Chapter 24

GÖTTINGEN: The Palaeontological
Collections of the Geoscience Museum
at the Georg-August University
in Göttingen

Alexander Gehler, Mike Reich, and Joachim Reitner

As starting point of the palaeontological collections at the Georg-August University of

Göttingen (known informally also as Georgia Augusta), the founding of the Royal
Academic Museum in 1773 can be considered. However, due to the accession of whole
collections from various sources after this date as well as from the acquisition of objects
from early academic teachers of the University (founded in 1737) a considerable num-
ber of items dates back as far as to the late seventeenth century (Reich 2012a). A good
example for this may be one of the collection’s oldest objects, a large slab of Early
Jurassic Posidonia Shale from southern Germany (Fig. 24.1), excavated around the year
1700 and first mentioned and figured by Hiemer (1724). It was acquired together with
the collection of Georg August Ebell (1745–1824) in 1827 (Reich 2010, 2014). Another
example are skeletal remains of the woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis) from

A. Gehler (*)
Geowissenschaftliches Museum, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Georg-August-
Universität, Göttingen, Germany
e-mail: agehler@gwdg.de
M. Reich
SNSB - Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie, München, Germany
Bereich Paläontologie & Geobiologie, Department für Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften,
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
GeoBio-Center, LMU, München, Germany
e-mail: m.reich@lrz.uni-muenchen.de
J. Reitner
Geowissenschaftliches Museum, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Georg-August-
Universität, Göttingen, Germany
Abteilung Geobiologie, Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Georg-August-Universität,
Göttingen, Germany
e-mail: jreitne@gwdg.de

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 261

L. A. Beck, U. Joger (eds.), Paleontological Collections of Germany,
Austria and Switzerland, Natural History Collections,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77401-5_24
262 A. Gehler et al.

Fig. 24.1 Sea-lily
(Seirocrinus subangularis)
from the Early Jurassic
Posidonia Shale of
southern Germany, also
known as the “swabian
caput medusae”, first
illustrated by Hiemer
(1724) [Inv.-no. GZG.
HST.04999]. Size of the
slab approx. 1 m2.
Photo: GZG
Museum/G. Hundertmark

the southwestern margin of the Harz mountains, sent to the Göttingen professor Samuel
Christian Hollmann (1696–1787) in 1750 and 1751 (Hollmann 1753a, b) that were later
incorporated into the museum collections and served, together with material from
Russia, as a basis for the scientific description of the species by Johann Friedrich
Blumenbach (1752–1840) in 1799 (Blumenbach 1799).
The collection attained a first significant growth, already in its founding year with
the purchase of the coin and natural history cabinet of Christian Wilhelm Büttner
(1716–1801) that contained besides coins, objects of art and archaeology as well as
zoological specimens, minerals, rocks and gemstones, also a considerable amount of
fossils. In 1777 the large geoscientific collection of Christoph Andreas Schlüter
(1668–1743), previously stored at the Royal library in Hannover, was obtained,
together with objects with provenance from Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716)
(Fig. 24.2) that have been kept there too (Walliser and Alberti 1987; Reitner et al.
2001; Reich 2012b; Reich et al. 2014, 2015a; Reich and Gehler 2014).
Starting from 1776, J. F. Blumenbach steered the fortunes of the royal academic
museum for several decades, first as the curator of the collections under the direc-
tion of Christian Gottlob Heyne (1729–1812), from 1812 onwards as its director.
A first comprehensive catalogue of the Academic Museum collections was fin-
ished by J. F. Blumenbach in 1778 that lists more than 1500 positions with palaeon-
tological objects.
In the same year an alumnus of the Georgia Augusta, Georg Thomas von Asch
(1729–1807), started his substantial donations (mainly books, coins, objects of nat-
24  GÖTTINGEN: The Palaeontological Collections at the Georg-August University 263

Fig. 24.2 Tree-like
horsetail (Annularia
sphenophylloides), from
the Late Carboniferous of
Planitz near Zwickau;
Saxony from the collection
of G. W. Leibniz together
with a handwritten label of
J. F. Blumenbach [Inv.-no.
GZG.HST.00916]. Size ca
10 × 7.5 cm. Photo: GZG
Museum/G. Hundertmark

Fig. 24.3  Metacarpal bone

of a woolly rhinoceros
(Coelodonta antiquitatis)
from the Pleistocene of the
hyaena cave in Kirkdale,
England with cave hyaena
(Crocuta crocuta spelaea)
gnaw-marks. A donation of
W. Buckland with a
handwritten label of J. F.
Blumenbach [Inv.-no.
GZG.HST.00169]. Length
ca 16 cm. Photo: GZG
Museum/G. Hundertmark

ural history and ethnography) from all over the vast Russian Empire, including a
considerable number of fossils. His continuous endowments lasted for nearly three
decades, until 1806 (Reich et al. 2014).
In 1793 the (Royal) Academic Museum moved with all its collections (excluding
the herbaria, which were placed in the botanical gardens now) due to reasons of
space from the eastern wing of the university library to another building nearby that
formerly served as residence for professors.
The palaeontological collections of the Academic Museum (as well as his private
collection) were growing continuously under Blumenbach’s care. His colleagues and
correspondants, like Joseph Banks (1743–1820), William Buckland (1784–1856),
Petrus Camper (1722–1789), Jean-André Deluc (1727–1817), Georges Cuvier
(1769–1832), Georg Forster (1754–1794), Johann Reinhold Forster (1729–1798),
Carl Ludwig Giesecke (1761–1833), Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832),
Adolf von Hüpsch (1730–1805), Martin Hinrich Carl Lichtenstein (1780–1857),
Martinus van Marum (1750–1837), Johann Heinrich Merck (1741–1791) and
Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring (1755–1830) supported him with considerable
numbers of natural history objects (Fig. 24.3).
264 A. Gehler et al.

Fig. 24.4 Trilobites
(Ellipsocephalus hoffi)
from the Middle Cambrian
of Jince, Czech Republic.
A gift of E. F. von
Schlotheim (who named
the species after another
pupil of Blumenbach, K. E.
A. von Hoff) with a
handwritten label of J. F.
Blumenbach [Inv.-no.
GZG.HST.00873]. Size ca
6.5 × 4.5 cm. Photo: GZG
Museum/G. Hundertmark

A growing number of current and former students, among them Christian Leopold
von Buch (1774–1853), Christian VIII. of Denmark and Norway (1786–1848), Karl
Ernst Adolf von Hoff (1771–1837), Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859), Georg
Heinrich von Langsdorff (1774–1852), Ludwig I. von Bayern (1786–1868), Ernst
Friedrich von Schlotheim (1764–1832), Vasilij Michajlovič Severgin (1765–1826)
and Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied (1782–1867), followed this practice (Fig. 24.4).
After the death of J. F. Blumenbach in 1840, Johann Friedrich Ludwig Hausmann
(1782–1859) took over the direction of the Academic Museum, who already held
the first geoscientific chair (mineralogy and technology) at Göttingen University
and was involved in the curation of the mineralogical collection since 1815.
Blumenbachs private natural history collections that complemented the still existing
inventory in an excellent way were purchased by the University a few months after
his death (Reich and Gehler 2012).
A large contribution of more than 2,500 palaeontological objects was made by
Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen (1809–1876) in 1847 that were part of a
donation of overall more than 13,000 geoscientific specimens (Anonymus 1862), in
1848, von Waltershausen got an extraordinary professorship for mineralogy and
geology in Göttingen. After rejecting several sale offers of fossil collections in for-
mer years, e.g. in 1838 that of Friedrich Adolph Roemer (1809–1869) and in 1845
that of Georg Graf zu Münster (1776–1844), the university in 1856 bought the col-
lection of Friedrich Ludwig Christian Jugler (1792–1871) with a large regional
focus. After the death of J. F. L. Hausmann in 1859, W. S. v. Waltershausen followed
him as ordinary professor of mineralogy and geology and director of the mineral-
ogical collections (that at this time included palaeontology as well) in 1860. In 1862
these collections were moved, again due to reasons of space, to the university’s Aula
at the Wilhelmsplatz. A second geoscientific professorship (geology-palaeontology)
was installed and filled with Karl von Seebach (1839–1880) in 1863. In the same
year, the collection of Heinrich Anton Karl Berger (1796–1861) was bought, already
one year before that of Friedrich Armbrust (1830–1861) and K. v. Seebach donated
his personal collection in 1866, the year the collections were moved again to a for-
mer hospital building in the Mühlenstraße (Seebach 1867) (Fig. 24.5). Subsequently
24  GÖTTINGEN: The Palaeontological Collections at the Georg-August University 265

Fig. 24.5  Skeleton of an

European badger (Meles
meles) from the
Pleistocene travertines of
the area of Weimar,
Thuringia, originating
from the collection of K. v.
Seebach and published by
Hermann von Meyer in
1859 [Inv.-no.
GZG.V.21237]. Size ca 25
× 20 cm. Photo: GZG
Museum/G. Hundertmark

a lot more (smaller) acquisitions were made (Seebach 1869, 1870, 1871). Two
larger collections containing palaeontological objects were acquired from Georg
Landgrebe (1802–1873) and Wilhelm Waagen (1841–1900) in 1869 and 1870
respectively (von Seebach 1870, 1871). Two more large collections were accessed,
one from Friedrich Ernst Witte (1803–1872) as a donation in 1873 the other from
Friedrich Ludolf Hausmann (1810–1880), oldest son of J. F. L. Hausmann, which in
part also contained fossils, as a purchase in 1875 (Reich et al. 2014).
A milestone was reached in 1877 with the reunification of all collections of natu-
ral sciences in the newly built Natural History Museum nearby the railway station,
where the palaeontological collections should be housed for nearly the next
100 years.
After K. v. Seebachs early death, Adolf von Koenen (1837–1915) was set on his
position in 1881, his private collection was purchased one year later. In 1884 an own
institute for geology and palaeontology was founded.
Further partial collections were purchased, e.g. those of Johann Georg
Bornemann (1831–1896) in 1897 and Heinrich Ludolf Wissmann (1815–1892) in
1899 as well as a large collection of fossil ostracods from Ernst Lienenklaus
(1849–1905) in 1905.
As successor of A. v. Koenen, Josef Felix Pompeckj (1867–1930) was appointed
in 1907 as professor for geology and palaeontology.
After J. Pompeckj moved to a professorship in Tübingen, Hans Stille (1876–
1966) got his position in 1913. Also in 1913, another important purchase was
made with a large part of the collection of Anton Schrammen (1869–1953) and
Hugo Wegele (1886–1914) received his doctorate with a work on Tertiary sedi-
266 A. Gehler et al.

ments in the area of Willershausen, Lower Saxony, that laid the foundation for
the still ongoing exploration of the Pliocene fossil lagerstaette Willershausen
(e.g. Reich 2008; Reich and Gehler 2011) and the huge respective collection
with today more than 40,000 specimens.
In the first year of World War I, H. Stille was drafted to military service and was
substituted first by the emeritus A. v. Koenen until his death in 1915 and later by
Rudolf Wedekind (1883–1961), who also donated his fossil collection in 1915 to the
University of Göttingen. He moved in 1917 to the University of Marburg. However,
additionally to his Marburg position, he realised his tasks in Göttingen still until
November 1918, when H. Stille returned to Göttingen.
In 1922, Hermann Schmidt (1892–1978) was employed as a curator for the geo-
logical-palaeontological collections. As in 1932 H.  Stille moved to Berlin, the
search for a successor could not be completed until 1934. Finally in 1935, Othenio
Abel (1875–1946) was appointed as chair. During the yearly conference of the
Paläontologische Gesellschaft in 1937, a new permanent exhibition, initiated by
O.  Abel, was inaugurated that contained besides reconstructions of fossil verte-
brates on large paintings and as sculptures from Franz Roubal (1889–1967) also a
special part dedicated to history of palaeontology, particular with regard to the his-
torical collections of Göttingen University. Also in 1937, a second (extraordinary)
professorship (geology) was established in the Geological-palaeontological insti-
tute and was filled with Walter Schriel (1892–1959), who took over the chair profes-
sorship after O. Abel became Emeritus in 1940 (Walliser and Alberti 1987; Reitner
et al. 2001; Reich et al. 2014).
The losses due to World War II occurred mainly in 1945. Although moderate,
they were deeply distressing, as besides important type material, also original speci-
mens illustrated by Leibniz (1749) in his “Protogaea” as well as some Blumenbachiana
were among them. Early in 1945, 25 boxes with exceptionally valuable material
from the Geological-palaeontological institute were removed to the potash mine
Volpriehausen near Göttingen to ensure a safe storage, to which already parts of the
famous collection of Baltic Amber from the Albertus University in Königsberg (at
that time a partner university) were had been evacuated. They survived there safely
the end of the war, however, in September an underground explosion destroyed
large parts of the books and objects from Göttingen University and other places
stored there. Already in the last war weeks, on 7th April 1945, a blockbuster bomb
hit the museum building and parts of the permanent exhibition were destroyed
(Schmidt 1964; Reich et al. 2014, 2015b).
After the suspension of W. Schriel in 1945 by the British occupation authorities,
Erich Bederke (1895–1978) became ordinarius for geology and palaeontology in
Göttingen in 1946. Following World War II also some scientists who formerly
worked in Königsberg found a new home in Göttingen, among them Karl Erich
Andrée (1880–1959), once scholar of A. v. Koenen in Göttingen and later professor
at the Albertus University as well as director of the formerly world’s largest amber
collection. From the latter, luckily the most important part in two wooden boxes was
recovered from the Volpriehausen potash mine before the explosion took place
(more material was retrieved still from the rubble after the explosion), in all the
24  GÖTTINGEN: The Palaeontological Collections at the Georg-August University 267

Fig. 24.6 Damselfly
(Odonata: Zygoptera) in
Eocene Baltic amber,
originating from the former
Königsberg Amber
Collection [Inv.-no. GZG.
BST.05506]. Size ca 5 ×
4.5 cm. Photo: GZG
Museum/G. Hundertmark

saved part comprised about 20,000 samples. Until 1958 this supply was kept in the
central storage for cultural heritage of the British occupation zone in Celle, thereaf-
ter it was placed under trusteeship of the University of Göttingen in the palaeonto-
logical collections, where it is kept until today (Fig. 24.6). In 1961 H. Schmidt (who
had become adjunct professor in 1927 and extraordinary professor in 1954) retired.
A second chair professorship (palaeontology) was erected in the Geological-
palaeontological institute in 1963 and filled with Adolf Seilacher (1925–2014). As
he moved to Tübingen in 1965, his position was replaced by Otto Heinrich Walliser
(1928–2010). In the same year E. Bederke’s chair was reoccupied (now solely geol-
ogy) after his retirement in 1965 with Henno Martin (1910–1998).
In 1966, Siegfried Ritzkowski (born 1933) became curator of the geological and
palaeontological collections. An eminent acquisition was made in 1968, when a
special collection of the Pliocene fossil lagerstaette Willershausen with more than
17,000 specimens was purchased from Adolf Straus (1904–1986). A.  Straus did
already his doctorate in 1929 on palaeobotanical aspects of this famous locality with
H. Schmidt as his supervisor. Despite he pursued a professional career away from
geosciences, his interest in investigating this special fossil site (including the accu-
mulation of extensive collections) lasted life long (Fig. 24.7).
From 1974 to 1976 the palaeontological collections were moved to their contem-
porary location on the northern campus of Göttingen University.
Hans Jahnke (born 1941) was employed as a second curator in 1976, in the same
year the geological collection of the Adolfinum secondary school in Bückeburg,
Lower Saxony was committed to Göttingen as a long-term loan. This collection,
consisting of about 1,500 specimens, focuses mainly on vertebrate remains (e.g.
268 A. Gehler et al.

Fig. 24.7  Eurasian field

mouse (Apodemus atavus)
from the Pliocene fossil
lagerstätte Willershausen,
Lower Saxony [Inv.-no.
GZG.W.20027]. Picture
width ca. 12 cm. Photo:
GZG
Museum/G. Hundertmark

Fig. 24.8  Small ornithischian dinosaur (Stenopelix valdensis) from the Early Cretaceous, found in
1855 on the Harrl heights near Bückeburg, Lower Saxony and described by Hermann von Meyer
in 1857. It belongs to the geological collection of the Adolfinum secondary school in Bückeburg
[Inv.-no. GZG.BA.00048]. Size ca 60 × 35 cm. Photo: GZG Museum/G. Hundertmark

crocodiles, turles and dinosaurs) from Lower Cretaceous (Berriasian) strata of the
Bückeburg area (Fig. 24.8) (Reich et al. 2014; Reich et al. 2015).
The retirement of O. H. Walliser took place in 1993, he was followed by Joachim
Reitner (born 1952), who holds this position since 1994. After the retirement of
S. Ritzkowski in 1998 (without restoring his position) and H. Jahnke in 2004, Mike
Reich (born 1973) became curator of the collections (including the entire mineral-
ogical collections as a result of the retirement of Günter Schnorrer (1941–2015)
with end of year 2003).
In 2008 an important acquisition was made with the collections of Manfred
Kutscher (born 1943) that focus mainly on Bitterfeld Amber and invertebrates from
Cretaceous strata of northern Germany. When, in 2014, M. Reich switched to the
Bavarian State Collections of Palaeontology and Geology in Munich, Alexander
Gehler (born 1978) became curator of the Göttingen geoscience collections.
24  GÖTTINGEN: The Palaeontological Collections at the Georg-August University 269

Overall, the palaeontological collections today incorporate about 2.5 million

objects, which are dispersed on micropalaeontology (ca 2,000,000), invertebrate
palaeontology (ca 250,000), vertebrate palaeontology (ca 100,000), palaeobotany
(ca 40,000), Willershausen collection (ca 40,000), amber collections (ca 30,000),
fossil lagerstaetten (excluding Willershausen ca 15,000), ichnofossils (ca 12,000),
Adolfinum collection (ca 1,500).
In addition to the persons mentioned above, in the course of their studentical
education, doctorate or postdoctoral work, a large number of other well-known pal-
aeontologically working geoscientists of the nineteenth and twentieth century spent
time at the Georgia Augusta, to mention only a small selection, this included
Hermann Credner (1841–1913), Franz Eugen Geinitz (1854–1925), Louis
Beushausen (1863–1904), James Perrin Smith (1864–1931), Alexander Tornquist
(1868–1944), Arnold Bode (1876–1961), Wilhelm Freudenberg (1881–1960), Hans
Salfeld (1882–19??), Anselm Windhausen (1882–1932), Rudolf Wedekind (1883–
1961), Fritz Dahlgrün (1894–1954), Hans Gallwitz (1896–1958), Otto Heinrich
Schindewolf (1896–1971), Kurt Friedrich Daniel Fiege (1897–1983), Roland
Brinkmann (1898–1995), Otto Sickenberg (1901–1974), Johannes Wolburg (1905–
1976), Martin Schwarzbach (1907–2003), Ulrich Lehmann (1916–2003), Arno
Hermann Müller (1916–2004) and Jürgen Remane (1934–2004).
This explains once more the highly diversified research that was performed in
Göttingen within the last nearly three centuries in all fields of palaeontology. Today,
the palaeontological research areas focus mainly on invertebrates, early life on earth
(geobiology) and geomicrobiology, as well as on palaeobotany and amber research.

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