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Equation of State of Protoneutron Star with Trapped Neutrinos

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2006 Commun. Theor. Phys. 45 901

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Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China) 45 (2006) pp. 901–905

c International Academic Publishers Vol. 45, No. 5, May 15, 2006

Equation of State of Protoneutron Star with Trapped Neutrinos∗

ZHANG Hua and JIA Huan-Yu

Institute of Morden Physics, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China

(Received August 29, 2005; Revised December 28, 2005)

Abstract The influence of trapped neutrinos on the proto-neutron star is studied in the framework of relativistic
mean-field theory. The results show that trapped neutrinos increase proton fraction and make the equation of state of
neutron star matter softer when neglecting hyperonic freedom, while suppress the appearance of hyperons and make the
equation of state stiffer when including hyperons in the protoneutron star. The maximum mass, compared with cold
neutron star which is in beta equilibrium, decreases by 0.06M for non-strange protoneutron star while increases by
0.21M for protoneutron star with hyperons when the relative number of trapped neutrino is 0.4.
PACS numbers: 26.60.+c, 21.65.+f, 21.80.+a
Key words: protoneutron star, neutrino, equation of state

1 Introduction nova ultimately produces a cold neutron star or a black

A protoneutron star (PNS) is formed in the aftermath
of supernova explosion as the stellar remnant becomes
gravitationally decoupled from the expanding ejecta. As
the collapse proceeds, the density rises and increases the
electron capture rate. Neutrinos, which are produced via
electron captures, diffuse out of the star almost without
interaction until the density reaches so high that the neu-
trino mean free path decreases enough to make the neu-
trino diffusion time smaller than the dynamical time for
collapse.[1,2] Thereafter, neutrinos are unable to diffuse
out fast enough and become trapped in the inner core of
PNS .
Compared with a cold, neutrino-free neutron star,
which is in beta equilibrium state, two new properties
must be investigated for protoneutron star. Firstly, ther-
mal effect results in approximately 1 or 2 entropy per
baryon (S) across the star.[1,3] Secondly, since neutrinos
are trapped in the star on the dynamical time scale, the
neutrino chemical potential is non-zero, which alters the
composition of the star by altering the chemical equilib-
rium of weak process. These two new effects play an im-
portant role in determining whether or not a given super-
hole.
The properties of PNSs are mainly determined by the
equation of state of neutron star matter. Nuclear matter
at high densities and temperatures exhibits strangeness
freedom due to weak interaction. These new species in-
fluence the properties of the equation of state of PNS.
The relativistic mean-field (RMF) theory completed by
Walecka[4] has been quite successfully and widely used for
the description of nuclear matter and finite nuclei,[4,5] ro-
tation nuclei,[5] nuclei far from β stability,[6,7] etc. RMF
has been first used by Glendenning[8] for describing the
equation of state of neutron star matter with hyperons.
Since then, many studies have been done on the neu-
tron star matter including hyperons in the framework of
RMF.[9−12] In this article, we use extended RMF theory
which includes hyperons, strange mesons and neutrinos to
describe equation of state and thermal properties of PNS.
2 Methodology and Equation of State
In the theory of RMF, baryons interact via the ex-
change of mesons. The total Lagrangian density can be
written as

X 1 1
`RMF = ψ̄B [iγu ∂ u − (mB − gσB σ − gσ∗ B σ ∗ ) − (gωB ω + gφB φ + gρB τ3 ρ)γ 0 ]ψB − m2σ σ 2 − g2 σ 3
2 3
B
1 1 1 1 1 X
− g3 σ 4 + m2ω ω 2 + m2ρ ρ2 − m2σ∗ σ ∗2 + m2φ φ2 + ψ̄l (iγu ∂ u − ml )ψl , (1)
4 2 2 2 2
l
where the first sum runs over (n, p, Λ, Σ+ , Σ0 , Σ− , Ξ0 , Ξ− ), and the last term represents free leptons Lagrangian density.
The exchange mesons consist of isoscalar scalar meson σ, vector meson ω, isovector vector meson ρ, and two strange
mesons (σ ∗ and φ), which couple only to hypersons. The inclusion of nonlinear σ terms is essential to reproduce
the feature of relativistic Brueckner–Hartree–Fock theory and satisfy properties of finite nuclei.[13] In recent years, it
is found that effective interactions of meson-baryon couplings based on the RMF theory have great influence on the
properties and EOS of neutron star.[14,15] Here we limit ourselves to the study of influence of trapped-neutrinos on the

∗ The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China

902 ZHANG Hua and JIA Huan-Yu Vol. 45

proto-neutron star and adopt GL85[8] parameter set for the meson-nucleon couplings and self-coupling constants. As
for the hyperon couplings, we employ the relations derived from SU(6) symmetry,[16−18]
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
gσN = gσΛ = gσΣ = gσΞ , gωN = gωΛ = gωΣ = gωΞ , gρΛ = 0 , gρN = gρΣ = gρΞ ,
3√ 2 2 3 2 2√ 2
2 2 2 2
gσN = 2gσ∗ Λ = 2gσ∗ Σ = gσ∗ Ξ , gσ∗ N = 0 , gωN = 2gφΛ = 2gφΣ = gφΞ =, xφN = 0 . (2)
3 3
It is straightforward to obtain the partition function for the hadronic degree of freedom,
V X (2JB + 1) Z ∞
ln ZB = h`i + k 2 dk{ln[1 + e −(εB (k)−µB )/T ] + ln[1 + e −(ε̄B (k)−µ̄B )/T ]} . (3)
T 2π 2 0
B
In the RMF theory, the meson fields are treated as classical fields, and the field operators are replaced by their
expectation value. The five meson field equations in the uniform matter with finite temperature read
2JB + 1 ∞ m∗B
X Z
2 2 3
mσ σ + g2 σ + g3 σ = gσB k 2 nB (k)dk , (4)
2π 2
p
k 2 + m∗2
B 0 B

2JB + 1 ∞ 2
X Z
m2ω ω + c3 ω 3 = gωB k nB (k)dk , (5)
(2π)3 0
B
Z ∞
X 2JB + 1
m2ρ ρ = gρB τ 3B k 2 nB (k)dk , (6)
(2π)3 0
B
2JB + 1 ∞ m∗B
X Z
m2σ∗ σ ∗ = gσ∗B k 2 nB (k)dk , (7)
2π 2
p
k 2 + m∗2
B 0 B

2JB + 1 kB 2
X Z
m2φ φ = gφB k nB (k)dk , (8)
(2π)3 0
B
where m∗B = mB −gσB σ −gσ∗ B σ ∗ is the effective mass of baryon and nB (k) is the baryon number density at temperature
T , which is given by
1
nB (k) = . (9)
1 + exp[(εB (k) − µB )/T ]
Using partition function of hadrons, the energy density and pressure can be derived from the grand canonical
potential or the energy-momentum tensor in a standard way,
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ε = g2 σ 3 + g3 σ 4 + m2σ σ 2 + m2σ∗ σ ∗2 + m2ω ω 2 + m2φ φ2 + m2ρ ρ2
3 4 2 2 2 2 2
X 2JB + 1 Z ∞ p
2
+ k 2 + m∗2
B k nB (k)dk , (10)
2π 2 0
B
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
p = − g2 σ 3 − g3 σ 4 − m2σ σ 2 − m2σ∗ σ ∗2 + m2ω ω 2 + m2φ φ2 + m2ρ ρ2
3 4 2 2 2 2 2
1 X 2JB + 1 ∞ k4
Z
+ nB (k)dk . (11)
2π 2
p
3 0 k 2 + m∗2
B B

Since the interactions of leptons give negligible contributions to the equation of state, the partition function can be
used with non-interacting form,
V X µ4i h  πT 2 7  πT 4 i
ln ZL = 1 + 2 +
T i 24π 2 µi 15 µi
X 1 Z ∞
+V 2
k 2 dk{ln[1 + e −(ελ (k)−µλ )/T ] + ln[1 + e −(ε̄λ (k)−µ̄λ )/T ]} , (12)
π 0
λ
where the first term gives the contribution of neutrinos and µi represents chemical potential of electro-neutrino and
muon-neutrino. The second term gives the contribution of electrons and muons. From Eq. (12), the contribution of
leptons to energy density and pressure can be written as
X 1 Z ∞q X 7π 2 T 4 T 2 µ2v µ4v
εl = (k 2 + m2 )k 2 n (k)dk = + + , (13)
l l
π2 0 v
120 4 8π 2
l
Z ∞
1X 1 k4 X 1 
2 4 2 2 15µ4 
pl = n l (k)dk = 7π T + 30T µv + . (14)
π2 0 π2
p
3 k 2 + m2l v
360
l
No. 5 Equation of State of Protoneutron Star with Trapped Neutrinos 903

The composition of PNS, within which only baryons strongly interact, is determined by the requirements of charge
neutrality and equilibrium under the weak process. When the neutrinos are trapped in the system, the beta equilibrium
of the cold neutron star is altered to µB = µn −qB (µe −µve ), where µve is the chemical potential of the electron neutrino.
Because neutrinos are trapped in the protoneutron star, the numbers of leptons per baryon of each flavor of neutrino
are conserved on dynamical time scales, Yl = (ρl + ρvl )/ρ = const., l = e, u. The influence of trapped neutrinos on
the PNS thus can be calculated by fixing relative numbers of leptons in the star. A PNS has approximately uniform
entropy per baryon (S) of 1 ∼ 2 across the star.[16] In our calculation, we fix S = 1 to see the influence of trapped
neutrinos on the compositional structure and thermal properties of a PNS at birth.

3 Results
Firstly, we calculate the properties of non-strange PNS which consists of only neutrons, protons and leptons. In
Fig. 1, the fraction of proton in neutron star increases as a function of density when Ye ranges from 0.1 to 0.4. The
condition of charge neutrality makes the increase become slow at higher density. Figure 2 shows the fraction of the
i-th species Yi = ρi /ρ, as a function of the total baryon density ρ when Ye = 0.4. The threshold density of muon
appearance is about at ρ = 0.3 fm−3 . With the appearance of muon and the gradual decrease of electron neutrinos,
the number of proton becomes increasing due to charge neutrality. In Fig. 3, we show the pressure as a function of
total baryon density when Ye ranges from 0.1 to 0.4 and star in beta equilibrium. Since the increase of the number
of proton will decrease energy density and pressure, the abundance of trapped neutrinos makes the equation of state
softer.

Fig. 1 The fraction of protons in the PNS as a function of Fig. 2 The fraction of the i-th species, Yi = ρi /ρ, as a function
the total baryon density ρ. of the total baryon density ρ when Ye = 0.4.

Fig. 3 The pressure of PNS without hyperons as a function Fig. 4 When Ye = 0.4, the fraction of the i-th species, Yi =
of total baryon density. ρi /ρ as a function of the total baryon density ρ in the PNS
with hyperons.

Secondly, the properties of hyperon-rich PNS have been calculated. In Fig. 4, the fraction of species in the PNS is
904 ZHANG Hua and JIA Huan-Yu Vol. 45

shown as a function of total baryon density. From Fig. 4, we can see that at low density only neutrons, protons, and
electrons exit in the PNS. As the density increases, muon appears when the chemical potential of electron exceeds the
rest mass of the muon. Hyperons appear at higher density. In our calculation, Λ is the first appearing hyperon, which
appears at ρ = 0.23 fm−3 . The other hyperons appear one by one at higher densities. The appearance of hyperons
causes some decreases of electrons and muons. We also note that hyperon Σ is suppressed at high density. It is shown
that the parameter set from SU(6) has large isospin effect, which suppresses the fraction of hyperon Σ. The trapped
neutrinos alter chemical equilibrium and have effect on the threshold density of appearance of hyperson in the PNS.
In Fig. 5, we show the threshold density of appearance of hyperon as a function of the number of leptons in the PNS.
From Fig. 5, we can see that trapped neutrinos will increase the threshold density of hyperons. It is because trapped
neutrinos will increase chemical potential of hyperons, which in turn suppresses the appearance of hyperons.

Fig. 5 The threshold density of appearance of hyperon as a Fig. 6 For the non-strange and hyperon-rich PNS, the pres-
function of the number of leptons within the PNS. sure as a function of total baryon density.

Fig. 7 For the non-strange and hyperon-rich PNS, the energy Fig. 8 For the non-strange and hyperon-rich PNS, the tem-
density as a function of total baryon density. perature as a function of total baryon density.

To compare the influence of trapped neutrino on non-strange PNS and hyperon-rich PNS, we show the equation
of state with Ye = 0.1 and 0.4 for two kinds of PNS in Figs. 6 and 7. From Fig. 6, we can see that trapped neutrinos
have opposite influences on the equation of state of hyperon-rich and non-strange PNS. Trapped neutrinos will increase
proton fraction of non-strange PNS and make the equation of state softer. As to hyperon-rich PNS, trapped neutrinos
suppress the appearance of hyperons and make the equation of state stiffer. In Fig. 8, we show the temperatures in the
non-strange PNS and hyperon-rich PNS. Similar to the equation of state, trapped neutrinos have opposite effect on
these two kinds of PNS. From Figs. 6 ∼ 8, we can deduce that trapped neutrinos are less important in determining the
equation of state of PNS. It shows that the properties of PNS are mainly determined by strongly interacting particles.
No. 5 Equation of State of Protoneutron Star with Trapped Neutrinos 905

Table 1 For different fractions of leptons, the properties of non-strange PNS. ρc , εc , and pc are central
density, energy density, and pressure. Mmax and R are maximum mass and radius of PNS. The last line
represents the state of beta equilibrium.

Yle ρc (fm−3 ) εc (1015 g/cm3 ) pc (1035 dyne/cm2 ) Mmax (M ) R (km)

0.1 0.85 1.94 6.38 2.24 12.28

0.2 0.96 2.08 7.06 2.18 11.88
0.3 0.94 2.19 7.42 2.13 11.72
0.4 0.94 2.23 7.47 2.10 11.79
β 0.92 2.10 6.96 2.16 11.93

In Tables 1 and 2, we list properties of non-strange PNS and hyperon-rich PNS. Compared with the cold neutron
star which is assumed in beta equilibrium, the maximum mass decreases by 0.06M for non-strange proto-neutron star
while increases by 0.21M for proto-neutron star with hyperons when the relative number of trapped neutrino is 0.4.

Table 2 For different fraction of leptons, the properties of hyperon-rich PNS. ρc , εc , and pc are central
density, energy density, and pressure. Mmax and R are maximum mass and radius of PNS. The last line
represents the state of beta equilibrium.

Yle ρc (fm−3 ) εc (1015 g/cm3 ) pc (1035 dyne/cm2 ) Mmax (M ) R (km)

0.1 0.93 1.94 3.36 1.68 12.31

0.2 0.94 2.01 3.85 1.76 12.12
0.3 0.92 2.02 4.17 1.83 12.18
0.4 0.90 2.02 4.44 1.88 12.39
β 0.83 1.71 2.55 1.67 12.79

4 Conclusion
In the present study, we examine the effect of trapped neutrinos on the proto-neutron star in the framework of
RMF theory, and find that trapped neutrinos have opposite effects on the non-strange PNS and hyperon-rich PNS.
Abundance trapped neutrinos lead to an increase of the fraction of proton in the non-strange PNS and make the
equation of state softer. In hyperon-rich PNS, trapped neutrinos increase the threshold density of appearance of
hyperons and make the equation of state stiffer. We also find that trapped neutrinos have influence on the temperature
in the PNS. As for non-strange PNS, temperature increases as the number of trapped neutrinos decreases. As for
hyperon-rich PNS, the increase of trapped neutrinos leads to increase of temperature in the star. Since prosperities
such as maximum mass and radius of PNS are mainly determined by strongly interacting baryons, the effect of trapped
neutrinos is less important than that of hyperons.
It is found that effective interactions of meson-baryon couplings based on the RMF theory have great influence on
the properties and EOS of neutron star. Reference [15] has discussed this effect in detail for many kinds of sets without
neutrinos trapped in neutron star. In the future we will study how different couplings affect the influence of trapped
neutrino in proto-neutron star.

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