Bourn the depen snd most prustntldeolgcal aaumption about Iieratre hale into oon the sermpton that erature i he {etalon ino memorable forme of unngue and unrepetae mo ‘Tus But the cra arias ested oncom ho eral gute, ‘Td paradocalyreafirms the uiguesen of rary eteraeee a ce ike ther, te soi nn rgpere by the ear operation istetred by memory hich ete oly ground hard bythe author, the Sudnac, an the character to whom the text erst the ree reer Sine sod the responsi forthe retronesve quctnon. For the ‘aso, levy the most efltcve and alebated example ofthe “ie Sonern tet akon up agin ond ted a pst preuppontons of {ncyresnt neativesuaton But what wold happens onthe ona Leleatallodod tos ery poet int th fate! a type a anton ttt ight rae grestrdifiaties the reronabity feel: ing were Slated to th narrtay the otrenta ay ir oprivd othe inition typ of Ovid Adoring oe om toe in tit narrtors vic, would Soy the delet balance between realty Starry eon fone want, Saat he character renponble iSrtheTrcling alls. on rune nto robles of ermiiede The SSoractor must be presen and accepted as prophet last. at ‘nded wth extrennly cer sigh aft that urn aks undermining Sy ony” ndeed ae Sod einem sharacter who might oct by Shanes, nahasarly and nde omthing that he othe eal not fenvonbiy know Bt in cae the ltl becomes eats nd ery Sia co hand c example sited above in 1). orthone sd other aos th max appealing ntertextual refigure snets ae thone which are ug, justo Cer erengh tht the wr ‘Roy illo ropeted i wren Ovidhadaretandin achieving thane [Ends oes in compocing te Horde, Hach eter mean ost ‘Srapresee temporal iterstin, prgnant moment taking place in ‘atatve etn, conn guaranteed hy the rc of know ‘badly of terary and more general) myshare or abou ‘oso of drama onomy, the etre are mach ore interesting hey Seallowed to pay fot oly wih the pat bt san wth a stil undecided {Store I Mec were to mitt dagon ser having led alco, he2 ‘Speaking Volumes Jettor would leek any dramatic tension. For asimilar reason, Ovid des not his hermes having to much information abot the fre A iter Camara theca ho might art the ‘monotonous. Of Ovid herwines at least ano, Oenone, i sigled out inthe {radiion ne prophetic character But Onde Ocnone has vary confused ‘dns, end when she writes to her beloved skein nt enpable of ives lance insu, Ovidas designed hixepntor so that they might have wide {ntertextl imen opened toward the future. Ia his mater chronology an bot urtherazistence, We have already seen bow important Ue internal {vonolgy of the lad andthe Odyaee ito the epnten af Brees and Penaope fe above, n. 6) But iti not neearary fr the fame to be provided by a itorary txt Iie naturel to think that len ormalied tote ve more generic puta or'eipa of mythology ~ ght ano aeton in ‘similar manaer What wil change tht eae re the pei techniques at poeteallsion But lt os como back to Ariadne, Te not hard to imagine thatthe Ariadne ofthe Heroids, writing ta Theseus liv’ from the barren wastee ‘Naz’ shore, i dooply imbued with her Catullan antecedent, just at the Ariadoe ofthe Feat was: Obviously Uhre are nolnger any temporal Aisrepances between the timeframes, and Ovid is cael ta sche 8 ‘perfect alignment with the situation of he model. Catala’ Ariadne fore res, in a peoudo Homeric tle, being abandoned and lt ns pes tarde ndbenete agra ve aber iibuogse ese ‘eussany vid isassombles the tradional model into serie of wll-detinguised dangers, ellage of peterenque dont sequences a sllage mich hat ‘0 precedent in extant Latin or Greek Itersture™ Desttor rapids ‘rd cabuague forse 96)" fanctons bathe the mate for the eatie Smplifcation, and as anallusive signpost. eonee i rierats the epi tragic tone a ite model. "As forthe et er eter has appenred to many 4s merely hypertrophic snd porly sonnetedamplifstien ung onan ane ef parr rr Si genceumgoe pet nec pt ‘veut amie pean mle Sure, samen entra heat pore, a2 feria tuo el alte oes? 8 “Gus mton hao ova avian al Enlai dinar nagna neler pose, 1. Continues a ‘el pter nt inn ater fla Phoeb otgue rg mei gue pc fs lai rr, la miata aie. ctl esta ne sacra dere 6 ‘deste pn pac cg er Se elunt anaes i: ‘Core diets nes i “Tie pssage has heaped upon itz so many and such great suspicions that the not direct rmedy offered reenty (ater many more ensorv ive attempt, such ar the deletion ofthe estinry of vs 88-8) has boon Suna delogen of ve 8696. Thus, MD. Reeve has propsed «lacuna of Indehiite legth” Reeves intervention inthe text alan he the merit of ‘cndensing and isting al th dial pots tat crowd around these few fine In pointing them ou wil allow bm slay. a) v 85 is corrupt, and nove ofthe proposed emenéation are able to (0) whose swords are mentioned in «88? howe fhe the fear af being slave Be Use entet?() what are the sirlacre ‘aru’? (} how ean = 95 be recoiled withthe content () = 97 offers a te of ave without a correlative; () 97 also cotaing two verbs lsking bits. In-my view, some ofthese prints admit of indvidoal answers, while here =n pateuar (and 6) ~requte more extnsive wetment, and ‘must be inked toa general argument tat {would ike to develop. Thus ‘an propose the flowing provisional anewers (a) agree that 88, {onuine at all is coral eorept= but T would not. aoe wth xceesive ‘hilton of individual corruptions and problem of euthenset. Ingen fra, tying together diferent hinds of problems is dangerous, n'a highly ‘otras transmission rach as that of the Hero, single eran 8 Feline passage doesnot conitate a stumbling bloc, and moreover, ‘should noche treated nth ame manner ax ther mrs of diffelten with trhich T wil deal shard) Who ls brandishing the swords? Reeve ‘cunningly suggests snoefish: But who, one might respond ic brandishing ‘he nwords chat Ovi fear a0 greatly in 1148-4 go peritusensom hhasuramtiugul tam puto vamgue moo? In the end, named dangers vaya grip th henrt a Lite tighter. Aer all if one fllows the doepor tran of thought in Ariadne ansous og, 60, non hominum vido, now ep facta bu, was already a warning sg caious Odysoeds had made the Same abnervation (Od. 10.98: entha mem oute Boom out” andron ‘laine orga right before running int the Laestrygonians.() The moti fenvoye fit ofall Ariadne’ pride ia being a virgo regia (et Cotulla [86-7 ot without & cunning, lastiminate change ofcourse (qudgu22 ‘Speaking Vumes rmagis mein.) In the Heoides, Ovid pays seruplous attention tothe ‘aryng socal statses of his heroines ae with Brcis in 3.758 But above 1 three vartaton on the theme of Catlle 64160, where Ariadne ‘ije that had she been allowed to stay with Theseus abe would have ‘agreed tobe hi lave and to carey out tbo mat lowly af asks” (Tis ‘Gage ia rae but attavted in Ovid (at Rove hizo acknowledges). tee {pre of pote language (e Kulne-Stogmann Il, 71), i herent ‘with the broken and monodie tye af the whale speech; in patiealar is Drompted by the contextual opposition between vir and fee In the [Proven Line The lland co prevalent all Ariado'sansitos That theelipi afer 25 dae ot suet inteersble even tx abecively harsh when compared eg, mith Aen 13800 (= $188) But lrus | ‘Ocnorcoluere i. Te auspcion of Tacna i ical adap, ut itis ‘ot the tame ns rarpeeting long interpolation, ‘Al tis eat fondamental motive behind che seanda those lines provoke ie rather ther overall and blatant pointlesness. The ist of flangersierandom and vexing ~ hich perhape could be forgiven since the ‘honvlogues of arvins in ditress often contain this operate nization Flraces Europe ale fantasies about many wayeof dying (arm. 3.2750: 66) us howean one ascept Ariadne saying, Thnow. off the op omy head, ‘ot only what ill happen to me, bot alo what might happen to ans ‘Sbandaned melden! hus exposing abecround of systematic atonal ‘that isthe generating mechan for this entire chaotic enumeration. This truly neem aeductio ad abeurdam of Une tradinel mines Ariadye {Glory sare of the Catellan model) finds hersll to be pert of the paradigm of the abandoned woman alla rlist) which sen ere. Tated sn seria of particular instances But indeed the reductio ad absurdum of traditional top ie © procedure unsurprising in Ovid. An ‘pert in declaratory techniques sorely noting te importance of thie ifthe argued tha Ovid i here admitting, in nave ay i debt to Thoterel ethopoes is the Ggure fn on cpu ogous ho dana that tines through in Ariadne's words. Catalogues dangers, evoked to Ilustrate a certain situation, ave alo typit! of suasorae. But Bonner peaks of ‘naive adsnanon andthe change of nasty docs not weer to ftva port like Ovid. One eould ay, rather. thatthe nial wterance Itonisslly undermines the entre parade of dangers, reveling ther fub- ance to be illusory and resulting from a talesleted. projection too ‘ymemate for onto be atid by mere cetentant oma few (Cat 1185, Occurrunt animo preundi mile fguroe leary ells for a ongist Ul achemata, We ought ott tus then aap toe down the tb {king ost some of the most outrageous deaths, But one dtl continues tobe disturbing. With aor of y-tomaticompusin, Ariadne adds tothe {hreats afland nd ae those ofthe hy: eaelum restabat time simalacra tdorum: Tha verve pee rerous problems. ATtempt have been made to it around thom by referring to Me. .1650 terre lice Inga‘ undas 1 Contiuitior 22 | obsrua, a cael certs poe’ but this sentence i spoken by Daedalus eben prsecutd by Minos Ho, unlike Ariadne, has coneret plans to be Fein fight "If Ariadne realy intended vo ly avay, she should have said Fore elenriy as Ovid himeef dacs aT 8.47 CIiptlemo, Daedalus, eden prefer to draw attention to two ator placer in Ovi containing tho same gure of invecuve curse, At Me. 887, Minos who ison the ‘Porat of erm with Ariadne se well inveighe again Sey tele 1 [ontusguenegetar A ite ater Sli ntumned nto aire At Her 6 16, fippeipse wishes upon Medea tht abe might have no place nthe world, Eetpach so that abe wil be freed to take athe pathwage ofthe ak ater ‘Gusting thoee af land and sea, The hyperbaie curse ia humerous ta {hone who recall that Medea future halds in ror fr her the winged hari! of Helis, In both cases the exhaustive series land! een ky tod to et up a ranie expectation forthe reader, «space that ie easily {ed or thors who know the fantartioutcorne ofthe sory. one oak a the structure ofthe myths, both Sela and Medea ser tobe iting allow travellers for Aran, The terct thus famed is of women Who com ttrachery for ho lve of foreigners. eis dear if we want ta stop atthe ital level ofthe expression, tht Ariadne nt no great expectations from the sky ether Iie ot hard to Smagine why tee she has betrayed her homeland and helped kl ope ter rlatives, a unpleasant ashe may have been se would thus have [ted reean to fear divine vengeance (GT). But fom whatover point [Fview we look at, simalacr deorum remaine an enigmatic relerene. ‘Of course simalacra may be the most Rightfol apparitions: Phantasm, host shedes ef the dead, Butt isnot a tern commonly ued to deignate vine apparitions, however one wants to conceive of them. On the contrary when estate with dorum and similar rms, it usually efors {o'natue ofthe gods (eg el Ma’ 10.960), Perhaps Avadne doce not know ‘racy what she ie alaid ot With regards tothe shy, simulacram has “nother eommon techies rene: it one of the Latin terms fr the fonstallations (ce Met 2104, [Phaeton] westaramguevidet wepidus ‘lmudaera foraram: 1.6 Moe et numero teliqe dus silacr gra Timposit caeloy and forthe genitive deorum in reference tothe Conrslltionn, ef esp. Met. 1-7, astm tnontsalate slum formangue ‘deoru), We wil son comme Bak to thn not to login conection, Tet ue return orth artnet Ube question a the future, Unlike many cher hersinr in the Herder, Ariane neem completely tof rom het fature ner situnton of total améchanie, Ariadne ean do nating more ‘than guess Othr heroines, though desperate or coreed into inaction, are st least sonthow able to dager the outline ef thee future fate They are {eed with a choir of poeible alternatives, ora stution toward which ‘he epee can orient tet, actively proposing some solution (depending on whether in the individual poem the delbertie one prevail ver the ‘tsboril)-AFaconsoquene ober total lack of escape, Ana's words dom ‘Speaking Volumes ‘not constitute n true leter uta monclogue. Aiming her spech at Theseus Chere, more than anywhere ele in Orids em, purely hati, and the olay daguasew profoundly unrealistic The darkness enveloping ‘er tare correspond othe pacar erry model that Ovid ha i Imi, Usually the Heras ate presetted a inion into continuous ‘model, cut into their narrative bodies, Homer and Virgil the tagedians tnd Hellenistic poets fer some master plots that Ovid frexes, 0 to peak, ata precieinntant. Bet Herade 10 an exception, Ts a mode ‘ati, sendy on town, ut acording 1 the poet ofthe Heroes. Te horsonaf te eter einsdesprecely with te one preocedin Catal 6 Dut, as everyone knows Ariadne al has 8 fate. The end of the avenue on Nowe i lraed by th myth end contiemed by 0 wide Spread icsnagraphic tradition » Cation, who e reshaping an objet ofa ‘narrative tern, makes recours to thin information: and indeed he tendons, san eplloge to Asada’ lament, the imminent epiphany ot Baochs(@t 201M erparteexalia florea soltabat .) Ovid. who operates through struc and proper dramatie monologve and accepts is constraints tf perspective, cannot or does he want ta the same, Evershing Imust be conveyed in the voice and through the consciousness of the ‘dbandoned Asadae. Ite here thst the perversely exhaustive inventory of ‘he peeunch mille gure ls gated (once agai, we can appreciate the stratgic importance ofthis fermela). Such alengthy montage of images ‘sel for ensuing something that Ariadne canna reasonably foresee, ‘ut thatthe render wil eapond to with an inward credo quia abwurdum ‘Wolves lone and ven cretareof the an ae fauna one would expet to encounter on the shores ofan unknown an savage land. But what Charters of Grek mth have eer even thought of being threatened by {igor Perhaps only Herts delious Buropa (Carn. 8.21.50 "Tiger exotic animal, were fie een in Ue es around 11 CE (Pliny [NH ESS) Before the game of te cies became iterary topos, Roman te mention tigers only in a specifi mytalogal context, the same ia Mich ther Gree predeertors mention panthers instead the retinue of {he ged Bacchus Some ofthe stranger of Ariadne's ears wil soon tara (ut be ra, bu hey wl spear with thet valene revered night of Sincere sam deus a ur ham sumer era, ‘pins aut area ar att ‘italr Thea or sere pore ‘argue pam pee erga ena ek a “Pong tm, Bash, Grsig xe ae spe cnc pce an 18008 1 Comtinutes 2% ‘quid mii fet was the simple question Ariadne asked in the Ars x ‘Bitny"Heaten wil be your nee home’ ber saviour responds" Abeavenly ‘ein wil eome on his cherie drawn by tigers and the terrifying chariot SiiMlane Ariadne to he Heavens and the eternal honour of constella- Ton tnetead of being a copioe and sore (lv O12, a couplet that ‘nto havesstaped suspicion) she will Mame Ube geddet the Romans [twoke by the name of Liber 4. Ovid intertextual imagination: some provisional observations Aine and Briss, who probe their futures on the margins ofan outside ‘Rinnd the unrealistic manent at which Odysseus might ‘tp int’ Ube Rend these ar tpi that have detained us fr to long Ir we have ‘eat wth them Inger than nesosary fo eontsbutlons to textual er ‘Sim, tie is Because there r some method in Ovid pasion for the ‘Gotact between texts. The cantata between alien texts ae involved in {hs pasion euch ae th Odyary andthe Aeneid, which i the whole ‘Sinyans of Ovid works frequent come together only to separate wean nd alo the contacts betiveen Ovid vente andthe of ether authors In tho Tater cso, a with Briss and Ariadne, the poet ‘ot onl insists 00 {rplcating th oie of he models (thie would be mereAlexandraniem but also highlights the junctures between what Is his own and what Tongs to others Retrieving the designs of thee interests hrashalds ‘inade easier by plotting the condinaee that Sraw the texts closer tae bathe be they spatial and vropral, or analog, "Phe tlling of many diferent stories entals one eonstaxtfeture in vide experience ass narrator The movement of his narrative rom time ‘Sime teaches upon and meets the texts of mang athe pets, each one Srl realization of «story (he fous herein fn, on ares, not on fhe words ofthe pot). Ovid allen behaves a i tere wore a universal ‘epesitory nehich every narrative slrendy textalied i stred~a place {through which every new sory must constantly past Hes drawing closer to the rakyenterpriae of producing text thatcan stage the whole ‘onkinvum of ores already ad or rather Unt wil stage one among the "any possible uninterrupted tracks not of are, an ngoneevabe aleph ‘naratvity ‘Th wil bea massive carmen perptum fom the Ben ‘ing of time until the present, frm mythe of origin to contemporary Foals Every story. n booming a narrated txt, hy imposing a banning td an end, cata acon and ato the continuum of naratabe sory But hare ater leaves of, one ea imagine de story eantnuing asthe origin another text. The naturel continuity of narratives challenged Ovid to roduc tox tha nal ranaform every ending into a pint of transition. ‘Rta such a the erode, which emphasis in its poctice the arbitrary ‘ature of beginnings aod saings somes very lose to evoking the eamEy Speoking Volumes tinuous pci of the Metarorphoae. But while the pots af the Meta ‘morphosee area e)mptam too conicuous tobe analyeed here, tere are {Tilfeonsecllteralebeervations that deserve tobe made, "The ea of putry au road ors path trodden bythe post «familiar ‘one. But thoes something neal lea i the ides that roads a ‘thwraye may connect one ot anather Ovi is the po who stand {or io use ofthis image coqus ad have (Use Fastin which line inserted) ine (fom is past poetry of erotic elegy] rederet exe viamt (ost 2.8), But if ane thinks of poetry not only a8 road or pathway but also, noe literally, a a parsage fom tet to text, new posses ope ‘up. Then there ares, insdiosly. the idea of «pathway heading back now beng mde an ead to tents already Ywniten and Known, Ovid ofan plays with this type of imagery in the ratio ‘Moreover, Ovid i perhaps the most daring of ancient poets in persni- fying ters and animating books." We know that a book of poetry ean be {ely onthe wouned eros of Achilles rater than on his offended pide, tne could end up witha ‘legac’ Ud, a great epi tex inseibing Heel, ‘arodovcally within the bounds of tenvous’ love tary. But sometimes man ports prefer ta stent a featare wth mere reabstic implications Brule fa lave oreo" Hor. Crm. 2.43: coptva: Prop. 2911; anil: Am 28:1) Her relationship ith Achilles x the epic propecion ofa theme irom everday lean lf with maidervant God only knows what hat tion dove forthe lave oa chambermaid Ovid epetle duly account for fuating of the paradigm. ‘The whole movement and ie determined by Briss oral positon, and tay be Inetructive te contrast it with Uhe tone of th noble and laf wife, Penelope, But ere too, wo ean detect ia the narrative situation some gna implicating seg, which already provided Ovid with rather Tuusual perspective, namely the experience of affair with a mald- Servant sen from belo, and no, for one, trough the eyes of the freeman tr even the domi. Bt what happens in terms of the eegiecoe if Have loved by her master! ‘Ones reided of a eutars! model fundamental to Roman elegy, even vehen it remain unapolen the manservantmistre’flaonehip pre ‘atau by the bond af obseguium towards his In. The lage Sal ‘Mareesee the woman he loves au his domina, opening wp the entire Semantie eld that we now sania with the abel seuitum omar Tis imporeat fr modern readarto appreciate the valent divergence ofthese ‘ages from socal poms. In ore to deviee anew rapport witha worsan, ecall into question the mos seted af socal assumptions, te tine ion betwen tee and slave, and employe metaporcally to represent the sbjectsn ofa ireoen man toa woman, whos bese moreover, nut Infrequently feed slave Ie mut he remembered that in Gall and Proprts this fe not merely gallant talk drawing upon language that ‘might have already bean widerpread in Grok epgeam and In CatallueBy Speaking Volumes ‘own work Ii instead a santlefld hat prints tothe choice af a ‘onoofarmist festa. The ote of Use erstum emote i Tat, the {ogradation implied by the proc offaling in oe" Tndeed, this degre ation can exist only if we adopt the pint of view ofthe eegie Self an ‘uppercase Roman citizen fom a god family someone in 2 high enough ‘oston to draw his reader’ attention to his ac of renunciation, “Adopting the point of view of Bric (who specks "rom the perspective ofthe tare?) produce a Verfrmdungsffek The topo by Bw common place, of Gallus, ibullas and Proper, are traversed frm new Perspective er intense and literal ie of doin remind un that the Tetaphore rel of elegy is nelther symmetrical nor bilateral. The ra. ‘Gonahip of the lover ith hie domina cannat be travelled in Ue oposite ‘ection. The enazoured vice of monlogue in his letter bolongs to one ‘whose social potion theta alae (Brace repeats this eongtant) in ‘ther word, a women who could only achieve «higher stending though Tove ahe tacflly alludes to thi pons) The symbole degradation of ‘helover in elegy is ropleced by eiteral and violent rubjection a charactor tno speaks ofereelf ea muna 20"a sera (eID), and who refuses het ofdomina 101) But tere are onle novels an the eter end ofthe line of tmaroas eommanition as well. The cic i favour of {euitium amort salle, as swell knoe, with the ehoie in favour of Init amare, andthe ref stake p ats fr Use fatherland. Whos ‘cer takes these of love wages war agnna warfare ini cota fn legac voice — there i hardly any oer way co define the premise of hee epat, in which the subject matters announced a lamest for and tothe one she lve in shor, lone querelak ih pa ur omg ie = ase ‘The circumstances however compel the seine vice to raise cry to arms, Arma cope, Aeaede! (87, and condemn the degradation aor pany {ngthe muita omar pleas monet, te tect in tpi olla ne Siqsquam quer quar pagar ewes pues noe cae mong Venus ant ‘Te este or, ten plan, "Tvl ai crepe a, qm manta clo eae copie hastam Slempesrsncaccie ‘Se recants, moreover, the hedonic precept fee aium developed 2. Narvativty and Convention in the Heroidee 29 in the Amores in nesey identical terms: tutu x oie trum, aioe Thala Theisiom digits inrpuise fram (2.91-D, Here we have ‘Rorecedented leglacquerla which rehabliate arms nd military sory ‘$2 oplores oun, ntmsey snd playing the ire, (Laodamia past ‘Ria torans ot, Her 10.84 lr este by comparison) tweak at fhe of of peroitium amors, we have to adit chat tha concept had a {Bical valence that was aotsconbrmit,ibertarian, andthe mark of x Gppoiton to socal conventions and constrains. But ths ght agalnat ‘Srventon~ In which Ovi loge svn tes stand ha tated iterary convention a wel, one hat has now aquired ita ‘Bm mei. nso fara the serum othe lta amor hao become & fonventono an inatatin, one willbe able to demonstrate ts relativity, {Bar partaity which the elegiaecode, ava rule ought to slenee ul "heise that the range of this operation depends most ofall upon literary Tloveations and tyr mechans: The question isnot oe of making & ‘puro for aubversng seg be ein the name of ei alternatives, oral Etcetyies that need support, but only of reveling some pints of conver: tional weight Exactly the same aecurs with epic. The besation ofa Brace ora Penelope Between the opie and elegae worlds should not be ‘eed asa parody of subversion ofthe epc tration Tt woud be naive {ink thatthe amorous climate of the epistles i aguresive towards ee, Intending ta tisrlve and rubrum ie under the dominion of the more ‘moder genre of elegy It it receely the narrative strcture of the (pti tutonomous but contnuallythrestened by the facta impli {lon oftheir digs frames which reminds us of how epe maintains it ‘entity. The sytem of valves claimed In ology a eo have just ses, ie ‘ambiguous and relatvaed, Just as epe to ie etter nullified nor eit ‘Seed, but re-eplored from novel perpetives. Once agai the steals fn th power of eaneation, those conventions pele to each genre ‘thi regulate the dgertion of narative and biographical raterial nto the structure ofthe iterary bod: Just asthe case with the transforma: ton ofelogine models, what x ofective ere isthe strategy of reding in ‘actly Htral manner these thames that have crystallized into conven tion, losing touch with thelr concrete rots Yee again Britis epatle provides with an example. "The game of allusion betwen convention and experiential reality ls particularly prominent ia 52, in which the apparendy ‘rect pathos and {he esotoninvosment of he vice of analogue are mt intense: "The ccs of thi type of formula in lve elagy is wellknown, Ever0 ‘Speaking Volumes scarching fr hyperbolic expressions of everyday flings, the pst widens the aren under his dominas control st the expense of any ober emaionn ties: mihi sola domus, eu, Chia, ala partes (Prop. L123. Such fatalogues of subatitaton’ al go back, more or lssdrely oa famous cone n Homer Andromache’ conjugal love for Hector, made famous by the enumeration, you aremy father, my mher, my brother, my blooming ‘ompanton (U6 420-90) Is diet, end peehapa not that important, o Sstablish to wit degre love pues are alloted Uy the persistence af he mers model But ti at eae legate to real that Ue pasionte land pathetic gesture was devised for afmale figure, alone in'e world af ‘warvor heroes. It s worth noting that the lovrpet chooses Andro Iacheb eros as his model, in spite ofthe fet chet both the Aifasin of he cliche serve to water dora the relerenes, aking It more ‘But Ovid is endowed with an extremely literal potic memory. He rumembers Andromache’ ine as well ag ita Homeee eontet, the true ‘rginal motivation for thane bold words Often the wadesprendoacreence ‘born fom the las fweriimilitade n Homer Andromache specks ae she oer Beene she erly has no father nar mother nor brother. War has fomsumed them, and her spouse Hector i Iitcrally her entire world Beyond the posible and fered lous of Hector, Andromache limpscs ata oailtion savory and desolation Tn the tad Andromachot fate is only tragically foreshadowed. Com: pred to the fears of the Tejan women, only ona charecter appears ot {Sonerete example enipating thee Zte This la Bests, the prisoner of ‘ear who ike Andromache, ha lt ll ober eved ose ia the destruction Sf her homeland. What is more, she has already suffered what Ar fromache fear. the deach of her lawful husband and the reduction ¢o rar In Us poems plain he lamentation over the expe of Parla, Briel presente the reader witha preview o€ Andromache’ fete. Aer Brie lament, Andromache wil experience another facet ofthis fate he willwatch her husband die The lat pent ofcomparison the destruction ‘Tthecie her capture and reduetiontaslavery falls ouside the Homeric lot, but sna lea forescasbe and impending "Tf soums therefore that betwen Broes and Andromache there already xisted a sort of satura paralllins, an eany exchange of eas aod mot. But the transference ofthe pathetic formula has paradoxial implications {for Ovid text One might oe both of them mirrored inte tage destin ‘fa Ud character cota fart Ovid Tevean Teeessa In Sopbo- lew’ Ajax. Tn the hoart of the tragedy, Tocmessa finds herself in & ‘Staaton similar to Orids Bran, She int slave of war and a concubine, fad forced defend her rights as wile witout actually beng oe, and that to do from a sthordnate position. Hence her dishaurened appeal taki bina with the harsh words a despot Ain, master rites bese 2. Narativity and Convention tn the Herides a (ve 8) and seals er letter (x 154) by addressing Achilles as daminus {he Ovid Brace, Teemeesa is frightened that her future will mirror Litt eos endured inthe pst IF Ajx should fall rvenactnent of har Jost awalts hor "hte point Sophocles triggers the comparigon to Andrumacho, Any rater of te scent in whith Teemessa appeals Ajax wil hear ta the $ghly pathetic expreseion a reference tolliad 6. Th similarities are bth ‘Beunhngfl and intended -Teemeass appeal, her anxious vision ofthe are the presence of their smal, frghtened son ~ but ao too are the ‘Sterenee. ocmeeea isnot «Tefal wife, and Ajo ino Tonge a teue ‘lamers ero, awaiting te ‘natural destiny ofthe water Wht Soph {es hos na taken from the Homerie madel is herefare also meaning felis the comparaan, bt stop I short before Teemesta ie allowed to (iter Andromache's famous lines The mast Insightful Interpreters of ‘Ephoctes usually underine ths halting ofthe allusveetrtore: how ould Teceaea tll Ajax "yoo ae my father, my mother my brother, my Studd’ when the detection her fami even sot the very death af fer father and mother, was ulate eaused by Ajax himaclt? = Tt ‘touldbe inhuman fer Teemorea ts slovethe one recpontbo forthe death Ther parents Sophocles in proba thercy evolding the tpecial forror ofthe idea that Tecmesta as boon cohabiting withthe man who Filled her father Tess Sophocles’ audiono who ms ull the inertens {bal movement, uncovering the evel diference betweon Teemesta and [Andromache The former, torn between two poaitons, ie already ving the ‘tagie model of Andramache but i able olive up toi with coaidence She remains ait were, beneath. ‘Ovid clos the Co, taking hie Beale beyond the limits traced by Sophocles’ drtmatie tet to explore an actual perversion’ ofthe Homer ‘node, Bvery single narrative ven rena, as hasbeen sen, under the ‘rit renponablicy of Homer ie who ells ofthe brutal veal that ‘Atle took Besse after il ber fait But Ovid Brive spores ‘Achilles bythe very sword that slab them, Ina very nmilr stanton, ‘Themen linited hers toeuppiating Aas the bed het united them [By remaining perectly faithful to Homer, vid dacovece i te ad the iy to upening the conventions. Hin terion, however respeesl, tivvody'« perversion, pradely because the topos, am epic expla 7 bodied fe a Pathsformal sn tne elegiae tradition, now proves far too ‘ote to Use concrete realife station. In the same way, traditional ‘lege expressions ~ nat oly "ou are my whole family, bu also will {low yuo the end ofthe worl Tam a our serie and You are my onquérae~ are naw given new motivation and the metaphoric distances ‘educed,baging them back from sentimental hyperbaeto a desertion ‘actu state alae {vil move nw to an analyaiso what happens Wit the moet infamous of eas topo de fr love2 Spaating Volumes a ‘rom the ote Herotdes, not oven al the characters of ep, are wing olay ths gume Dido for cxample sot oat last not yet, pradigm, rather, she character dra ito epic from love pot BY choosing a oman mode, one not et paradigmatic and one x ote intime, Ovi bs risked more than urual and has pad fo to jude from ‘what his many etc and equal readers ay with lan of quality There {nite doubt that Epste 7 Gin hypothetical pall) sone ofthe least loved inthe whole coleton. One might chink that the sublime Virgil of Bou 4 offers, as dos the gest Homer, the right amount of eutance’. The fistance between the epic and epistolary Digo doe bring to playa ‘gorous diafecs, but the ifiealty for Ovid ie elsewhere nn core ent the pic model has already taken an initiative that would be proper {othe pootic of tn Horides. In short, Ovid has been pre-empted [No doubt che rewriting needs, fst ofall, to diminish the points of grandeur the Vigan model and basically downplay stage features ‘Ovid executes this programme scrupulous. Not ope of the high pitched ‘moments of Dido tragie nature is presrved by Ovid, and his ooventh piste verifies ¢ conterio how impartant it wae for Ving herine to ‘ecomo or fal Ga striely teal and allvely precise sense ike Phaedrs, Medea, Alesis, Pentheus, Aax, Andromache, Helen, and Etatne, Freed fom these references, Dido ell diferent charac. ‘Bat Vii Dido lant only an epic character witha tragic vocation be has already absorbed to certain degree, the specially clgine toxins ‘that Ovid (as we nse well know) reervr fr his heroines The fac hat she has already swallowed those poisons is what damages the work of fssimlaton. We know that fr this epic lve atory Veg hae prened the oundariee of inclusiveness in hi epe tngedy, oratic Irie, epiga, ollelsi ove poetry, perhapr oven enmed, and cereinly Roman segs lleantsbated vite making Nor were they ineely compositional mate lls. Dido. does uot live aolely in-an elegiac context but (and more Important, fr che structure af the narrative) she alse sometime, ite sittently, speaks in language that i erotic and elegie. eis this feature in the ist and thir eit, the importance of he traditional st th harines assume i clear. Tey are epi characters known to logy as paradigms. Elolac poets be their work upon the external provenance ofthe charactor only then to sasmilte them ita the loge ontet The paradigms have valve preselybecsse they ae summoned rom a diferent and pre-esten trary world. Ovid ‘np thi traagy to order to work tpon lve co-eitence of diverse worlds His hesitation betwoun the codes of elegy and of ops becomes the ‘ery trary space ofthese epistles, andthe saultancos presence ofthe odes shows, tence, their power (ce. heir specifi phere of nfvence)= fd their cooventonal, oasive nature. But not all the characters ofthe 2. Nrrativty and Convention inthe Heroes 6 cat eaatcly cries erinteror confit ad er nai to oman state wih Aca Thw re acegiven Do nh pt igor one ‘Sipe than eine mtr Ut a Ue Aeneid no Vie of safe nese than hers in Corelted ots oon the fc hat eet quate terms peaks, ac hat a al of intoret to BE Ine aan fer bk Did pei in iret loge for more tan reams, thi cresponds ia Ow to an eps itl oer 190 180. Song Can uevoumon length in Uh Herida The near balance of ‘ese mums od for tought “rid epson enerpriae runs thera of owning in en excens of sil Virgen Dio provides praceally everthing he med ‘Hlbdinptyamtterctdocning isang np rtrd ene ‘Bouror tev 25, But here the nwortngot the conventions arendy Petnbesh: Uror util eat sulphur fade, with unexpected, ‘romania pat, ends ant he fie lent wa to EEvmingovtade the tapos sad bntv Aen 4 0af et resin, aye ngedesubaure | ent ngeri tain otgueice st) ‘Red Gs the detest, grad popes Vig om Ue rat mel fonrscfncendary pasion up tthe fatal yr, maburedin an emblem {tt punts up ts eg mats” Shr te nal mae 0182 we ‘tes hane primum fotunar pectoral; | ecu ot snus amars Abt contnnes to an epigram the ste propreson through which, {Vie the wound of love et san nous ie rafomed nto ‘hell eword find int Dds bras In the way the opty ports ‘thh by tary autre compreen the fw af arratve eration, {ators the Vinglian text hy expsing ts elgiae potential ven more “ten te grand putbe speeches in Bonk 9 prove models aready ‘rnted, fh grommaticlly and rhetorically, towards elegy’ The ttonolg reduction ha it tat eft, by now fap oly Is ‘ering sown fom Didse pln f wow ut wear als complied to frrtcipate ina proces of agective renting imposed by the monologue pon already Known events, Compared tothe stractre ofthe Aeneld the ‘Rote ofeworhy for te complets suppression of the al contaling Atrraers vic hich intervenes to baler enpay and sympathy, the ‘ois of tho character and the demands of fate But che Aretd’is Ireudy famiarzed uo with strong subjective vole able to produce \Teconulabepeapectves Anes a mpioss ond hi mson ou pin icc and in wuin = these are perepectivn ede sharper inthe Aeneid shin the context provided by the narrator vies tm hartony withthe Toe of fate Por ths venue unceeany feat that the Oviian Tonsloge indacs cannot stain the eas of ter eps. Vrgt SnlyThads child you’ oveshadows, na orce and visionary autonamy, Seer era Told be progant of Ov “Wend vp ising some ote suapence, theron. and Ue aying with conventions prominent inthe Homer eps But tare esl anther“ ‘Speaking Volumes ‘cet o explore, one connected once again with the ‘tine’ ofthe wpistle and that oft tnodel Comparative tables of models and borrowings no longer receive good pres, uta glanco a te dequence in wich Use Virglian modele appear an rll tosh ua a good dea. One iafere from it (hut omes a no Surpice) that Ovid manages to reuse not only the main pains of Vig ‘areative, bat alo evar cao of Dido ‘aking th stand within the cree tof Book 4, Th epistles spatial continuum a discourse Jans quotations, 2, Narativty and Convention inthe Heri 6 ‘This line i «good roource for Ovid, wha peehape already anticipates, ‘Rasonably enough, that he will meet with harsher or the humble ‘Smssveness and tla surrender af hs Dido tn sum, the lotr repre: ‘Enna only anincervection with Virgil epic text, ut express also the ‘Se fra precise clogia’ place’ within the continuity of Virgil's acount. Improbe Amor =the reaction af the narrator, with a al sypethescally {nposed pon the narrative, retals the movement towards aliminal zane ‘Aihis ert jnctare the repented messages af love, luded with ob ‘Aum: eat Brosh up against the border af the slg world tompeare do Annals fleas mesenger af ove is aleady a pantal future FFedog, one thatthe narrator, not by chance, immedetely Lite and reinerpet: miserrima isin Tae a viglant recall of tho stern eodo of {raged that Hover over the plo Misra. frtguerefoqu aro has ATSMghL, but not unfl, asonance wi the atce login formulas for he beeweun trvog whom lovers Keep in tours tell ports tue Ieitque ib 2 648), quaerere quac ert t refer sollersanclatabelas (lim, 22041) But tm Vir fore docs nat imply response, as in the tleia lice, bat only unilateral repetition. True elegiac communication fsmaize incipient andthe Virgin narrative takes another direction. Tnterucion sith a model is alo a way to anticipate sbjecions and rutional responses of readers, Questions fverilitude and, abe all, Ingtion forthe ep humiliation infited spon Ving heroine — 2 Doratvevereon of legiacosequium —have arson inthe course ofthe fntanes Ovid acme to insinuate that he ha captured Dige having it "eek blo a the lowest pone point of erie ei seen to protest ifthe quoon chows very litle dgnity and, for example, instead of eursing ‘Aeneas, she wines (in the typeal tye ofan elegine propempticon) that, fhe hadnt wished him to suffer shipwreck” To this a question of peyhology oo situation? Is there, to speak, another Did, tn altorne [Se character o iit rather tse dialogue form of the eplstl that prompts ber ststegor The potion ofthe Heroes seme hi orllation, but doat ‘ot Intend to resalve Tho consequence of to epistolary strategy cannot ure, We are not reading anew speech by Vira Dido afterall sme Sort of super monalogue that contain ther a, but aleve, comune tive act that proets around tae the chadow of a situation, stategy, ‘anda precise purpose We ean refer Veg only to hints of iienton, nd this is moreover a rather prolematie Une ne guid inexpertam frstra ‘morta reinguct (within tho epate'sefcontained, homogeneous and cberent manslgue ‘Wie get the impression rather thatthe Oviian epi achiever More continuous and coherent state than aa ef hls model dacoursen. The ‘extholgial vacation, the spiral ike seasning, the elgiee or dre ‘mati ups snd downs are certainly more marked in Ving than in Ovid Nevertheless, fora render mind of Vig the effets paradoaial. Ing Single continuum we sea serie of famous opel march by = regardlon of {helr original lotion and progressive disposition! ~ topo me aetally one with individual contexts where the nurse of pic ettion ad where ‘arehoogial developments (Uhreats and promises, hopes and suid Afospain provided various motivations. Our fit lston in rela, tis good oan ourselves also whether there exists a lank space inthe model which allows force letter insertion (a tee that proved weal for the Homeric epistles). The Vrglian narrative, prossing and atin ‘lowe ot afer uitable spaces, bot there fone possible panto Intron om, one long nes ented ream inary empaeprds ‘gud nergersam ura morur ling ‘esas Directly after this Virgil places a epoch adéresodto Anna who will then sften report messages (of 4.207 tlle meri fltus | fertque referiqu ovo) Here an spate become possible, ven plate: Adis ‘hava tor from tis point the dminant ton ofthe epi indoed Will be supplicatory and dawneas eupples animes summitere amor: {24:1 soo, aque hostem supper adore superbum) From here derives the narretive ame aswell Acneas has already decided to leave ames aly. Moreover, the repetitions hinted at in Visi tont (4418 ire lterum in lecrias, strum templare 4487: fertque Teferigue sora 4447 adidas ine otgu ine vocibu) ar ceeanly god utieation or ‘the persistance of Ovids Dida Perle the entre eter shold be rend st { dever extended commentary spon Vingls vers (mmedinaly before ie tterum in Tacrimas,Improbe Amor quid non mortalie pecora og) vat ‘The Ovidan epiatl tel gives beter indications. We can find these most fallin he opening andin the losing Te letter concludes wis thetmago ‘Dido writing while holding ready the Trojan sword on her lap, and ies Seelod with a fext-bl aae of pote epitaph (107: procSut Aeneas2. Norrasvity and Convention in the erodes a tu would be sseles wo multiply examples ofthis sort Every unbiased ‘Kater would admit that thi eter is by no means a ouside nate. On the ‘trary in every deal, in every significant transformation and revision ‘fe Vrgan model, i ian attempt to win bark Aeneas.” Ger enzo af hilt wards Spehacus, another factor in her suid, ie played down the symptomatic plea da veniam culpac deceit aneus auctor, (E04) The letter le written in that space opened up by tho tenacious Uiflerencebetwecn slg’ dying love adhe tragic tos amor mori. “The twan rong therefore turns ov to bean element of asin. Like ll tne etbor Horide, this letter ls endowed witha ilusory aura: is ‘ihoutefoch beeauve we are able o macaaure it agenda guteae, aad Teis writen atthe wrong time, aftr evrything hav already played out Bat while the convent ofthe myth condemns and annule the pragmatic {ntetin, that very intention ends up demtffng the explicit ramework tne ein which foretell her dent Aer th oleslated uncertainty of equ nespertum frusra monturarelinguat, the development of Virgil (asrtive as Dido” inher famous Trugrede mask het resolution vo le Uhh an attampt of another sre, nos prstesare funera scr (4500), tbe {apie ree that will either daslve, or reali, hee relationship vith ‘Ranoss. oneal, Ovid hs composed a letter in which te resolution to ‘Sete on octentatious mask fr the rel tiene to convince and to win, ‘nck Aeneas.” Pale with love ~ insteed of pallida morte fturo ~ the (Carthaginian queen returns one las tne to tha slgiac word fam wich ing by developing er tags potential, hod prematurely banished her ‘So 'she slogine poetics of the epic necepla nnd slyly expats the ‘woubled subordination elegy a epic Yet thie sot a good reason read ‘the Oviion vet as mast intarpreser ill do} asthe submissive beginning tthe ortae Vergilionain Latin Ktrature. True the sani ict, bat Satienttaditionsuggost that swans sing tei Beat Songs right etore they die « ‘Speaking Volumes causam mori tensem 1 Weapened, maceover, withthe promise of ‘sean sng ‘se oi as won, iat bari ‘vada Maca concn ibs slo “The motif signal, with the utmost desirable clarity, that Dido is uttering heraltima vere aan atncaere of absolste desperation. Asimilardeage ‘ofthe motif already sppearsin Apollonius Rodi, na pascage that Ov tay have had in mind, on acount of certain specie shares (he Trckground o wet gras the echoing riverbanks edes and hee compan fons, when death seems crtsin, ings death lament (Arg 4.10003) ‘ie kant vdovens tr dope Taeoio orwot nevjgouats Ev weg dup 6 REMLOV Fens Brenan soe ee Rak cpt “The conventional nature ofthe motiferetes salah itsonance within the “pitolnry framework of Use Heres. To be sureone lok to Veg his Dido who ix ready to die no innovation Not only the ultima vorba of ‘ingle Dido ut als, a i known, hint contined in bee frst word ‘Acneas thee f ook head inthis direction noe mortura tenet, ‘rude fanere Do? 307) One eannot be more Virgin than this, ‘moriturin the ltnoti fr this charactor, anda upto te wise reader {Oo dstingush, in the various stages ofthe drama, the decreasing ives of ‘Sramalie irony. Mortara ie fire a comment hy the narrator, then i ‘characters vic, which gradually progresses from an emetional outburst, toa dawning consciousness, tolocd desperation, end finaly to weanerete ‘ecsion toil hore. We could say then that Ovid has condensed, ‘sccording to the modes of pstlay poetic, the development of complex Aid volatile narrative istape. "The decision to compose the beraine® lima verb asa epstie ian Snvitation to consider mor closely the ‘ovlsima cerba of Vigil's protagonist. Dig dios (at as saying “iin he ni fai ora cnt uss Dard ian entry arin: Bie prensa oe ‘This theme of bidding farewell wolfe becomes, in Ovis hands, anion {side within the course of rhetarclarpurseat tho gto wich Ti ‘ot treat a god guiding you towards prosperous ature stay here" ‘Sedat det valle, eet aie Passes no hae prea sea has aa3 Voices and Narrative ‘Instances’ in the Metamorphoses Readers of the Metamorphows experience « continuous fuctustion of ove, addresee, levels, and narrate frames. But there is growing {nde netic of Oi pocm nt totake thi phenamenan seriou IE might bo profitable (and T propowe to do so in enather contexte tiadoriake a comprcheneive treatment of the act of narrating, of ‘meladiogeris as fundamental to the Metamorphosce. But a work of thie [Bet would be devotd of any interest one wore to nompt te erode of @ ‘ecet eri Tbalieve there isbastealy a single narrator throughowt, who {Ovid himself" Th goal a ths chapter iso eugget that we have gone {fofarinthisdreton nd that smelsing precious might hereby bela "A minor distinction is newoseery. Ovide narative sil i pot truly lphonte. The pact ofthe Metamorphoses Is ot angered to chars Terns by stllaie means, in order to contrast Uh individual narrative toiom he employs ane with another Thus the diference between the Jndisidua wee Ito ome dogree neutralized. When ne reason in torms fay, the definition of ‘single narrator’ might he convincing The pall phony ofthe Metamorphoses doesnot eonsst na separation af narrative Voie, but in an altraation among rgisters dredycontrlld bythe Single aarator's woke. aceording oan exhibitionary loge. This it @ Iimetie quality the more or loss aflete Olds entire corpus ur poet ‘cel n dropping just momentarily Inco a given style Holic (977) 123) Myut this becomes predominant ithe Metamorphoucs where the very projet ofthe work e'an anthology of genre (Kenney (1986) XVII: a very fod definition, ovenif abit stati), Mare than polzphons one should speak Stpolyidta, of multatrmity, aterm that soems tobe orechadowed bythe Imataiae «forma of Met." (ne should not therefor expect the voices of single narators (sis the ‘ase sometimes in Petronius) to have recognizably distne site fe tre or even tobe separable one fram another Nor ould ano thik that {plurality a aerators might haves primary informative function Ovid ‘nthe contrary works hard vo destivte his metadiogutie prvedien: A flor ofunstable narrative matra floes through the Metamorphoses, a ‘ux similar Nature in Pythagoras speech, and Ovi presents hime0 Speaking Volumes ts ele possible arbiter The tebution of ertain fstare of narrative to individual narrators ie often arbitrary, end functionalist vce might ‘Search in vain fran explanation that would aout far the interchange ‘bly of direct and of metaciegetie narations ‘Bt the fropong doer not seem meta warrant us speaking of Single [Narrator this implica denying the presence and the slgnicance ofthe {individual metadiogesc narrators The inertion of scondary narratives {ato the main narative involve for Ovid elaborate and expensive narra. tive frames. A cortain logic af expenditure and of luxury. af cnspicuoas consumption, i intrinsic to Orids pots. But I cannot brig mye to believe that ll thooe narrators and narrates are brought inte the sara: tiveonly to display their singular irvlevance. Ont contrary experience of other narrative works puggeste that between frames and inserted ‘Stories mutual unplieatons may arise, ntrcoanetios only hinted al but Inegral tothe eration of meaning. Fr example, an internal audiences ‘eepiion a «stry ean sugger to the reader a model of interpretation (ies in turn may be adapted or dismissed mothe cee, the entity ff thenarratar ean have an implicit relation toa theme, reve tothe style ‘athe narative entrusted to him or her* Thee are general guldlins to bo kapt In mind, even if our deusson wil feu alma entirely pon pele exarpls. Ariver a narrator The stores narrated ata banquet that Achelous Ue river god host, with ‘Theseus and other heroea as hs gues, oeupy the ental parion the pou the becond part of Bock 8 ad the beginning of Beak 9) alex hero With an archazing name, tls te story of Baueis and Philemon (618 1724), Achelous responds with the tale of impious Erysictbons punish tment (8728-878), and withthe autobiographies! senant of his dl with “Hlraces (6879-988), Two recent observations shed ome light on the ‘connection between thes tories and the narrative situation that fmes hem ‘On the tterary level, Baucis and Philemon and Biyschthon have a ‘erainafiniy: taken ‘ropecy inthis programme ail arttrary Is not motivatod bythe ‘rrative structure gut of lack ofother means. The Metemorphoves cae to wodden halt with the doath of Coeear, and the prophecy, instead Me fret iit oral sein ets Hiei lands eae s76.2)6 ‘Speaking Volumes (Caesar's transformation into a gd in fact conceal final movement, ‘metamorphonis not tbe tad, more serious and tering than an eth {that which makee Oetavian the rst being ofa species never coe ber ‘These lines sem to me of the utmost portance for our discussion the Mecamorphove' Asustaniom. In fut, «large part of our dsc tests on highly controversial allusions, which moreover il probaly remain coatoversial forever. We are dealing with eases in which Og ‘scoding to ‘ant August’ ets, stads out cgnas while remaining. {orpenk, below deck: There are ions allsions, disenchanted and defeat ‘eerie, blasphemous o even subversive, smuggled beneath the arc ‘often impaceable courtiers dacourse. Supporters of Augustanism deere that hese aluisions are nt neeaety for our comprehension ofthe tet be that Ovid was Leno postin to aor thom. Or even (pening upes their persnal aitades tarda August) tooo ete ehjee that Aug tur’ power sas neither represive nor totalitarian, and that Ovid had ay fed to adopt aseret cade if he wanted to lead some sort of li ‘pposton Interpreters frm Ue oposite camp eounter thie by ajecting {tha the audiene ofthe time wae not monolithic and Uhl Ovid ~ under the authoritarian and represive rule of Aumustt~ had no cote but preceedby meana ofa etre of azbiguty end innuendo (Hinds 1987 2542). "Aurortane’ank the other nde fr prof, unambiguous expressions to tha effec, and recive the answer thet the nature of the phenomena 4s tuch that i does not allow for readings that are not ambiguous. Th ‘ath ie thatthe question so pooed nly slows for slutions that are ts jective, bath depending on our image of Ovi ltnage of August and his regime, We are coming ‘Srelar’controversiot opened up by the allusions tothe Emperor is Senacan iragedy or, etter yet, tothe praise of Nevo in the Pharsla Personally I have tried to read with the yee oa parcsan such verse a Iisean 140-2 4. Viet and Narrative Tnatancerin the Metomarphoser 77 a ee etry Se ee ae eee steerer geet ts ea at eee ee sient ek a et a want ahr geen ae eC opeencepeertet seroma, stata Come denen ies cpa Snel ree ham Sore bin eit linen tay ite ee ee eee aera Races romp Cem eee me a sete carrer eet npn at Seat cet Rema ot 26 Arar ea Serengeti cance pepe eee tore et te eter tn pene ae Secrest mm era et exe eo na eae sre enero Ace tg nde Si i ae ea, cei, Sees aero pen ee ie eer Caen este ego eneee n eee e Bip Fess male be eee eres erin rete pee eter agreed eee eee a ee a eer) eae alae eeemaeetae oseeeeetn Sees ireae ote cece eeies nh en ers naa eae arcte te orn ne intr wi cnn Steel el sree ree eae EF a eagrlirp tention artis ord eu tee pap ee re eee aera m a ieee SRSA sae tpwmr a Gey ne aoe fried rita tare ae antec cae essen te Serer eae rn a Tlpotriistetes rp Contra ret ara ah owes oertacein pte ned ee Ace he sees ge a a ced Ne ee are ee lin frei cncurrant pala Mund, ‘is Cana Porarns omer Matnnge ares ‘ewan fe we take into account the fact that classical poetry pace importance the poston ofthe yoative inte conten, the effet here i ting I Ihard to avid the ‘prenion thet Cees tet Nero, i one of ‘iastrelinted by the poeta deadly eatestrophe ike Munda, Perugia ‘Modena But theese works ony welok rom the sar with the eve tan anteNerosan partian. Lacan's own poston and the interoal i {ory ofthe Phorsalio eontnacto be uncertain data on which to round ou Interpretation. “Pe phenomenon that we are discussing in Ovid is diferent athoral voice ie not aending oat eneryted mescags or eubtrran8 ‘Speaking Volumes with other seasons and othe situations. Case's apotheosis felt more natural inthe cntot ofthe aficltyeareBatweon the Fite of Octavag tnd the atte of Actium. What then we ayo ri, unrest witha ‘vida power and ith messianic expectations appears now as an amply A Compliment. But things are at exaeuy thle ime. Around 8 C2 te problem of what happens when leader dic ie more urgent than yer Similar, he wish that Ube Princope wil not tre ofthe earth, ‘Teaching Augustus through tarda tila da otros seo, Allusion ‘fncapt gmt, gem tempera re elo osmotic ‘esac ame me epi antn y ide alie Le le Fomme’ gu Yon Zoddreme?” A manne ee ‘comparison with Ving Gorse sn with Horace in his fest yee sera in alam ran ing (aeqoes Lacan) Hee Ge gry 1248) “ofthe Roman poetry composed during the iftime ofthe irs emperar, two texts mert the tiloof Leta to Augustus The modern habitofealling Use ‘lier one ‘Hor Ep. 2.1 end Une mare recent "Ox Tris. dove not asset parative readings of thee too test, jst at rsks obscuring the ‘Sctouomy of each tex nthe book of which it forma pre ~the areal Ink 2a the Epistles, and the Pst, where ube second bok hn itl in fimmon wil ta bredizen! The reiesions {afer hero wil saggest the tage au, quem moe que int abiuradeorum (Gear 1248) une salem eas arom aueurere stele (150m) {portance of e comparative analysis, and wil centre on the erudal rounce ofa didactic addreace by the name af'Cacaar Auguste” The sam pride bic tren Caer, [fst appearance of thie paper ina collection devoted to the topic of the fot Aidoate adresse infleneee the aims of this stay and the method it 15084) ‘ees; Du it does not imply the preauppositon at tese exe are gener sllyconsidered didactic ‘But the confrontation i unavoidable, and Ovid himealf has anticipated it Many years have passed, andthe fon of cling the Prinops lute ‘would now sound rideuous. Horace Irie and Virgl's Georsce were ‘Mitesting thei passlonate appeal "don leave aoa leader in hse thirties. The Sferamorphoee, on the oer hand, le wrtton for an aoione familiar with thece posts, but who can also sot ignre the fect that ‘Augustus how over seven For this modince the ci etre ot fat Augustanpocts posed an naldious question. Before taking his eee (Ovid remings us that a new transformation ie invitabl, and it fo wl have tobe faced ‘Two premises ‘rst of al, I wil et both poms a didactic texte In doings, Intend ‘to anduct an experimental reading, and not assign Horace hexare- tersand Ovid's couplet to ategry at ono historia andatempral that ‘ight be labelled dace poetry” Hence, 1 prope a reading, admittedly arial and tendentous, af wo teats, which no presen iterary historian, "tany rte has ben wing entagrie with prison In general even hen dealing with pure didactic poetry, am not in favour of marking ut the terstary to tly Lenser thatthe bare requirement which any ‘et, or pare theres, must moet tobe identified us dacs the presence, say level of the literary steucture, of an addressee, and the intent to instruct him or ber Thus [accept se didactic howe text in which the lastruction is "erous, lees than serious, or openly parodic, as well a5ro ‘Speaking Volumes texts where the figure of adresses located on (or moves through) a wide Spectrum oflevels including patrons, dodeatcs, Ilict Rendery, Mode Readers, or the works gonerl public). Experience teachos tat riguross ‘applications ofthe coeepte instruction ad addressee, an ‘aly th bay — but the balitab too! Foessing on how a tet ‘coetrts 9 fiat adress has a Teast two inportant advantages, Fit, lone ‘one torepard the addressee a someone wham the reception ofthe tet can tr ahould- modify Secondly t shed ight onthe rlalenahip of power {implicated inthe proces by which poetry erestes meaning. The naratare thority, tho con! exorised hy the author and the addressee onthe {extual message and ite interpetation, the relation between these exual instances and polities! power ~ tboce are all qustons that we vil ‘neounter In the following pages, where the central sou Wil be the ‘lationship between pacts and power ‘Secondly {wll not acept x preliminary separation between polite and ostete, betwoon ssa funtion and ierary function Te treat Ep. 2.1 ‘sa text solely ebout poetics simply Bacau i main Usae is the carent Sate af ltrs can lead ta a reductive vision ofthe role Caorr Auguste ‘lays in that tert. The simple prseace ofthat extromoly peculat ad Arestee, I would argue, I enough to male the reading of Use epitle potentially binary What Horace fas oa abot poetry alo affects the pica image of Augustus, just asthe decision to address Augustar ‘makes Bp. 21 a epeil or nlgue text about poetics. Ie not by chance {hat the epic reaes its lima of enon when the matter in question {show to represent the Prince: Stoo, to teat Mt 2 as a ple ‘Statement jut beesuce Ovid isan exile wnting tothe master of his fate ‘moand losing night ofthe fac that a great pata the epi leon it literary history Tho text polite! dimension canbe recuperated only by coming to tarme with its nature as trary eel eammeatar. not by ‘velooking ior treating an nidental expedient Thi dare no mean ‘eading the tvo poems at projections of pola intentions and pro {grammes ~ for instance, by interpreting Horace’ leer an a txt of Sintegrtion and Ovid ae one opposition’. Indeed, Uh isthe mistake | ‘want to avoid, Our reading of Horace wil show that one of the letert fundamental themes isthe aia of speaking about Augustus oot (Ovid, om his prt, asrames a much more soltardinate portion. His entire portrait of Augusta is dawn from the value and serotypes of peril ‘Propaganda. Wish the eourec tour dopa, we an ral even imagine ‘that meant to be aginst Agu. We have to resist the temptation fo place Horace and Ovid on two diffrent ponte along a politea exe, to ‘leds fom thie thelr authoral intentions and then finally te deduce the ‘meaning of their messages fr Augustus. As Ovid says in Tretia 2 Gin feference to something ese)’ book is not pret of personal cnviton 50, 4. Thaching Augustus through Allusion a ‘hope that these promises allow uo examin the didactic structure of shode two epistles Tis will enable, fet ofall to highlight what they fhe to say about thelr Ueme, in both eases Uiteratare what isthe futon of modern portry in Raman culture, how should one read the ‘fous potry thet show being nite? Iwi alo allow uso in view {he links betwoen Koowledge and power, « rsltionship no stodent of tac postr ong o ignore Calling upon an adarecse nicknamed the ‘Sogust coud ot have bee an at fee rom plitclimplieatons but inguoeral neither ie ddaci pat. ‘Teaching Augustus tothe Romans the peculiar complexity of Fp. 2.1 ca be asrbod to a base tnsion: here [Rugustu iebothsdent and weacher The ext teaches Augustus anda [ltrs Nome Inerary pubic =the hase for anew iterature: severance {fom the part (archis eater) and reform of iterary institutions. The {ent in turn lear from Angus, since the politcal model ofthe rine ‘pate nfaonce te form ofthe nee pot or the new umes. The division Frlebour made between police and itaracare allows Horace to each the ‘Princes, but this division de continually transgressed, since the poets edt learn how to aprak tad of Augustus, and to do co Uy have to ‘Tarn ffm bit, The urgent task of devising pts for Une Prinepate [twat the pets, but general readers too neod ta eequire sufficient know) ‘lye: The rent of the Principate docs et sllow or univocal or easy inition Historians ofthe Auguatan Age hace long since accustomed ut to the uiclty of pinning a sable defisiion ypon Augustus Prinipate. More ecenly a aiferent pont of view is gnining round, which euggests that {he very indotorminacy of Augustus played a decisive role in constructing his power eg. his wavering betwoen th roles of eizen and ruler, man find god conservative and evolutionary ete) Te war inthe construction ‘'Atguetae that the necessary answer to the css ofthe Roman Sate ‘Sppered cin of which Avgunto hl wat an casetial component: ‘Stadente of Augustan poctry ought tobe rereptveto this point of view All the rrsctural anaes of Bp. 2-1 agree on one important point: the ‘adresse ofthe lever is ashing gure, one that changes shape sa we ‘ed. Auguste implentd in lrace's pom within the verse images ‘tana god, ule consumer of iteratare, patra for pete, abd potent “bjt for hterry works, Is evident thatthe present malty Tetruture Aba whole, the etter fame Augusts's buts ta individual phases of development, the pote Giscourse only activates here and sere parila evant features. Fora Tong stretch othe eter August fades ou othe plat of dsslving into ‘enere didactic adreaea In otor parte, mainly the beginning andthe@ Speaking Volumes end, the adaresce is singled out for his uniqueness, by his attrib of ‘power, his responses, bis personal preferences, Ovi wil demolish {hin modinting and diatrinative retorie when, ia Ue Cur of @ single ‘oupet, he appeals to Augustus calling hen ‘god and ‘ma lca ani ae 4 Thaching Augustus through Allusion ro _eltinship between Augustus and the literati functioned indeed 2 the ‘Sal forthe cultural palit ofthe Sua King” But the difference between, ‘Ragustur ana French nbsoatem i one of Uhne points where stream Splode, and its approach tothe past ends up losing ight ofits own ryine, The project ofthe soble and tormented book af Fvoenl as {ocnoed by a bsoltinm leas remote inte; ha reading of Horace {rns back the clock, sino it bth return to tho great prewar pillogy. borate plitallyiabeeures the ue ofthe Augustan model employed Pa ore recent period of German culture? Starting from these prema, Fenelon te th he i fied cnet inp. onstruction, projection ofthe itera text, The point ent that “Aogustor Gi ote the tera teat him ike he Sun Wing bt rather that's poet Is shaping a relationship of power purposely diferent, in {erm of flattery fram abslute power” Somewhere behind the nogation ‘Ragustos war fo Lacis XIV one can sense stronger dena "Augusts wwe ot like atwendothcentury dictator’ Beyond tn denial we glimpes the genesis ofa work so conleted:sreenstrcton of Horace that is also recone of te method of Les and Wilamowits andthe bitrates ‘Saecent past ~ with x atacand regressive polities which could ‘ever be decpised enough. Iti no easy task to consider ourseives as ‘tide this debate, or would We be more elearmlnded when reckoning ‘ith our own etal ots ‘Av an alternative, one ean propoee a reading of Bp, 2.1 that takes scant ofboth the results =the image of Augustus that Horace projects thd the entradictions thatthe poet pases and confronts. Thi wil be & ‘eading produced by the sum of tho eee pls the dooction of resistances ‘nd contradictions all of tue above sounds abtract, we can return to Interpreting a specific point of text ‘Tobe eure the trope of swearing bythe go ofthe character ta wham the Teter adres comer straight ram Horace passat ih matralrg honores ‘readaque tum per nue pnimas rs ‘ip haas.6) But n Ovid respect forthe differences and even the nuances of August lasage has deappeared. The addressee of Tati i a monolith, tht of Epistle 21 9 ind of pie, "This i why Horacds letter to Augustus is aoa didactcs anda poster forthe Prncipate The Homans have alo to learn, and Horads poetry, ‘with its peel sonae af decorum, can help ther. Augusta iby tar ‘protective od. aralr who watches over the fate of iersare, man wis prefers some cultural eomoditiee to oterasapaten, anda worthy jet {or encomiatic literature, The sucess of an argument depends oa the sity nslet the rg tre and appropriate features of Ube tele. tor. Eduard Proenel shows that Horace in hit ltr has. winning rate ‘orc indeed wring t August Fp 2.2040 alo mak i eth rte pups of preset lus ts Anguta rent Frsty that mates he most Butte mame time ened ea Ete tie the rineps rm tho ro the rening ple by leigh ‘ein peesal os ov, Aust to appear at aoe the the or ‘Siglo the oduentd Romane interop (1071 35) ‘Towards a poetics ofthe Principate sec sermanes ee allen reper hum am cen sa ces ee eee Hoos puts a new spinon the standard custo. The poe sna only at ‘sua, unable (Le. reluctant) fo undertake a celebratory epor, the real proba i Ut the potential result a bed pes, ight harm Augustin ding up erally defacing his image Many have already ted that ine 256, ‘ght tobe sen a roasting of Famous, and infaous, ine of Cie ‘Wo will return to this problem of nat iolting te Prince fom thereat the reeding puie when we deal with Deno 2. For now I woul ike to ‘question whether Fraenkel reading is able to maintain the distneion Botweon what we think about Augustas and what Horae teaches us about ‘Augustus, and also whether he distinguishes sulienty between the tile of Horace strategy andthe reitance Ut gies Itt reagon tobe ‘ella form (a more dificult Hine to draw) Right after the passage ‘quoted above, Fraenkel calle upon historians of the Principat to tk thembelves whether sucha letter eoul have been vrten for Lous XV. ‘The comparison is intriguing. Fraonkel was certainly aware that the frtunata naam me cine Rat ‘Ba &Courcey = 17 MPro ‘Speaking Volumes ‘Recognizing this allusion, or denying it, opens up an interesting liens tive Fraenel, wo chonses the serondavenve, rea 288 o8 Une dima ‘fan elfeclive ceample of panegyrie the ehoice ofthe words, their arrange ‘mont, and the hears rhythm al sem to suggest Ube gravee and power ome and of er leader (1967) 398) "Bat what bappene i we try the fist hypothesis? The entire closing of ‘heater (of ween the panesyic of 251-6 ls merely acubordinate stare) ls dominsta by the iden that bad poetry doce dance tote dedeatay ‘Authors of eneomiateepi'stain'~ ar ink rine Ube deeds which they 4: Teaching Augustus through Allusion % cnn ty menting thay whieh Cr habit sims "The true enemies inthe epstle to Augustut arena, a it ight seem, uci snd archaising pots, bat rather yesterday ater, he neoteree {nd the entire caltro of the lat Republic. Horace eschews elebrtory tpie—that peal a te age of Clear, Pompey Vous, and Area bit ‘Setances hime no le from series of Callimachean pereusson, What trrries him most is remaining prisoner to an old ichlomy between Files celebration and the poetry of and for overly refined, rootless ‘agabonds The eps comes to lose with the image of failed celeb Tory poem being used as wreppng paper in the market capper qulge darts star nop (Chast (237-8 il, he td forbidden the eeprodution of is image by painters and salpore other than Apel and Lysippus Vig aad Vari donot betray (245; dedearant) the tus of thor patron August. ‘The mal af the inept damages the abject uel (260), epecally when fume to tythm and poetry 261), sine what ie deus Use ke in ‘he memory and became proverbial ‘There isa clear cho of tho destiny Catllus promised tothe poetaster Wisaus, the author of a esebratory eper wrapping mackerel (5.8). Catal opposed to Valu fate te iscmph of lasting neoteie max terpioce about Smyrna, ie. impr’ (51-6 hence, perhaps, the deeper irony of tus ee odoree? "Tapenk of such things inthe presnee of Augustus has ite pres, When the end the tone becomes more rarensti, Horace man take the pace af ‘he Prineps and offer hime as the victin of idee Tdo not want abe ‘ebuttofekes, ridiculed along with ihe one who sings my prase brought temarketinagrateque funeral ae reeled paper”Augustay, fhevishes, tan daregad the potantaleatcee cntaed in te allaion to Cire, nd read the panepasea fee valve without worrying about the thin lnc letween praise and blame. Certainly the addrentee of the letter ir ot tircly exposed to enustic fects, At ealty distance from the closing, the Teter as already offered Augustus an institutional and ealletive Praise that goes far beyond the most daring ambitions of Cicer lei ain tas meine int ad 1, Horace, would not want tobe disfigured in puble by @ portrait that ‘alee me ugly, nor do T want to be embelished by i-executed lines 2548), (Cicero line had become proverbial forthe rare combinatian of two negative elements, both of interest to Horace: shoedy workmanship rnd ‘coma intent, We could not ope fora more port example, sce: ‘ive pra has produced ridiclows poet text that wil be forever Femeabered for fs rtm and verbal malformation Horace’ ine set ‘oe the reformation and the recallcion of the fle stop taken by Latin literature Horace cancels ot crtain memorable defect, at Ue sae ze bringing ata view he tsees ofa dsiked model Te rer [would argue, ta transorm the at of llsio ato pola gesture. The avoidance of the infamoue jingle -notam natam shows that anew good ats has become tscive in panogyrie Tho metric substttion te princi for meconste {iainuate thatthe new good taste ie interwoven with anew diacourse of power Anew poetic of the Priselpat, measured and well-mannered oming nto being The Prncpate, with Us classi cence of measure, bis fa a cenco of decorum opposing the excesses ~ plea and poetical of {he tte Republic That age had weitneesed 9 period of frantic competion fad excease. twas atime wen a Coe, lang with many other consuls ul fel ike the per paar and be tempted ints sing othe lve fan Alexander Auguus on ths other hand, who remains unchallenged on ‘hat leel, ought to refuse moderate praise, just asthe Princeps should refine t be n onaeeh.Selary, Horace refuse th task, just as he entre lag ni rum ae foentn ‘ian But Roman readers whe know the language of alusve art have room to ender upon the difultier and contradictions that sce when & poet Finds himelf peaking to and aboot Aust, ‘Trista 2 and the paranoid reader A tendency in resent eritsiam, frequently associated withthe nae Un ‘eto Beo, offre sour detached gaze some examples of devient reading: ranoid readings ~sllering fram persecaton complex cert conspir-86 Speaking Volumes ce, plies investigation ~shamelees appropriation of ets that eee ‘her tntenionality violated Ie against ths deviant background that one Inightreesonably cain that some limit ought obo plard on interpre "Batter canbe eases more subversive, mor inal, with respeet tp the limit-caes that urully chooes. (1) What happens if the te “aide or poets around itaef-a maniacal climate o persecution aad thetsive euapcion? Would aot Uuen be Uo case that even the ae fing init of interpretation cold be negotiated and contested? (2) The Eppecrance of deep fracture lines between the rarlous function of the ‘2fenree andthe publi is ot relevant (2) What happens when howto {nterpreta poem ac only «problem tht the text places onthe able ay ‘ay potictext doe) bat Use very content and poblematiy posed by the ‘oun? Tretia a this pular profile because, (1) teaches suspicion, ‘ereoctin, eelfacasaton and selfdefence are continuously evoked aa Punts of reference, (2) the txt it Intended for a peclla addressee [Ruguetu, who can hardly be sonsdered part ofthe normal” tdience tmhich the publiation of the wore appeals: the more this audience x Uistanced from the addressee, the more rood open up fo a subversie {eading (@) the entire argument of this Tong lett s'8 tespense to an xplict hermeneutical problem ronceralng the meaning of a posi txt ‘Plato deal with how another pont text, the Art of Love, sould Interpreted and how it hasbeen interpreted, From Horace to Ovid (Ovid start out by shoving that potry ean have an important dace faneton fn Roman socety Ax examples he sleta eo rare cass of poetry {hat Auguete had eommiosloned for publiefunetions: songs in henour af Demeter 2-4) and songs in honour of Apollo (25-0). This ar referee fs important not nly beeause it towehes upon by necessary implication) Horace Carmen Sarculre, but alee because re-enact the seleefiexive Inove of Zp. 21 1948, where Horace, ag an example of poetry shaping & ‘poops evisaitn, oes a summary of ne of his own pobbe poe, te armen Saceuare ia !act (poset ope horas et proasenta nmin vent Imperial patronage ie powerful guarantee for Horace, who involves ie authority f his wm posi vice in thie esstem of power, and i atl this reason of ret patronage tat ic of teres to Ovid 2.245 “crest Op} luesrat& Phoco dit) The Prancope’ usa show {hat in ite own way posty counts toa Lair on, Ovid takes up again 8 andard theme of Horace iterary eitles the socal wlity (redene fovtry (2.26376), but he is conrtrsined to doo fom the weak sie o {Theory The poety ofthe Ary wel not be harmful ~as lng ast ear tents (2.279). Evan the theme of how to eelebrate Augustus an ues [owt gust in Tratia 2, shows that Ovid looking tap. 21 as his model 4. Teaching Auguatu rough Allusion e ara contrasive background. In the manner of Horse (te above), Ovid 22.5 that he dos not lack the wil but the etengt, fr a eleatory fo “quodqae nes dara vr ae i este ‘me idea that a poorly written panegric does more damage than no tall pats a mutaall Une cmplex of problems del within [Bichon of p21 The correnponding theme of remuneration, however, ‘seveloped in reverse accep lero veri ean eens Hocpedum cue rigitaranqae ram Cvidreckon in he lance cpt refer) the itr piste emperor Soupaldin fal obi poctry Inthe same ingunge Horace ha esr {55 Spe proceeds for court petty m Honour of Alexander incu gt Serubur er mel nats | etal ectptos Philipp p.2 1.2349. “Rostra prove to readers p21 tht Horas pony eppesla tothe highest of alctve Interest’ ‘The support of te Proce fe Seni cs eather in writen ya peti st ene tn bi rele ‘hth able. The Romans ove Augustus more han thet pala past they do nt waeome modern pty nd tau hl pp. ft edi 8118-22) Ovid situation fo Tusa ina he oppose =the Sper ndcrent fra eutshor the career ofa poet certains readers’ aoa gna via gua ina eral, «edna Nanaia aura ‘Resa edi rte haf Pe Ahi int Ovid ean rer, but also vary te famous appeal that opens and Scan Ep. 2.10 Auguntua ™ ‘Slingo srmone mer toa tempora4 Teaching Augustus through Allusion 0 ete panda dum cieumapc ere, sce import itera atone rei “paras lore arin ata ed? 8 ‘Speaking Volumes Horace was teaching how one should speak to Caesar; the Princepe ig tngaged nthe reading ofan epitotat deserveshis attention fr the oon tha i addreaed to Him, someane who only has ime for seriouy Inafters The liter wl be more serous than usual, and wil rope he Prince’ priorities This erm must reach a eompromise between Har ‘ge ada vi ad basi ap he rly eed wh ‘wating to and abou, Great Men," Ovid, who ls presenting the Princopy ‘ith a much longer tox (678 lines vs Horace 270), and on much lighey Und more private, themes, ecuperats Horace’ move (axs20) ‘nthe side of ormalization, eesti, subline orbem, and princes ook. hws row the height and solemnity ofthe hexamecer atthe peatameter’ (dcending movement towards elagiae weakness: minora, xis Ie [frura,inperbus modi. The sna of thee lines comments upon thelr ‘rr docamposition int contrasting metrieal unites that ousterPlat one Sather onalteratng loves. But recuperating elegy ita Ue droren of [ver comes ata pice fo August, The Prince reading an elegy that Eflains ta him how he doesnot have the tne either to read wt faly to ‘aerstad this potie geare: What for Horace ene form of courtesy [Eageged ss You ae in working for or good e would be wrong aad ot ‘ey patriotic, to waste your time wth poet dstracions now becomes ‘atle defensive move If Augustus doesnot pay tao mc stontion to ‘he formal and berarchieal praise, he might defect an angament running ‘he 'dstracted as you ae by matters of eat, how have eu found ie to read frivolous erode verso and fo condemn me for 2” Afterall ins fotrongly an thefact that Augustus hat na ie tab a good reader ght teavway mobilize Ovdtraditinal renders There ares eadere win, ‘nike August, know how to appreciate and to participate inte lester ‘slr, and odd world of logy Insuch a ease, Usey wil ri the fact hat ‘its own way Datta 28 elegy a8 well” ‘This brings ua ack tothe parle! brewoon vw 219-94 and Horace, ‘Pista 2 wes published ina period marked by acs concerning the gain ‘ups, eary miltary engagement, an private scandal ‘Piva ia father inadequate description, sineo the meaning of tice scandal Preccoly that of opening up ine pivate phere ofthe individ, poet Where the central power might intervene. We ean now tee slay the Aebie edge of rid retorial escalation. Augusta eno longer merely fngnged by his dation ax in Horace a sustines ants negoiaslus Iter, he is now exhausted by a WworRloud of titanic proportions (ula rs lta tut bl ee £9, 20) 1 right cme to mind, even the theme ie unappreciated by ofl propa {nnda, thatthe Princop i in he seventies, Ovid oes that Gerry ‘erosive Augustus as Soung through his offspring’ 229), whichis ‘Repel way of insinsating his age. Hie sacri forthe common geod (285) seems now to requre greater expenditure when eomipared ta the fine of Bp. 21. The Princep, already inthe time of Horace, improves Roman mora: ex lalas = moribus ores, lapis emendes, The al sion sto the laws concerning marrage and his eensoral activites, Bat ‘mither Horace nor Ovid after so many years fers a key tothe mysteries Sect per prinep satione elit ‘pert gto con fata et? Nenu te mls Homn emia ‘Neti Panoani et tu joa domain stea ane pected Trace sme me. ‘une te poe ta usenem Germania sent einqe ro mo Css Caer st sa a gan a et ose, ‘orore prs la uae ab per ature yah et in ara ‘mor er quan epee a aso For parpses ofbrovity [italicize what seam tome the key pints in Ovid ‘owning of Horace, Two general sm are operative inthis passage: (Dt ‘plate the soe plieal pete from the Rome of went. ve ©) Fea ‘etre to that of 9 x; to intensify the rhetoric needed to represent he Principle. Iam not lone in preying signa of tension and of ies." ‘Ovidis showing how the language of panepyc ea be adapted by ee [Beare no eos humble than Horatian ermo, but wih a dilrent steutare ‘Thereult iva poste dnenureeaeymmetrial and irogula ~imparius in 29 confit wth taione in 20. The unbalanend line oun et agnnst the myte stabiity ofthe Emperor Worta-Guardian. With 2 {ue enup ds thine Ovid devises a rhetoric n which Ube hierar ofthe i Principat ie mirrored on the level of farm. The structure ofthe coup formalize relation of power: serous vs. (and above) fivolous moral Immoral, contol ve. Heenc,puble va. private, just as inthe metic ‘ovulate gon, henameter¥a.pentametar face et aig alti staal lad frm ia bling tent°° Speaking Vlumer ofthe writen and unwritten cnstittion, af tho cura morui et lum “undertaken given up, itera or metaphoric" Both Horace and Ovid are Invtend« hey to understanding tat the essence of Augustus role sin ‘he impoasbityof ening with any sabi But Ovd ait the acer ‘ot ile when he wets 4 Teaching Augustus through Allusion on goad mlm, vacuum fr itt, stm ager cron nA re, ert, poet dar ie, usar br era bus ma ec te gn nape ede, i sclicgidmun comesnque re canemu ‘40 245-60) rb ang te gum ast ttl ara ‘Siren upc Ir Augustus has not boon an attentive reader of the Arye will not [voetiber tat the lines between 247 ad 250 repeat rs 314 with an {cine pale ty but one nel ‘The alteration underlines a new laboar, and maybe a tension a8 well « Crisis of consensus, Enforeng the leon aie and on sexual babs {our belabour the Guardian of Public Morals, The mores of Tay seem ‘ehiclant to abide ty those of Agustus, and arpong tow mores nop to landard conemporary rere cold number some tommy examples ‘drawn tom the hoore of Cacear Fully ensured by this misson the Prince hat hed no chanoe fo read light vere (nosirosevlusse fee, 2238) Thin ie the peat that mos interests me Ihe has not fe0d Are {matoria rich he ha indeed punished che Princepe would not en the teat potion to iterpet Tartia 2. ‘The rst addressee of Tito 2 is @ ear whe nol a lod judge of ic. Piet there sone ebvious implica {om Augustus ino knaw how ta ead the Arr. But teres also a seca, ‘and mor iting, one among the posse readers of Trista 2, Augustusis fhe moe: disadvantaged The leeon in iterary history that is bout to fogin employe soressee aanan who can read 2137 ax serous panegy. ‘He and thu mia he re-emergence af the! tering through imperial ‘epreasion. It ls uot 20 mosh a question of asking to what extent the Dertcular expressins of panegyie ean be read as ionic dig or a nuendo of uncomfortable references, o es anti-onformist nuances” ‘The real problem is that thee Hines construct Augustus asa reader of ‘ctr On thi plnyground, come What may te Prineps wil have to leam {herules fa ne game: how to interpret an elec text that becomes ver sore eelfroretil oe Vnorm tutam connage fart canon Generations of readers have doubted, and will continue to doubt, whether {he Ars draws a sharp datnction between nae andi ee, thie Int what matters mast here. The interpoltion rms legit shows {hone ean never be anfo enough. Thw Avs was protecting elf aguinet [scuinton, but wae condemned. Now the author rereade parts of his [em or Augustus theres nacrimen nthe carmen, even ithe to words {hare an uncanny astonanc, Bat Are 260, the line interted in the Tso, isk up line 240, averse writen inaten fr Tria, nd the saguence ‘comes eo circular that begs the queeton ‘null eiscsrimeain Are nea ‘you would have read the word “no erie” in my Ars, meaning: hat text ‘tnt culpable because it larly states "Tam nota culpable text” ‘Tharetur toAreamatora lin Tia? does not end here, few verses later Ovid develop by analogy the ease for his defence If the Avs per ‘uaded, unintentionally se matrons to si, maker no eens to push ‘he war on this account Tt would be jut a abeurd to do away withthe ‘acs that might provide ceraron for immoral auch aa theres the {Campus Martius, he Creu, poscoe, and temples ofthe gods 27088) ‘he parallel is etimulating, given that inthe Rome of CF esr all of these pule works derive more or les directly from the Prnceps aad hie resold, Ovid, author ofthe Ars, corepands to Augustus, author of Rome; both are beyond any suspen. But thee is problem: Totering ‘stund pubic works for amorous encsuntere ix prescly the thome of the frst didactic section af Ars 87100" Te eral quetaton of Are 181-4, {he prem, ia srong signal and an invitation to carey onthe comparison ‘Atsong the public works recommended fo propontoning that gurein the ‘Arvone finds tho porticoas bearing the ireprnehable names of Livia and ow to read the Ars in(to) the Ttia “The language of oversight and incomprehenson weighs heuily upon the reception ofthe Arv amatora 213, fll; 214 sunt nottio malta mine arb non cat ade 27 fit infrre: 21820, let legorest 228, ut pons adorter; 258, numa colle 299, oaeu4m ‘ib fore fast 248 neo» pons bite). Bu such ainistence might tov invelve the eeption of sie 2A texts deeply entangled in te {Aftcultes of reading snater texts perhaps not the most useful medium for puting forward proof of one's imecence “The ditration af the Prineps proms Ovid reresng af the Ars *2 ‘Speaking Votumes (Octavia. The pot of Dita 2 now explains tat the Ars i a innocent ‘he imperil monuments ~ at long as we forget that tho Ars haa Imondd echerou etringaroind theatres, cece, partes, tery te" someone has sentenced the Are amatoria, how ean Triste {nnocent? The pct of the Trista diplags al eloquence to demon that rei poetry ofthe pti tonal and fe 4 Teaching Augustus through Alls * cally inthe exordium ~ a story of it sex between Mars and a EGi iain” Atle further on, Ovid acema to retract is suggested "There are ight texts ~ beginning with Catullas, Calas, and a god more serous texte, ike Ennius Annet: igen Marte init grav Bes oe, ‘Bons ingeni asia oe sagen pr end prom ota ra cuss ly ani sft, shen and serious with rom eal for Huse iting orth pret of op fei pity thn Mars the ato the queton tt te pervrte matron akin 2.20, wh as {vie mother’, and thatthe nonross of Martom and grate ‘abo Vine neon pi vrneln whch thecal od rgiang LMSIIef Roman hing inseon nal it But who haste athority to decide which of Ovid works are sincere which ee included in the indeterminate magne pors made up oes Wot avery prudent chee of words fora oct who has recently taken {imperial panegyie and jd selfdelence. have always been moi [ie ta curlous preface for a text acting as a deposition pro verte and, Aefeaive appeal pro domo sua Marto gemini pra dat la poe ‘Aunts learns to read the poets ‘The advantage ofthis point of view that theo to make sense of oe. the more embarrasing features of Tstia 2 the long, grieus cata ‘ot poets, both erotic and non-erotieand of other tore ur lat iportaa Tterary genres spread out over a span of nearly 20 ines. The perspec ‘doped ere helps us understand how Ovid might have compelled hi Me to perform the tedious and lang-vinded tsk of ncertig asm Iterary enestopaedia into an apology to the emperor How a hapa ‘thatthe most selfeonslous arts ois time chose to speak ike cme a least original grammarans? This systematic approach toIiterature~ ae ‘hat Horace, ar ensmple, had also avoided inthe Epistle othe son {snot aut might soem, empty ler that removes moe pressing tha from ie stage For al of thie didactic materials Use premice necessary to achieve the effect we are dealing with here, namely, the Sguring ‘Augustus att novice ta be ntiated nto the reading of poets Ai ‘\dreasee ennnot take shape enleas the tet assumes the right postu st inservction| But to say postur’isreductivo, ino Thstia 2 has much to each ab pouty even readers who are not Caesars, Let ur conser fora more ‘thatthe poem lls us about Baal ‘tw reader who recognizes these hota hae clearer view than Augustus {Bercare txt that have essaped his persecuting zeal. Witbot a lated ‘ata, here would have been no history ef Rowe aad no bevinning of oman epics Even worse, Auguatus might have been wrong about tie Fen tm: tment eli Ameo ator ‘ont Teng avn aes scleral aged epore oa, “jum nn ee oer unt amo “a2 ‘have arrued sleowhere that these lines are a tendontious, but lso Ineulous, reading of the Aon" arma eiramaue at once reals both the proem ~ and bence, the pie pou in general andthe scene in which the ‘va his arma ar philly famed in Dds room fA. 4.285-arma {i thal) Atendenious reading perhaps, but Ovid was ot the lat ‘ior of Ving to argue that Di story represents an opening of epi ‘wards love postr, and that many love the Aaid moe for Dido tha fo ‘nes. Thisintertxtual precision sugges that Ove ringing the Aeneid ‘nie Prince stent, so thatthe Pence, bore tho os of eominon "dors il ave pt Hi oom on trial. Vig tos succumbed oes, ‘ed Austad nt notice fe Mayo Augustus hs already been duped by Srother gic pot, Propertae, who had announced the Aeneid in the atoning terme: ume Anal ahi et ious ts) ‘a de parca mee Hence, ie reader i predisposed to mali and vio, se wil do wall ‘void lao the good adfathioned Annals af Eanius, « poum that exitom ‘Speaking Volumes “fam goo th nate der ingens snus ptm apn a Ais Vu cn tora Phot ‘rs friar pee rt, ‘utmune Arcee Tan tt ae Sedge anna cna eri Secneadenromcrtide st ike Properti, Ovid join in one single movement (2) the refual t “ple, 0) a description of his own ingentum az aight poet) the repre: ‘Rniation the Aeneid intro ight couplet, and Sal) aeevoston [St Vins bese poetic” Dropertion had crested an impli contrat between the annotneement af the Aeneid and the frame: the love po, Wounded by passon, ies languid ona bed of unwound guelands ater Tih of bangueling, while Veg ‘stain motionwakes ap the ae of [Reneas Proper ucitet rma ithe aon for Ovi he ed se tas find the hers int the Phoestan bed’ Thur Aenens finds Miself mae oe Tete within the eof sepia est rom which Propesiu observed the hers deeds fom a distanes. Ov has picked up the Propertian opposition between elegy and epi, collapsing the boundaries Between thom. Prope thus had delegated to Ving pic and celebration of Augustus, Ovid ux ‘masks Ving fo find an ert pst outside of unperal control, Aer the {Tmroungement ofthe Aeneid, Bropertive hod offered a sympathetic eum tary ofthe Belogurs. The elfect was to dato from the project of th Monod Vigil youth poetry, viewed is terms of an erotics relates ‘logy: Ovid takes thi a step further: Pic idem tenertgue Arai nce Tess en anes ste mele Nesom am pode bo Pst By rowrtng Propertins, who in turn rewrote Virgin an clgiac key, Ovi fier cfr ato namebien av an accomplice. uenis unde a bit differs {Eom audasque uornta Warp G. 4568). Tho Beogues are now pst ‘You in the same sense asthe Are they are eee pet. [athe en trou the iso accuse Virgil a well Propertia had shawn in 2.34 Tow distinct genres sould regard one another with respec Ovi fe ‘on his master a poeties of mpurty and border eosin 4. Teaching Auguatu through Allusion 95 ‘Naming names’ intertextuality and “Gelation inthe case of Tibullus redere arnt dura ott ee Talla, ‘Seelam dese god nee vi ser tai em ditt ‘See, ra gemma domi senamveprbare, ‘ulguoefert, dats eanpe eet tue nits ‘tastam meses ut in rb tam’ utr sc sat de opal “aes fet al slo sort tera neat sum ptt ile mart." ‘Niner boi int leargos Hl Src cianepenape cian ‘Thi pansage is unparalleled in Augustan pot It would be aitfcult to {fd another sequence ofthis length (18 ines) which not nly lade with Ligh precio toa sere of places in predecensor work Reeombined in sth npponrs very much ike acento) ba ls eonualy reminds us that {he ext sealing thet other text Perbati. Tes more a summons than Sn allusion ~ end more a ealling of «witnea than of a txt ~ ance here Indeed Ovi is exploring tne rntier of pot memory jul intertex. (ality. This citation, unprecednted in extent and frit trans, can ‘explained only aa naming ofan azcenory. It demonstrates how ‘Talus sno los dangers than the Ars amatorie. Ovid accentuates the ace stats ofhis tet the amount ofctatons, such that only a dietc ‘marualin proce could afford, turna Tula? nto true textbook on Raman deg The plagiarized pen ins turn, ia true dace txt, since ‘Thala logie, when anthologized in this way, turnout tobe an arehe- ‘ape for erotic didactes. The group of ramps that Ihave gathored in ‘tag 319 serves to anticipate Dy two mlleania the patient work of Thlelogiate who have traced the amstory system of che Ary back tie ‘many ‘balan soureos, all ofthis gains Augustus trust, ther is trap waiting fr him a the tod. An inexperienced reader of egy might actually believe that Tibulat Ind reat, before Ovid and without imperial retaliation, am are for Cited ho For faithful readers of Ovid tha exculpaton isnot new tomes fom ‘ental par of the Remedi emarte lspea materae epondet Mas soe, "iemesfeminis at ro om 3608) ‘The entire setion ines 361.95, i of great interest. Students of Tisia 2 fometimes noe: i since i xa programmatic splogy written under ‘ory diferent conditions, withost te presmure of esl and with o Ines Un tanimering the Prine in ft he aon th Remedi whch tense, bat rer complement that of rst? y inverting it Inthe Remedio, Ovid is weed net foes, lacie poe at al levels — tras responding to iterary-erites cergoe, ad the rest seems ke Dervonal version of Calimachus' Prologue agaist the Telehins (tem. EpTrhactonus invite reapondimas). He serused of writing toe dain) (862: Muse poteea, son his defence he wuts the rt principle of literary enum, There are igh genres and elem genres Homer eas ‘no room for the cleo, whl te elegiae meter wants only Wantonnes ‘Tha, the charactor who serves as a symbel for the Ars, could not at 4. Teaching Auguatue through Allusion ” siayng the roleof Andromache Ovid's Muse canna be censured because ‘elo the ules ofthe prepon: the propor mater freee couplets ‘Piarstooe and Ortatious, Ten years later facing much more serious Sarge, Orid rearranges the ards on the table: You wart te rth? Read {Geena wes, even Fomor and Vial wil turn oct immoral My Mase monpnds to the ierary gene have chose, but my fee impoccbla” "Tee sharp line commonly drawn between the apology ofthe Remedia nde apology from eile has to drawbacks The firsts that asoumes {Seat separaton betweon poetics and ols an attitade have criticized In'ihe seand of my opening premise). The Remedia tackles a Tierary robles, Trista 2 ie fod with w polite val and this, the reasoning et, exouate fr the ene dfeence, The seond drawnck is that 3 ‘foster almat completely the couteat ofthe Remedi Tei usualy fumed that fem, 301.98 x» response to ence sered ip by the fteation ofthe Are. This i all very well abd gos hand in hand with Ueccuratve’ poetics ofthe works cure orlove, at antidte fr maligaant ‘hie Tr this earungtionreifores the parallel with Tita 2 Walaa faces a nogative eee. One nd forget the Plate spony plays [EVhestrctaré ofthe now poom ann the conten ote Remar amar ‘hough lines 361-08 were a detachable inert tat could be pulled out hd put back into the preceding poem ‘Om the contrary, the convent is of great interest nthe lines precoding ho apology Ovid deals with epulsive odours (56: stomaconauea fata inet) ne sags wil give advice on ow to fallout af love daring ‘opulation (357. The line tn which the didactic action resumes ater the ‘Bgrssion (300) begin with the suggestive wordergo ubtconcubitu, and ddserbee a number of ercic posiuons in which one's lover will ee ‘Spplling. Clearly the elf-efence snot placed t random in he structure ‘fhe poem: interrupt a pasage where the Remedia display tho same Steverenee asta antacedent, the Are. The poet relapsing into is old ‘ray True, he showe some modesty (59: pudor ext mikt deere), bat the Jab line before the apology, ingen erie cnele plore mets (00), under ‘ines the entire self-defence. The pot wilfully provokes readers’ malice Sod invites them to imagine more than what rally aid This eto sy {hat Ovid didnt, whether tne aor i chaste o oli eoncerned to ‘onstrut neivious reader =the same character hat scording to ta ‘has misinterpret Ovdé erotic works againt the author's intention, Furthermore, am aot eo eure thatthe txt ofthe Remedia temo sieht again paitcal implications. The apostrophe to detractors le Sgured ana reaponae toa cansure (902 quoram censure Musa proterea mea et) in shor, an attack. But in the Late Augustan Age, the word ‘noura ig not so eaaly separable from the power to eonsrol morality "tonapalioed by the Princope. The spostrpe aioe up in such a Way {hat the anonymity of the enemy hordes on the grandiose image of Toute tr, the moat common signe of Augustan repression: he "a