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Ordinal Regression using SPSS Statistics
(cont...)
Procedure II – Running the PLUM Procedure
The instructions below show you how to run the PLUM procedure. Some of this will require using syntax, but we explain what you
need to do. This step produces some of the main results for your ordinal regression analysis, including predicted probabilities,
amongst other useful statistical measures we discuss in the Interpretation and Reporting section later.

Click Analyze > Regression > Ordinal... on the main menu, as shown below:

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You will be presented you with the Ordinal Regression dialogue box, as shown below:

Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM

Corporation.

Transfer the ordinal dependent variable – tax_too_high – into the Dependent: box. Next, transfer the categorical independent
variables – biz_owner and politics – into the Factor(s) box and the continuous independent variable – age – into the

Covariate(s) box, using the appropriate buttons. You will end up with a screen similar to that below:
Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM
Corporation.

Explanation: Ordinal regression can accept independent variables that are either nominal, ordinal or continuous, although
ordinal independent variables need to be treated as either nominal or continuous variables. In the Ordinal Regression
dialogue box, independent nominal variables are transferred into the Factor(s) box and independent continuous variables are
transferred into the Covariate(s) box. You can transfer an ordinal independent variable into either theFactor(s) or Covariate(s)
box depending on how you wish the ordinal variable to be treated. However, this is a decision that you need to make.

Click the button and you will be presented with theOrdinal Regression: Options dialogue box, as shown below:

Published with written permission from SPSS

Statistics, IBM Corporation.

Note: It is unlikely that you will need to change any of the options in theOrdinal Regression: Options dialogue box shown
above. Indeed, in this example you will not change anything. However, if you wanted to change the confidence intervals (the
Confidence interval: box) from 95% or change the type of link function (theLink: dropdown box) used, you could do that here.

Click the button and you will be returned to the Ordinal Regression dialogue box.

Click the button and you will be presented with the theOrdinal Regression: Output dialogue box, as shown
below:

Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.

 In addition to the options already selected, selectTest of parallel lines in the –Display– area. Also, in the –Saved Variables–
area, select all four options: Estimated response probabilities, Predicted category, Predicted category probability and Actual
category probability. You will end up with a screen similar to below:

Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.

Note 1: When you only have categorical independent variables, you may also want to selectCell information. However, as a
general rule, the Cell information option is not very useful when you have continuous independent variables in the model (as
in this example).

Note 2: Keeping the default Including multinomial constant option selected in the –Print Log-Likelihood– area results in the
FULL log-likelihood being produced, whereas the Excluding multinomial constant option results in the KERNAL of the log-
likelihood being produced. This affects the value of the log-likelihood, but not the conclusion. This is explained in our
enhanced ordinal regression guide if you are unsure.

Click the button and you will be returned to the Ordinal Regression dialogue box.

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Click the button. You will be presented with theOrdinal Regression: Location dialogue box, as shown below:

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This is where you can specify your model. If you have a model that includes each variable that you entered in theOrdinal
Regression dialogue box and you do not have any interactions, you will not need to change anything in this dialogue box.
Therefore, in our example, you do not need to make any changes.

Click the button and you will be returned to the Ordinal Regression dialogue box.

Click the button, which will open the Syntax Editor as shown below:
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Explanation: Clicking the button in any procedure in SPSS Statistics not only opens the syntax editor, but also pastes
the command syntax that you have generated by using the point-and-click dialogue boxes. To explain, the dialogue boxes are
nothing more than a 'pretty face' that, behind the scenes, generate the command syntax necessary to run statistical tests in
SPSS Statistics. This saves most people from ever having to use syntax, which is often considered unfriendly and
intimidating. Unfortunately, some statistical test options in SPSS Statistics are not available using the dialogue boxes.

For the categorical independent variable with three or more categories (i.e., thepolitics variable), add the following code to
the end of the syntax, but just before the period (full stop):

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Note: The additional syntax shown above is needed to provide an overall test of statistical significance for any categorical
independent variable with three or more groups. If you do not have any categorical independent variables that have more than
two groups, you can skip this step and go to Step 12 below.

Explanation: If you are familiar with writing (orthogonal) contrasts in SPSS Statistics, the above will be familiar. SPSS
Statistics requires as many orthogonal contrasts as there are degrees of freedom (i.e., one less than the number of groups in
the independent variable) to provide an omnibus test of statistical significance. The breakdown of this additional syntax is as
follows:
/TEST=
This is a subcommand that allows you to write customised hypothesis tests or contrasts. The next step is to write down the
name of the effect (i.e., the name of the variable) that you are interested in determining an omnibus test statistic for, as
shown below:
/TEST=politics
The categorical independent variable, politics, has more than two groups and, therefore, there needs to be an omnibus test of
statistical significance for this variable. The number of values following an effect name is the number of groups in the variable
(actually it is the number of parameters, but it amounts to the same thing). As there are three groups in politics, there are
three values. These values will either be 1s, 0s or -1s. For the first row, you need to enter a 1 for the first value and a -1 for
the last value and enter zeros for all other values (i.e., all values in between the first and last values), followed by a semi-
colon, as shown below:
/TEST=politics 1 0 -1;
On the next line, the pattern is very similar: you re-state the name of the effect and make the last value -1. However, the
number 1 is now entered one place to the right compared to the line above. All other values are 0, as shown below:
/TEST=politics 1 0 -1;
politics 0 1 -1.
Because each line represents a single contrast, the number of rows will equal the number of groups minus 1. In this example,
there will be only two rows. Make sure that the final contrast, as shown above, finishes with a period (full stop) and not a
semi-colon. By always making the last value -1, having the 1 'travel' one place to the right for each row, and setting all other
values to zero, you will get the correct result. To give you a better idea of the pattern that is emerging, consider a variable
called transport with four groups, which to get an overall test of statistical significance, would be coded as shown below:
/TEST=transport 1 0 0 -1;
transport 0 1 0 -1;
transport 0 0 1 -1.
Note all the important features: (i) the name of the variable is declared; (ii) there are as many (horizontal) values as there are
groups of the variable; (iii) a semi-colon finishes all lines except the last, which has a period (full stop); (iv) there are only 1s,
0s and -1s; (v) the last value is always -1; (vi) the first value of the first line starts with 1; (vii) the 1 'travels' to the right one
place at a time (i.e., one place for every line); and (viii) the number of lines is one less than the number of groups
(representing the number of degrees of freedom). Although there are other methods of achieving an omnibus statistical test,
the above method is easily followed and this allows less mistakes to be made.

As a final point, you can run more than one omnibus statistical test at the same time; you just need to make multiple /TEST
statements with the period (full stop) only at the end of the last contrast/line. For example, if running both politics and
transport, you would have:
/TEST=politics 1 0 -1;
politics 0 1 -1
/TEST=transport 1 0 0 -1;
transport 0 1 0 -1;
transport 0 0 1 -1.
Notice that the only change is that the period (full stop) is missing from the last contrast/line for politics.

Click Run > All on the main menu, as shown below. This will generate the output.

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 SPSS Statisticstop ^

Procedure III –
Outputting the
PLUM
parameters estimates using OMS
Now that you have run the PLUM procedure, you can go back to the OMS control panel and get
SPSS Statistics to output the file containing the Parameter Estimates table's information that has
been stored in memory.
TAKE THE
Click Utilities > OMS Control Panel... on the main menu, as shown below: TOUR

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You will be presented you with the Output Management System Control Panel dialogue box with your prior selected
request, as shown below:
Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.

Click the button. This will change the Status column to "end" in the Requests box, as highlighted below:

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Click the button. You will be presented with theOMS Control Panel: Summary dialogue box, as shown below:
 Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM
Corporation.

Click the button and to exit.

SPSS Statisticstop ^

Procedure IV – Saving the newly-created file

If you have followed the procedure above, you will not only have generated the output in the usual way (i.e., in theOutput Viewer
window), but you will have also created a new SPSS Statistics data file, as shown below:

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This file contains the odds ratios and their 95% confidence intervals, but it is not currently saved. Therefore, save the file by clicking
on
File > Save As... on the main menu (as shown below) and saving the file with a name of your choosing in a directory of your
choosing (it is saved as plum.sav in this guide).
Published with written permission from SPSS Statistics, IBM Corporation.

Now that you have saved the file, you can add odds ratios to the file. To do this, follow the steps in the next section,Procedure V –
Generating odds ratios, on the next page.

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