Behavioural insights Questionnaire and Nudges for COVID-19

The situation evolves rapidly and unevenly across the world, and so tailoring of the questionnaire to specific contexts is critical. Each country can select which
variables they wish to focus on and can adapt items to their specific needs.

For the data analysis code provided in Annex 2, note that the variables need to be named as suggested in the second column, the variable labels need to be
coded so that the values correspond to the values given in the second column.

Dear Participant,

Thank you for taking part in this study.

This study is conducted by Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

The study about the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) will take about 15 minutes, and we will ask health-related questions.

The study is conducted to improve actions taken in response to the novel coronavirus pandemic.
Your answers will be used exclusively for scientific purposes and to help improve novel coronavirus outbreak response.
Please do not start until you will have enough time to complete it in one go. Please close other programmes (e.g. chat or e-mail) to
avoid distractions.
This is a non-commercial study financed by Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Further information:
1. The anonymized data will be stored permanently and published for possible later use by other scientists.
2. Conclusions about your or other persons are not possible.
3. Your data will be treated in accordance with the provisions of the Data Protection of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
4. Your participation in the study is voluntary and can be terminated at any time and without giving reasons.
5. Your participation in the research does not expose you to any significant risk.
Why we collect and use your data
The survey is about COVID-19. The anonymized data will be stored in UKM and may be used for research and teaching in the future.

How you can contact us

Responsible:
1. Associate Prof. Dr Nor Ba’yah Abdul Kadir
2. Prof. Dr Mohd. Rizal Abdul Manaf
3. Dr Hanizah Yusoff
4. Ms Rusyda Helma Mohd
5. Associate Prof. Dr Normaliza Abd. Malik

Responsible within the framework of the research project: Associate Prof. Dr Nor Ba’yah Abdul Kadir

[*] I agree to participate in this study and understand that all my answers will only be used for scientific purposes.
[*] I agree to the processing of my personal data in accordance with the information provided here.
[*] I am aware that the data will be published in anonymous form to promote transparency in science.

How old are you?

I am ____ years old.
What is your gender?
[*] Male
[*] Female
Please give details of your school education

[1] Primary school (UPSR)

[2] Lower Secondary School (SRP/PMR)
[3] Upper Secondary School (SPM/SPVM)
[4] Pre university (Foundation/Matriculation/STPM/STAM/Diploma)
[5] Bachelor degree
[6] Master degree and Phd
[7] Others (professional certificates)

Are you a nurse, medical doctor or pharmacist?

[*] Yes
[*] No
Do you have a chronic illness?
[*] Yes
[*] No
[*] Don’t know
How many inhabitants does the community in which you live have?

[*] ≤ 5,000 inhabitants

[*] 5,001 - 20,000 inhabitants
[*] 20,001 - 100,000 inhabitants
[*] 100,001 - 500,000 inhabitants
[*] > 500,000 inhabitants

In which states do you live?

[1] Perlis
[2] Kedah
[3] Pulau Pinang
[4] Perak
[5] Selangor
[6] Negeri Sembilan
[7] Melaka
[8] Johor
[9] Pahang
[10] Terengganu
[11] Kelantan
[12] Sabah
[13] Sarawak
[14] Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur
[15] Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya
[16] Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan

Do you have children under 18 years of age?

[*] Yes
[*] No

The following questions concern the novel coronavirus.

Important: Please answer without checking the internet or other sources first.

Please select the answer of your choice.

Are you aware of the novel coronavirus outbreak?
[*] Yes
[*] No
[*] Don’t know

There is an outbreak of respiratory disease caused by the novel coronavirus. This virus was first discovered in Wuhan, Hubei
province in China and since then spread across the world. There are thousands of confirmed cases and many deaths related to the
novel coronavirus, including in Malaysia.
Please click CONTINUE to proceed

Are you or have you been infected with the novel coronavirus?
[*] Yes, confirmed
[*] Yes, but not yet confirmed
[*] No
[*] Don't know

Do you know people in your immediate social environment who are or have been infected with the novel coronavirus?
[*] Yes, confirmed
[*] Yes, but not yet confirmed
[*] No
[*] Don't know
Please click CONTINUE to proceed
How would you rate your knowledge level on the novel coronavirus?
Very poor knowledge [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Very good knowledge

How would you rate your knowledge level on how to prevent spread of the novel coronavirus?
Very poor knowledge [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Very good knowledge

Please click CONTINUE to proceed

Which groups are at risk of severe illness related to the novel coronavirus?
Please evaluate all groups listed below.
People aged 60 years or older
[*] Are at risk
[*] Are not at risk
[*] Don’t know
Pregnant women
[Answer scheme: see above]
Infants
Small children aged 1-5 years
People who have serious chronic heart disease
People who have serious chronic diabetes
People who have serious lung disease
People who have asthma
[*] Are at risk
[*] Are not at risk
[*] Don’t know
Which of the following can be symptoms of the novel coronavirus?
Please evaluate all symptoms listed below.
Fever
[*] Related to the newly emerged coronavirus
[*] Not related to the newly emerged coronavirus
[*] Don’t know
Cough [Answer scheme: see “Fever”]
Shortness of breath [Answer scheme: see “Fever”]
Sore throat [Answer scheme: see “Fever”]
Runny or stuffy nose [Answer scheme: see “Fever”]
Muscle or body aches [Answer scheme: see “Fever”]
Headaches [Answer scheme: see “Fever”]
Fatigue (tiredness) [Answer scheme: see “Fever”]
Diarrhea [Answer scheme: see “Fever”]
Which answer is correct?
[*] There is a drug to treat the novel coronavirus.
[*] There is a vaccine for the novel coronavirus.
[*] There is both a drug for the treatment and a vaccine for the novel coronavirus.
[*] There is currently no drug treatment or vaccine for the novel coronavirus.
[*] Don’t know

Which of the following is correct about transmission of novel coronavirus?

[*] The novel coronavirus is transmissible from person to person.
[*] The novel coronavirus is transmitted by animals to humans only.
[*] The novel coronavirus is not transmissible.
[*] Don’t know

Please click CONTINUE to proceed

The novel coronavirus is transmissible from person to person.

Which of the following is correct about the transmission of the novel coronavirus?
Please select all transmission modes that apply.
[*] The novel coronavirus is transmissible via droplets through coughing, sneezing or intimate contact.
[*] The novel coronavirus is transmissible via the fecal-oral route.
[*] Don’t know

What is the incubation period (i.e., the time from viral infection to developing symptoms of illness) of the novel
coronavirus?
[*] Up to 3 days
[*] Up to 7 days
[*] Up to 14 days
[*] Don’t know

Which of the following statements about the cause of the novel coronavirus is correct?
[*] After a person has recovered from the disease, he/she is immune to the novel coronavirus.
[*] After a person has recovered from the disease, he/she is not necessarily immune to the novel coronavirus.
[*] Don’t know

Please click CONTINUE to proceed

What is your probability of getting infected with the novel coronavirus?

Extremely unlikely [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Extremely likely

How severe would contracting the novel coronavirus be for you?

Not severe [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Very severe
How susceptible do you consider yourself to an infection with the novel coronavirus?
Not at all susceptible [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Very susceptible

Please click CONTINUE to proceed

Next, we would like to know about you own practices related to the novel coronavirus.

I know how to protect myself from coronavirus

Not at all [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Very much so

For me avoiding an infection with the novel coronavirus in the current situation is…
Extremely difficult [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Extremely easy

Please click CONTINUE to proceed

I follow the recommendations from authorities in my country to prevent spread of novel coronavirus.
Not at all [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Very much so

Which of the following are effective measures to prevent the spread and infection of the novel coronavirus?
Please evaluate all preventive measures listed below.
Hand washing for 20 seconds
[*] Yes
[*] No
[*] Don’t know
Avoiding touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Use of disinfectants to clean hands when soap and water is not available for washing hands
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Staying home when you are sick or when you have a cold
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Not travelling abroad
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Herbal supplements
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Taking food supplements
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Covering your mouth when you cough
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Ensuring a balanced diet
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Avoiding close contact with someone who is infected
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Using algae
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Using caution when opening mail
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Avoiding eating meat
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]

Getting the flu shot

[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]

exercising regularly
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Wearing a face mask
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Avoiding places where many people gather
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]

Using antibiotics
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Drinking ginger tea
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Using homeopathic remedies
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Social distancing
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Self-quarantine
[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]

Drinking coconut juice

[Answer scheme: see “Hand washing”]
Another preventive measure, please specify…
[*] Yes
[*] No
[*] Don’t know

Please click CONTINUE to proceed

Which of the following measures have you taken to prevent infection from the novel coronavirus?
Please indicate for all measures below whether you have already taken them.
Hand washing for 20 seconds
[*] Yes
[*] No
[*] Does not apply
Avoiding touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands
Use of disinfectants to clean hands when soap and water was not available for
washing hands
Staying home when you were sick or when you had a cold
Not travelling abroad
Herbal supplements
Taking food supplements
Covering your mouth when you cough
Ensuring a balanced diet
Avoiding close contact with someone who is infected
Using algae
Using caution when opening mail
Avoiding eating meat
Getting the flu shot
Exercising regularly
Wearing a face mask
Avoiding places where many people gather
Using antibiotics
Drinking ginger tea
Using homeopathic remedies
Social distancing
Self-quarantine
Drinking coconut juice
Another preventive measure, please specify…
[*] Yes
[*] No
[*] Does not apply
Please click CONTINUE to proceed

Washing my hands often with water and soap for 20 seconds each time is
Very inconvenient [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Very easy to do

Please indicate how much you disagree or agree with the following statements
I see my family and friends washing their hands frequently.
Strongly disagree [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Strongly agree
Health authorities urge me to wash my hands frequently.
I seldomly have access to water and soap.
My hands dry out when I wash them frequently.
It helps to protect others to wash my hands frequently.

Please indicate how much you disagree or agree with the following statements
My family and friends avoid crowded areas.
Strongly disagree [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Strongly agree
My family and friends avoid social contacts.
Health authorities urge me to avoid crowded areas.
I want to protect others by avoiding crowded areas.
My employer urges me to avoid crowded areas at work. (if applicable)
Strongly disagree [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Strongly agree
Please choose one option per row.
The novel coronavirus to me feels ...
close to me [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] far away from me

New [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Old

Spreading slowly [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Spreading fast

Something I think about all the time [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Something I almost never think about

Fear-inducing [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Not fear-inducing

Media hyped [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Not media hyped

Worrying [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Not worrying

Something that makes me feel helpless [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Something I am able to combat with my own action
 Stressful [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Not stressful

Please click CONTINUE to proceed

How much do you trust the following sources of information in their reporting about the novel coronavirus?
Public television channels
Very little trust [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] A great deal of trust

Daily or weekly newspapers

Conversations with family and friends
Conversations with circle of colleagues
Consultation with health workers
Private television stations
Websites or online news pages (e.g. Ministry of Health, Malaysia website)
Journals (e.g. Focus, Spiegel, Stern)
Social media (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, WhatsApp)
Search engines (e.g. google)
Private radio stations
Public radio stations
Other sources, namely: _____
Very little trust [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] A great deal of trust

Please click CONTINUE to proceed

How often do you use the following sources of information to stay informed about the novel coronavirus?
Public television channels
Never [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Very often
Daily or weekly newspapers
Conversations with family and friends
Conversations with circle of colleagues
Private television stations
Websites or online news pages (e.g. Ministry of Health, Malaysia)
Journals (e.g. Focus, Spiegel, Stern)
Social media (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, WhatsApp)
Search engines (e.g. google)
Private radio stations
Public radio stations
Other sources, namely: _____
Never [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Very often

The type of information I need the most, relates to…

Symptoms of novel coronavirus

Personal stories from others about how they cope

Scientific progress in development of a vaccine against novel coronavirus

Scientific progress in development of treatment for novel coronavirus

How I can personally prevent spread of the disease

How I can take care of a person who is in the risk group

How I can best take care of my children’s school education

Details on travel restrictions

[*] Yes
[*] No

Other, please specify…

Please click CONTINUE to proceed
How often do you inform yourself about the novel coronavirus?
Never [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Several times a day

How much confidence do you have in the below individuals and organizations that they can handle the novel coronavirus
well?

Your own doctor

Not applicable [*]
Very low confidence [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Very high confidence
Your company physician (if applicable)
Your Employer (if applicable)
Media
Hospitals
Community Clinics
Ministry of Health, Malaysia
Majlis Keselamatan Negara
Medical professional associations (e.g. Persatuan Farmasi Malaysia, Persatuan Perubatan Malaysia)
Schools
Universities
Kindergartens
Transportation companies
Ngensi Pengurusan Bencana Negara (NADMA)
Non-government Profit (e.g.: MERCY Malaysia, Islamic Relief Malaysia)
Not applicable [*]
Very low confidence [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Very high confidence

Please click CONTINUE to proceed

Please now give your opinion on the following statements.

If a vaccine becomes available and is recommended for me, I would get it.
Strongly disagree [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Strongly agree

People who have visited outbreak areas of the novel coronavirus should be quarantined.
Strongly disagree [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Strongly agree
People who come from countries where there have been cases of coronavirus should be quarantined, whether they are sick
or not. [See answer scheme above.]
Tourists coming from countries where there have been cases of coronavirus should be quarantined.
[See answer scheme above.]
In the event of an outbreak it’s appropriate to avoid certain people on the basis of their country of origin.
[See answer scheme above.]
The government should restrict personal liberty rights to combat the novel coronavirus. [See answer scheme above.]
The government should restrict the personal right to freely choose one's place of residence and stay to combat the novel
coronavirus. [See answer scheme above.]
The government should restrict access to the Internet and social media to combat the spread of misinformation about the
novel coronavirus. [See answer scheme above.]
Community facilities such as schools or kindergartens should be closed. [See answer scheme above.]
Major events should be cancelled by the organizers. [See answer scheme above.]
I think that the measures currently being taken are greatly exaggerated. [See answer scheme above.]
Only affected community facilities such as schools or kindergartens should be closed. [See answer scheme above.]
It should only be allowed to leave his house for professional, health or urgent reasons. [See answer scheme above.]
In risk areas, major events should be cancelled by the organizers. [See answer scheme above.]

Anyone who is not originally from this country should be quarantined or sent away. [See answer scheme above.]
Anyone who doesn’t have a job in this country should be quarantined or sent away. [See answer scheme above.]
I think that….

…many very important things happen in the world, which the public is never informed about.
… politicians usually do not tell us the true motives for their decisions.
… government agencies closely monitor all citizens.
… events which superficially seem to lack a connection are often the result of secret activities.
… there are secret organizations that greatly influence political decisions.

certainly not true [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*]certainly true

Please click CONTINUE to proceed

Next, we would like to know if you implemented or plan to implement the following behaviors.

Bought extra medicines

[*] I already did that
[*] I plan to do that
[*] I don’t plan to do that
Bought extra supplies at the pharmacy
[See answer scheme above.]
Bought extra medication that I take regularly
[See answer scheme above.]
Bought food supplies on a large scale
Bought other everyday things on a large scale
Bought disinfectants on large scale
Avoided people who come from countries where corona virus cases have occurred, such as China or Italy
Stayed away from social events I had planned to attend
Canceled flights or train rides
Canceled holiday trips
Canceled business trips
Avoided visiting family even when I did not have symptoms of disease
Asked family members or friends not to visit me
Decided that my child could not meet with a friend
[*] I already did that
[*] I plan to do that
[*] I don’t plan to do that
Crises often involve fears and worries. Please let us know:

At the moment, how much do you worry about:

losing someone I love
don’t worry at all [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] worry a lot

health system being overloaded

schools closing
small companies running out of business
recession
restricted access to food supplies
blackouts
society getting more egoistic
becoming unemployed
other: ____

What is your probability of getting infected with the seasonal flu (influenza)?
Extremely unlikely [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Extremely likely

How severe would contracting the seasonal flu (influenza) be for you?
Not severe [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Very severe

How susceptible do you consider yourself to an infection with the seasonal flu (influenza)?

Not at all susceptible [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] [*] Very susceptible

Please click CONTINUE to proceed

Following are infographics in relation to coronavirus novel.

Please tick [ / ] for each statement.

Infographic of handwashing is
[ ] interesting
[ ] easy to understand
[ ] easy to recall steps to hand washing
[ ] accurate information
[ ] credible
Infographic of disposal face mask is
[ ] interesting
[ ] easy to understand
[ ] easy to recall steps to dispose face mask
[ ] accurate information
[ ] credible
Infographic of social distancing is
[ ] interesting
[ ] easy to understand
[ ] easy to practice social distancing
[ ] accurate information
[ ] credible
Infographic of Movement Control Order (MCO) is
[ ] interesting
[ ] easy to understand
[ ] east to recall the Order
[ ] accurate information
[ ] credible

Share your feelings and experience in this difficult situation related to coronavirus novel pandemic (if necessarily)

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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 Debriefing

Thank you very much!

Your participation provides valuable insights for all of us to react appropriately in the current novel coronavirus situation and to reach
all citizens with useful information in a timely manner.
If you have any questions, please contact Associate Prof. Dr Nor Ba’yah Abdul Kadir (aknbayah@ukm.edu.my)

Please click CONTINUE to finish the survey