GT 1, 2

Loading and Unloading

(3.3-0055)
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Loading and Unloading

Refer also to control logic diagrams of functional groups and description of electrical
control system.

1. Operation with functional group control

During on-line running with Auto program control, only the electro-hydraulic
controller is in operation. It consists of three separate controllers, i.e. the speed
controller, the load controller, and the temperature controller.

The maximum selection circuit decides between the output signals of the
temperature controller and the speed or load controller.

The minimum selection circuit is continuously operative between the temperature

controller and the speed or load controller.

The controller in operation is indicated in the local control room.

1.1 Operation with load controller

The unit is normally under the control of the load controller which becomes
operative as soon as the unit has been synchronized and serves to load and unload
the unit at normal or fast gradient.

Two instruments in the control room indicate two different reference load values.
The upper instrument shows the present reference value of the load and the lower
one an adjustable load setpoint. Prior to start-up, the setpoint should be set to the
desired load in the control room.

The Load or Unload mode can be selected with push buttons.

The Unload button is used to select 0 MW. The Load button serves to adjust the
setpoint load. The Unload button should only be operated when the unit is to be
unloaded to 0 MW.

Additional buttons are provided to select normal or fast gradient [see Fig. 1].

1.1.1 After the unit has been synchronized with the system, the load controller is
switched on automatically. After the parallel switching process, the system is
changed over to station service supply. The unit is suddenly loaded to a
predetermined value [see Fig. 1] which has been preset in the controller.
Subsequent loading to the selected setpoint load takes place at the selected
gradient. During this procedure the speed controller output is adjusted to track the
load controller output.
1.1.2 The normal gradient should now be selected to avoid any unnecessary thermal
stress during operation.
1.1.3 Any further changes in the load which may later become necessary (loading and
unloading) should be made by adjusting the setpoint at the load controller. The
load is then adjusted to the new setpoint load at the normal gradient.

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1.1.4 To shut down the unit, the automatic stop button must be pushed. The unit is then
unloaded to 1 MW at the normal gradient. If the fast gradient is selected prior to
the automatic stop command, an internal control loop brings about changeover to
the normal gradient.
When 7 MW is reached the station service supply is changed over. At a residual
load of 1 MW the fuel control valve opens to an extent of about 95 % as a result
of which the amount of fuel is reduced to such an extent that the gas turbine goes
into the reverse power mode and due to the opening of the circuit breaker is
disconnected from the system. The speed then drops with the injected fuel
quantity kept constant and at about 2300 rpm causes the emergency stop valve to
close.

1.2 Operation with speed controller

This mode of control is only possible at no load with tripped circuit breaker and
with- the unit in the isolated operation mode for supply of the station service load.

1.3 Operation with temperature controller

The temperature controller is used as a limiter for the base load and peak load for
protection of the turbine. It is engaged whenever the rising gas temperature
reaches the limit value selected (minimum selection), regardless of whether the
unit is under the control of the load controller or speed controller. The temperature
controller takes over from the other controller as soon as the Temperature
Controller light is illuminated.

1.4 Special conditions

1.4.1 Before the load is decreased further (isolated operation), or the unit is shut down
after partial-load or full-load rejection, the turbine should be kept In operation at
the particular load point for the same time as would be required for unloading at
the nor- mal gradient. This is to reduce the thermal stress on the blades.
1.4.2 Shutdown tests for checking the dynamic response of the unit should be avoided
as this would unduly subject the blades of the turbine to thermal stress.
To obtain evidence of proper functioning of the control devices, it is sufficient to
perform the load-rejection test from 25 % of base load to unit auxiliary load.
The momentary speed rise resulting from a full- load rejection can be determined
by extrapolation and must be 1 % below the setting of the emergency governor.

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2. Manual
2.1 Electro-hydraulic controller
This mode differs from operation with functional group control only in the
procedure used to shut down the unit.
After the unit has been synchronized by means of the speed controller, the load
controller assumes control of the unit.
Prior to closing the circuit breaker, select the
 load setpoint and the
 normal gradient or fast gradient.
The load reference value is adjusted to the selected setpoint at 0 MW at the
selected gradient, with the speed controller output being adjusted to track the load
controller output. Following load rejection, the speed controller assumes control
of the unit at a slight overspeed.
2.2 Hydraulic governor
The hydraulic governor is to be used for load operation only if the EHC should
fail.
The hydraulic governor is a speed controller only. Loading can thus only be
performed by means of the speed changer. In such a case, the electro-hydraulic
converter is isolated on its oil side, and the temperature controller cannot become
operative.
2.2.1 Initially the unit can be suddenly loaded to a pre-determined value [Fig. 1] by
speed setting at the maximum rate.
2.2.2 Further loading to the preset setpoint load is permissible only at the gradient for a
normal start or a fast start [Fig. 1].
Note: Ensure that the limit temperature (see Test Record 3.7-0612) is not
exceeded, since the temperature controller cannot be engaged. To prevent any
excursion of the limit temperature, the rate of load change must be reduced shortly
before the turbine inlet temperature reaches the limit value.
The fixed limit settings for warning and protective tripping however remain
effective continuously (see Test Record 3.7-0100).
2.2.3 Any further changes in the load can then only be made at the normal gradient by
means of the speed changer of the hydraulic governor.
However, loading or unloading is now only permissible at the normal gradient.

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

 Turbine outlet
temperature  ATK
Loading Unloading Peak load temperature

Base load temperature

Base load temperature – 20 °K

4 MW / min 4 MW / min 4 MW / min

~ 15 °C / min

30 MW / min 11 MW / min 11 MW / min

Normal loading and unloading

Fast rate loading

Terminal
output

20

MW

10
Figure 1:
Automatic Loading and Unloading
4
0
Time after synchronising
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