Professional Documents
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Maths
[Class-X]
Published by :
Think Tanks
Biyani Group of Colleges
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Preface
I am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the
students. The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in
understanding the fundamental concept of the topic. The book is self-explanatory
and adopts the “Teach Yourself” style. It is based on question-answer pattern. The
language of book is quite easy and understandable based on scientific approach.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections,
omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the reader
for which the author shall be obliged.
I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani,
Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who is the backbone and main concept
provider and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this
endeavour. We also extend our thanks to Biyani Shikshan Samiti, Jaipur, who played
an active role in co-ordinating the various stages of this endeavour and spearheaded
the publishing work.
I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various
educational institutions, other faculty members and the students for improvement of
the quality of the book. The reader may feel free to send in their comments and
suggestions to the under mentioned address.
Author
4
Chapter 1
Real Numbers
Since 38220 > 196, we apply the division lemma to 38220 and 196 to obtain
Q.2 Find the LCM and HCF of the following pairs of integers and verify that
LCM × HCF = product of the two numbers.
510 and 92
Ans.
Maths 5
Since a and b are integers, will also be rational and therefore, is rational.
This contradicts the fact that is irrational. Hence, our assumption that is
rational is false. Therefore, is irrational.
Q.4 Write down the decimal expansions of the rational number 13/3125.
Ans.
6
Maths 7
Chapter 2
Polynomials
p(x) is a polynomial in x, the highest power of x in p(x) is called the degree of the
polynomial p(x)
Thus
Q.1 Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the relationship
between the zeroes and the coefficients.
8
Ans.
Sum of zeroes =
Product of zeroes
Q.2 Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by dividing
the second polynomial by the first polynomial:
Ans
Maths 9
Hence, is a factor of
Q.3 Find a cubic polynomial with the sum, sum of the product of its zeroes taken two at
a time, and the product of its zeroes as 2, − 7, − 14 respectively.
It is given that
Therefore, = x2 + 4 − 4x − 3
For finding the remaining zeroes of the given polynomial, we will find the quotient by
dividing by x2 − 4x + 1.
Clearly, =
And =
Maths 11
Or x = 7 or −5
Chapter 3
Pair of Linear Equations in two Variables
An equation which can be put in the form ax +by +c = 0, where a, b and c are
real numbers, and a and b are not both zero, is called a linear equation in two
variables x and y.
Graphical Method :
(i) The graph of a pair of linear equations in two variables is represented by two
lines. If the lines intersect at a point, then that point gives the unique
solution of the two equations. In this case, the pair of equations is
consistent.
(ii) If the lines coincide, then there are infinitely many solutions — each point
on the line being a solution. In this case, the pair of equations is
dependent (consistent).
(iii)If the lines are parallel, then the pair of equations has no solution. In this
case, the pair of equations is inconsistent.
Algebraic Methods : We have discussed the following methods for finding the
solution(s)
of a pair of linear equations :
(i) Substitution Method
(ii) Elimination Method
Q.1 Form the pair of linear equations in the following problem, and find their
Maths 13
solutions graphically.
Ans (i) Let the number of girls be x and the number of boys be y.
x + y = 10
x−y=4
For x + y = 10,
x = 10 − y
x 5 4 6
y 5 6 4
For x − y = 4,
x=4+y
x 5 4 3
y 1 0 −1
From the figure, it can be observed that these lines intersect each other at point (7,
3).
Therefore, the number of girls and boys in the class are 7 and 3 respectively.
y−x=4 ……………(1)
y + x = 36 …………….(2)
y−x=4
y=x+4
x 0 8 12
y 4 12 16
Maths 15
y + x = 36
x 0 36 16
y 36 0 20
From the figure, it can be observed that these lines are intersecting each other at
only point i.e., (16, 20). Therefore, the length and width of the given garden is 20 m
and 16 m respectively.
Q.3 Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution method.
16
Ans.
x=0
x = 0, y = 0
Q.4 Solve the following pair of linear equations by the substitution method.
Ans.
Maths 17
Hence, x = 2, y = 3
Q .5 Solve the following pair of linear equations by the elimination method and
the Substitution method:
18
Ans
By elimination method
Hence, x = 2, y = −3
By substitution method
(5)
5y = −15
∴ x = 2, y = −3
Q.6 Sushil tells his daughter, “Seven years ago, I was seven times as old as
you were then. Also, three years from now, I shall be three times as old as you
will be.”Solve by the method of substitution.
Ans. Let s and t be the ages (in years) of Sushil and his daughter, respectively.
Then, the pair of linear equations that represent the situation is
S – 7 = 7 ( t – 7)
s– 7 t + 42 = 0 (1)
and
s+ 3 = 3 ( t + 3)
s– 3 t= 6 (2)
Using Equation (2), we gets = 3t + 6.
Putting this value in Equation (1), we get
(3t + 6) – 7t + 42 = 0,
i.e.,
4t = 48, which gives t = 12.
Putting this value oft in Equation (2), we get
s = 3 (12) + 6 = 42
So, Sushil and his daughter are 42 and 12 years old, respectively.
Q.7 Which of the following pairs of linear equations has unique solution, no
solution or infinitely many solutions? In case there is a unique solution, find it by
using cross multiplication method.
(i)
20
(ii)
Ans
Therefore, the given sets of lines are parallel to each other. Therefore, they will not
intersect each other and thus, there will not be any solution for these equations.
Therefore, they will intersect each other at a unique point and thus, there will be a unique
solution for these equations.
By cross-multiplication method,
Maths 21
∴ x = 2, y = 1
(a)
(b )
Solution:
22
(a)
6p + 9q = 6 (3)
Hence,
(b)
Hence, x = 1, y = 1
Q.9 The ages of two friends Sita and Gita differ by 3 years. Sita‟s father Ramesh
differs by 30 years. Find the ages of Sita and Gita.
Maths 25
Ans The difference between the ages of Gita and Sita is 3 years. Either Gita is 3 years
older than Sita or Sita is 3 years older than Gita. However, it is obvious that in both
cases, Sita’s father’s age will be 30 years more than that of Baby’s age.
x−y=3 (i)
4x − y = 60 (ii)
3x = 60 − 3 = 57
y − x = 3 (i)
26
4x − y = 60 (ii)
3x = 63
x = 21
∠B = 2∠A
2 ∠A − ∠B = 0 … (i)
We know that the sum of the measures of all angles of a triangle is 180°. Therefore,
∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°
∠A + ∠B + 3 ∠B = 180°
∠A + 4 ∠B = 180° … (ii)
8 ∠A − 4 ∠B = 0 … (iii)
Maths 27
9 ∠A = 180°
∠A = 20°
20° + 4 ∠B = 180°
4 ∠B = 160°
∠B = 40°
∠C = 3 ∠B
= 3 × 40° = 120°
Q.11 ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral finds the angles of the cyclic quadrilateral.
Ans We know that the sum of the measures of opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral is
180°.
Therefore, ∠A + ∠C = 180
28
4y + 20 − 4x = 180
− 4x + 4y = 160
x − y = − 40 (i)
Also, ∠B + ∠D = 180
3y − 5 − 7x + 5 = 180
− 7x + 3y = 180 (ii)
3x − 3y = − 120 (iii)
− 7x + 3x = 180 − 120
− 4x = 60
x = −15
x − y = − 40
−15 − y = − 40
y = −15 + 40 = 25
∠A = 4y + 20 = 4(25) + 20 = 120°
∠B = 3y − 5 = 3(25) − 5 = 70°
∠D = − 7x + 5 = − 7(−15) + 5 = 110°
Maths 29
30
Chapter 4
Quadratic Equations
provided b2 - 4ac ≥ 0.
A quadratic equation a x 2 +b x +c = 0 has
(i) two distinct real roots, if b2 - 4ac > 0,
(ii) two equal roots (i.e., coincident roots), if b2 - 4ac = 0, and
(iii) no real roots, if b2 - 4ac < 0.
(a)
(b)
Maths 31
Ans.(a)
(b)
It is of the form .
(a) The product of two consecutive positive integers is 306. We need to find the
integers.
(b) A train travels a distance of 480 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 8
km/h less, then it would have taken 3 hours more to cover the same distance. We
need to find the speed of the train.
Ans. (a)
It is also given that the train will take 3 hours to cover the same distance.
(a)
(b)
Ans.
Maths 33
∴ = 0 or =0
i.e., x = or x =
(b)
Therefore,
i.e.,
Either = 0 or x − 14 = 0
i.e., x = 13 or x = 14
Other number = 27 − 13 = 14
Other number = 27 − 14 = 13
Q.5 Find the roots of the following quadratic equation, by the method of completing
the square and by applying the quadratic formula :
Q.6 Find the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equations. If the real roots
exist, find them;
(II)
Ans. (I) We know that for a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, discriminate is b2 − 4ac.
36
a = 2, b = −3, c = 5
= −31
As b2 − 4ac < 0,
(II)
Discriminate
= 48 − 48 = 0
As b2 − 4ac = 0,
Therefore, real roots exist for the given equation and they are equal to each other.
Ans.
38
Q.8 A train travels 360 km at a uniform speed. If the speed had been 5 km/h more, it
would have taken 1 hour less for the same journey. Find the speed of the train.
Q. 9 Sum of the areas of two squares is 468 m2. If the difference of their perimeters is 24
m, find the sides of the two squares.
Ans.
It is given that
4x − 4y = 24
x−y=6
x=y+6
Q.10 Find the values of k for kx (x − 2) + 6 = 0 , so that they have two equal roots.
Ans. kx (x − 2) + 6 = 0
or kx2 − 2kx + 6 = 0
a = k, b = −2k, c = 6
= 4k2 − 24k
4k2 − 24k = 0
4k (k − 6) = 0
Either 4k = 0 or k = 6 = 0
k = 0 or k = 6
However, if k = 0, then the equation will not have the terms ‘x2’ and ‘x’.
Q.11. The sum of the ages of two friends is 20 years. Four years ago, the product of
their ages in years was 48. Find the present age.
Ans
= (16 − x) years
16x − 64 − x2 + 4x = 48
− x2 + 20x − 112 = 0
x2 − 20x + 112 = 0
a = 1, b = −20, c = 112
As b2 − 4ac < 0,
Therefore, no real root is possible for this equation and hence, this situation is not
possible.
Q.12 A rectangular park of perimeter 80 and area 400 m2? Find its length and
breadth.
Ans.
Perimeter = 2 (l + b) = 80
l + b = 40
Or, b = 40 − l
40l − l2 = 400
l2 − 40l + 400 = 0
a = 1, b = −40, c = 400
= 1600 − 1600 = 0
As b2 − 4ac = 0,
42
Therefore, this equation has equal real roots. And hence, this situation is possible.
Chapter 5
Arithmetic Progression
If l is the last term of the finite AP, say then th term, then the sum of all terms of
the AP
is given by
n
s (a l )
2
Q.1 Write first four terms of the A.P. when the first term a and the common difference
d are given as follows
(a) a = − 1.25, d = − 0.25
(b) a = 4, d = − 3
a1 = a = −1.25
First four terms of this A.P. will be −1.25, −1.50, −1.75 and −2.00.
(b) a = 4, d = −3
a1 = a = 4
a2 = a1 + d = 4 − 3 = 1
a3 = a2 + d = 1 − 3 = −2
a4 = a3 + d = − 2 − 3 = −5
Q.2 For the following A.P.s, write the first term and the common difference.
(a) − 5, − 1, 3, 7 …
(b)
= (−1) − (−5) = − 1 + 5 = 4
(b)
Q.3 Which of the following are APs? If they form an A.P. find the common difference d
and write three more terms.
Here
a2 − a1 = (−3.2) − (−1.2) = −2
a3 − a2 = (−5.2) − (−3.2) = −2
a4 − a3 = (−7.2) − (−5.2) = −2
a5 = − 7.2 − 2 = −9.2
a6 = − 9.2 − 2 = −11.2
a7 = − 11.2 − 2 = −13.2
Ans.
First term, a = 10
Common difference, d = a2 − a1 = 7 – 10 = −3
We know that, an = a + (n − 1) d
a30 = 10 − 87 = −77
Maths 47
Ans.
We know that,
a=3
d = a2 − a1 = 8 − 3 = 5
an = a + (n − 1) d
78 = 3 + (n − 1) 5
75 = (n − 1) 5
(n − 1) = 15
n = 16
Q.7 If 17th term of an A.P. exceeds its 10th term by 7. Find the common difference.
For an A.P., an = a + (n − 1) d
a17 = a + (17 − 1) d
a17 = a + 16d
Similarly, a10 = a + 9d
It is given that
a17 − a10 = 7
Maths 49
(a + 16d) − (a + 9d) = 7
7d = 7
d=1
Q.8 Which term of the A.P. 3, 15, 27, 39, … will be 132 more than its 54th term?
a=3
d = a2 − a1 = 15 − 3 = 12
a54 = a + (54 − 1) d
= 3 + (53) (12)
= 3 + 636 = 639
an = a + (n − 1) d
771 = 3 + (n − 1) 12
768 = (n − 1) 12
(n − 1) = 64
n = 65
Q. 9 Hari saved Rs 5 in the first week of a year and then increased her weekly saving by
Rs 1.75. If in the nth week, his week, his weekly savings become Rs 20.75, find n.
an = a + (n − 1) d
n−1=9
n = 10
Hence, n is 10.
Q.10 Find the sum of the AP 0.6, 1.7, 2.8 ,…….., to 100 terms
Ans.
Here a = 0.6
n = 100
We know that,
Maths 51
As an = a + (n − 1)d,
∴ 50 = 5 + (n − 1)3
45 = (n − 1)3
15 = n − 1
n = 16
As an = a + (n − 1)d,
a3 = a + (3 − 1)d
15 = a + 2d (i)
(ii)
30 = 2a + 4d (iii)
−5 = 5d
d = −1
15 = a + 2(−1)
15 = a − 2
a = 17
a10 = 17 − 9 = 8
Maths 53
As ,
90 = n [2 + (n − 1)4]
90 = n [2 + 4n − 4]
90 = n (4n − 2) = 4n2 − 2n
4n2 − 2n − 90 = 0
4n (n − 5) + 18 (n − 5) = 0
(n − 5) (4n + 18) = 0
Either n − 5 = 0 or 4n + 18 = 0
n=5
Therefore, n=5
an = a + (n − 1)d
a5 = 2 + (5 − 1)8
54
= 2 + (4) (8)
= 2 + 32 = 34
192 = 4 [6 + 7d]
48 = 6 + 7d
42 = 7d
d=6
Q.15 Given l = 28, S = 144 and there are total 9 terms. Find a.
Ans. Given that, l = 28, S = 144 and there are total of 9 terms.
(16) × (2) = a + 28
32 = a + 28
a=4
Maths 55
Q.16 The first term of an AP is 5, the last term is 45 and the sum is 400. Find the
number of terms and the common difference.
n = 16
l = a + (n − 1) d
45 = 5 + (16 − 1) d
40 = 15d
Q. 17 The first term of an AP is 5, the last term is 45 and the sum is 400. Find the
number of terms and the common difference.
n = 16
56
l = a + (n − 1) d
45 = 5 + (16 − 1) d
40 = 15d
Q.18 The sum of the third and the seventh terms of an A.P is 6 and their product is 8.
Find the sum of first sixteen terms of the A.P.
Ans.
an = a + (n − 1) d
a3 = a + (3 − 1) d
a3 = a + 2d
Similarly, a7 = a + 6d
Given that, a3 + a7 = 6
(a + 2d) + (a + 6d) = 6
2a + 8d = 6
a + 4d = 3
a = 3 − 4d (i)
(a + 2d) × (a + 6d) = 8
Q.19 A ladder has rungs 25 cm apart. (See figure). The rungs decrease uniformly in
length from 45 cm at the bottom to 25 cm at the top. If the top and bottom rungs are
m apart, what is the length of the wood required for the rungs?
Maths 59
Ans.
It is given that the rungs are 25 cm apart and the top and bottom rungs are m apart.
Now, as the lengths of the rungs decrease uniformly, they will be in an A.P.
The length of the wood required for the rungs equals the sum of all the terms of this A.P.
First term, a = 45
Last term, l = 25
n = 11
60
Therefore, the length of the wood required for the rungs is 385 cm.
Q.20 Which term of the A.P. 121, 117, 113 … is its first negative term?
a = 121
d = 117 − 121 = −4
an = a + (n − 1) d
= 121 + (n − 1) (−4)
= 121 − 4n + 4 = 125 − 4n
Therefore, 32nd term will be the first negative term of this A.P.
Ans. First multiple of 4 that is greater than 10 is 12. Next will be 16.
Maths 61
All these are divisible by 4 and thus, all these are terms of an A.P. with first term as 12
and common difference as 4.
When we divide 250 by 4, the remainder will be 2. Therefore, 250 − 2 = 248 is divisible
by 4.
Chapter 6
Triangle
Two figures having the same shape but not necessarily the same size are called
similar figures.
All the congruent figures are similar but the converse is not true.
If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the other two sides
in distinct points, then the other two sides are divided in the same ratio.
If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the line is
parallel to the third side.
If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then their corresponding sides
are in the same ratio and hence the two triangles are similar (AAA similarity
criterion).
If in two triangles, two angles of one triangle are respectively equal to the two
angles of the other triangle, then the two triangles are similar (AA similarity
criterion).
If in two triangles, corresponding sides are in the same ratio, then their
corresponding angles are equal and hence the triangles are similar (SSS similarity
criterion).
If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of another triangle and the sides
including these angles are in the same ratio (proportional), then the triangles
are similar (SAS similarity criterion).
The ratio of the areas of two similar triangles is equal to the square of the ratio
of their corresponding sides.
Maths 63
If a perpendicular is drawn from the vertex of the right angle of a right triangle
to the hypotenuse, then the triangles on both sides of the perpendicular are
similar to the whole triangle and also to each other.
In a right triangle: the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
squares of the other two sides (Pythagoras Theorem).
If in a triangle: square of one side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other
two sides, then the angle opposite the first side is a right angle
Q.1 E and F are points on the sides PQ and PR respectively of a ΔPQR. For each of the
following cases, state whether EF || QR.
Ans. (i)
(ii)
the point O. Using a similarity criterion for two triangles, show that
Ans.
Maths 65
Q.3 If the areas of two similar triangles are equal, prove that they are congruent.
ΔPQR.
66
Q.4 ABC and BDE are two equilateral triangles such that D is the mid-point of BC.
Ratio of the area of triangles ABC and BDE is
Ans
We know that equilateral triangles have all its angles as 60º and all its sides of the same
length. Therefore, all equilateral triangles are similar to each other. Hence, the ratio
between the areas of these triangles will be equal to the square of the ratio between the
sides of these triangles.
Therefore, side of
Ans.
∴ DMBN is a rectangle.
∴ DN = MB and DM = NB
The condition to be proved is the case when D is the foot of the perpendicular drawn
from B to AC.
∴ ∠CDB = 90°
⇒ ∠2 + ∠3 = 90° … (1)
In ΔCDM,
68
∠1 + ∠2 + ∠DMC = 180°
⇒ ∠1 + ∠2 = 90° … (2)
In ΔDMB,
∠3 + ∠DMB + ∠4 = 180°
⇒ ∠3 + ∠4 = 90° … (3)
∠1 = ∠3
∠2 = ∠4
∠1 = ∠3 (Proved above)
∠2 = ∠4 (Proved above)
⇒ DM2 = DN × MC
∠5 + ∠7 = 90° … (4)
∠6 + ∠8 = 90° … (5)
∴ ∠ADB = 90°
⇒ ∠5 + ∠6 = 90° … (6)
∠6 = ∠7
∠8 = ∠5
∠6 = ∠7
∠8 = ∠5
⇒ DN2 = AN × NB
Chapter 7
Coordinate Geometry
The coordinates of the point P(x,y) which divides the line segment joining the
points A(x1 ,y1 ) and B (x 2 ,y 2 ) internally in the ratio m1 : m2 are
The mid-point of the line segment joining the points P( x1 ,y1 ) and Q( x 2 ,y 2 ) is
The area of the triangle formed by the points ( x1 ,y1 ), ( x 2 ,y 2 ) and ( x 3 ,y 3 ) is the
numerical value of the expression
(i) (2, 3), (4, 1) (ii) (−5, 7), (−1, 3) (iii) (a, b), (− a, − b)
Q.2 Check whether (5, − 2), (6, 4) and (7, − 2) are the vertices of an isosceles triangle.
Ans. Let the points (5, −2), (6, 4), and (7, −2) are representing the vertices A, B, and C of the
given triangle respectively.
72
Q.3 In the following find the value of ‘k’, for which the points are collinear.
(i) (7, − 2), (5, 1), (3, − k) (ii) (8, 1), (k, − 4), (2, − 5)
Ans. (i) For collinear points, area of triangle formed by them is zero.
Therefore, for points (7, −2) (5, 1), and (3, k), area = 0
Therefore, for points (8, 1), (k, −4), and (2, −5), area = 0
Q.4 Find the coordinates of a point A, where AB is the diameter of circle whose centre
is (2, − 3) and B is (1, 4).
Q.5 Median of a triangle divides it into two triangles of equal areas. Verify this result
for ΔABC whose vertices are A (4, − 6), B (3, − 2) and C (5, 2)
Ans.
Let the vertices of the triangle be A (4, −6), B (3, −2), and C (5, 2).
Q.7 Find a relation between x and y if the points (x, y), (1, 2) and (7, 0) are collinear.
Ans. If the given points are collinear, then the area of triangle formed by these points will be 0.
Q.8 Find the centre of a circle passing through the points (6, − 6), (3, − 7) and (3, 3).
Ans. Let O (x, y) be the centre of the circle. And let the points (6, −6), (3, −7), and (3, 3) be
representing the points A, B, and C on the circumference of the circle.
Maths 75
10y = −20
y = −2
3x − 2 = 7
3x = 9
x=3
Q.9 The two opposite vertices of a square are (− 1, 2) and (3, 2). Find the coordinates of
the other two vertices.
76
Ans.
Let ABCD be a square having (−1, 2) and (3, 2) as vertices A and C respectively. Let (x,
y), (x1, y1) be the coordinate of vertex B and D respectively.
∴ AB = BC
In ΔABC,
⇒ 4 + y2 + 4 − 4y + 4 + y2 − 4y + 4 =16
⇒ 2y2 + 16 − 8 y =16
⇒ 2y2 − 8 y = 0
Maths 77
⇒ y (y − 4) = 0
⇒ y = 0 or 4
We know that in a square, the diagonals are of equal length and bisect each other at 90°.
Let O be the mid-point of AC. Therefore, it will also be the mid-point of BD.
⇒ y + y1 = 4
If y = 0,
y1 = 4
If y = 4,
y1 = 0
Chapter 8
Introduction to Trigonometry
Some Formulas:
, , ,
If one of the trigonometric ratios of an acute angle is known, the remaining trigonometric
ratios of the angle can be easily determined.
The values of trigonometric ratios for angles
Maths 79
= 625 cm2
∴ AC = cm = 25 cm
(i) sin A =
cos A =
(ii)
80
sin C =
cos C =
Here cot A =
= (8k)2 + (15k)2
= 64k2 + 225k2
= 289k2
AC = 17k
Or, cot A =
In ΔABC,
= (4k)2 + (3k)2
= 16k2 + 9k2
= 25k2
AC = 5k
Maths 83
cos2 A − sin2 A =
(b)
(c )
(c)
Maths 85
(c )
Q.5 If tan 2A = cot (A− 18°), where 2A is an acute angle, find the value of A.
90° − 2A = A− 18°
108° = 3A
A = 36°
Q.6 Express sin 67° + cos 75° in terms of trigonometric ratios of angles between 0° and
45°.
Q.7 Evaluate
(a) 9 sec2 A − 9 tan2 A
(b) (1 + tan θ + sec θ) (1 + cot θ − cosec θ)
(c ) (secA + tanA) (1 − sinA)
(d)
= 9 (sec2A − tan2A)
=9
= cosA
(iv)
88
Chapter 9
Application of Trigonometry
The line of sight is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point in the object viewed
by the observer. The angle of elevation of the point viewed is the angle formed by the line of
sight with the horizontal when the point being viewed is above the horizontal level.
The angle of depression of a point on the object being viewed is the angle formed by the line of
sight with the horizontal when the point is below the horizontal level
Q. 1 A tree breaks due to storm and the broken part bends so that the top of the tree
touches the ground making an angle 30 ° with it. The distance between the foot of
the tree to the point where the top touches the ground is 8 m. Find the height of the
tree.
Ans.
Maths 89
Let AC was the original tree. Due to storm, it was broken into two parts. The broken part
is making 30° with the ground.
In ,
Height of tree = + BC
Q. 2 A kite is flying at a height of 60 m above the ground. The string attached to the kite
is temporarily tied to a point on the ground. The inclination of the string with the
ground is 60°. Find the length of the string, assuming that there is no slack in the
string.
Ans.
90
Let K be the kite and the string is tied to point P on the ground.
In ΔKLP,
Q.3 A contractor plans to install two slides for the children to play in a park. For the
children below the age of 5 years, she prefers to have a slide whose top is at a height
of 1.5 m, and is inclined at an angle of 30 ° to the ground, where as for the elder
children she wants to have a steep side at a height of 3 m, and inclined at an angle of
60 ° to the ground. What should be the length of the slide in each case?
Ans. It can be observed that AC and PR are the slides for younger and elder children
respectively.
Maths 91
In ΔABC,
In ΔPQR,
Q.4 A tree breaks due to storm and the broken part bends so that the top of the tree
touches the ground making an angle 30 ° with it. The distance between the foot of
the tree to the point where the top touches the ground is 8 m. Find the height of the
tree.
92
Ans
Let AC was the original tree. Due to storm, it was broken into two parts. The broken part
is making 30° with the ground.
In ,
Height of tree = + BC
Maths 93
Chapter 10
Circles
A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle at only one point.
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the point
of contact.
The length of the segment of the tangent from the external point P and the point of
contact with the circle is called the length of the tangent from the point P to the circle.
The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
Q.1 A tangent PQ at a point P of a circle of radius 5 cm meets a line through the centre
O at a point Q so that OQ = 12 cm. Length PQ is :
Ans. We know that the line drawn from the centre of the circle to the tangent is perpendicular
to the tangent.
OP PQ
52 + PQ2 =122
PQ2 =144 − 25
PQ = cm.
Q.2 Draw a circle and two lines parallel to a given line such that one is a tangent and
the other, a secant to the circle.
Ans.
It can be observed that AB and CD are two parallel lines. Line AB is intersecting the
circle at exactly two points, P and Q. Therefore, line AB is the secant of this circle. Since
line CD is intersecting the circle at exactly one point, R, line CD is the tangent to the
circle.
Q.3 From a point Q, the length of the tangent to a circle is 24 cm and the distance of Q
from the centre is 25 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
96
Ans.
Given that,
OQ = 25cm and PQ = 24 cm
Therefore, OP ⊥ PQ
OP2 = 49
OP = 7
Q .4 The length of a tangent from a point A at distance 5 cm from the centre of the
circle is 4 cm. Find the radius of the circle.
Maths 97
Ans
Given that,
OA = 5cm and AB = 4 cm
In ΔABO,
42 + BO2 = 52
16 + BO2 = 25
BO2 = 9
BO = 3
Q.5 Prove that the angle between the two tangents drawn from an external point to a
circle is supplementary to the angle subtended by the line-segment joining the points
of contact at the centre.
98
Ans
Let us consider a circle centered at point O. Let P be an external point from which two
tangents PA and PB are drawn to the circle which are touching the circle at point A and B
respectively and AB is the line segment, joining point of contacts A and B together such
that it subtends ∠AOB at center O of the circle.
OA (radius) ⊥ PA (tangent)
∠OBP = 90°
In quadrilateral OAPB,
Hence, it can be observed that the angle between the two tangents drawn from an external
point to a circle is supplementary to the angle subtended by the line-segment joining the
points of contact at the centre.
Ans
Let ABCD be a quadrilateral circumscribing a circle centered at O such that it touches the
circle at point P, Q, R, S. Let us join the vertices of the quadrilateral ABCD to the center
of the circle.
OA = OA (Common side)
Therefore, A ↔ A, P ↔ S, O ↔ O
∠1 = ∠8
Similarly,
∠2 = ∠3, ∠4 = ∠5 & ∠6 = ∠7
∠1 + ∠2 + ∠3 + ∠4 + ∠5 + ∠6 + ∠7 + ∠8 = 360º
Q.7 A triangle ABC is drawn to circumscribe a circle of radius 4 cm such that the
segments BD and DC into which BC is divided by the point of contact D are of
lengths 8 cm and 6 cm respectively (see given figure). Find the sides AB and AC.
Ans
Maths 101
Let the given circle touch the sides AB and AC of the triangle at point E and F
respectively and the length of the line segment AF be x.
In ABC,
AB = AE + EB = x + 8
BC = BD + DC = 8 + 6 = 14
CA = CF + FA = 6 + x
2s = AB + BC + CA
= x + 8 + 14 + 6 + x
= 28 + 2x
s = 14 + x
Area of ΔOBC =
Area of ΔOCA =
102
Area of ΔOAB =
Either x+14 = 0 or x − 7 =0
Therefore, x = −14and 7
However, x = −14 is not possible as the length of the sides will be negative.
Therefore, x = 7
Hence, AB = x + 8 = 7 + 8 = 15 cm
CA = 6 + x = 6 + 7 = 13 cm
Q.8 In the given figure, XY and X‟Y‟ are two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O
and another tangent AB with point of contact C intersecting XY at A and X‟Y‟ at B.
Prove that ∠AOB=90 .
Maths 103
AO = AO (Common side)
Therefore, P ↔ C, A ↔ A, O ↔ O
∠AOB = 90°
Maths 105
Chapter 11
Construction
Q.1 Draw a line segment of length 7.6 cm and divide it in the ratio 5:8. Measure the two
parts. Give the justification of the construction.
Ans. A line segment of length 7.6 cm can be divided in the ratio of 5:8 as follows.
Step 1 Draw line segment AB of 7.6 cm and draw a ray AX making an acute angle with
line segment AB.
Step 2 Locate 13 (= 5 + 8) points, A1, A2, A3, A4 …….. A13, on AX such that AA1 =
A1A2 = A2A3 and so on.
Step 4 Through the point A5, draw a line parallel to BA13 (by making an angle equal to
∠AA13B) at A5 intersecting AB at point C.
C is the point dividing line segment AB of 7.6 cm in the required ratio of 5:8.
The lengths of AC and CB can be measured. It comes out to 2.9 cm and 4.7 cm
respectively.
106
Justification
By construction, we have A5C || A13B. By applying Basic proportionality theorem for the
triangle AA13B, we obtain
… (1)
From the figure, it can be observed that AA5 and A5A13 contain 5 and 8 equal divisions of
line segments respectively.
… (2)
Q.2 Construct an isosceles triangle whose base is 8 cm and altitude 4 cm and then
another triangle whose side are times the corresponding sides of the isosceles
triangle.
Ans Let us assume that ΔABC is an isosceles triangle having CA and CB of equal lengths,
base AB of 8 cm, and AD is the altitude of 4 cm.
Step 1
Draw a line segment AB of 8 cm. Draw arcs of same radius on both sides of the line
segment while taking point A and B as its centre. Let these arcs intersect each other at O
and O'. Join OO'. Let OO' intersect AB at D.
Step 2
Taking D as centre, draw an arc of 4 cm radius which cuts the extended line segment OO'
at point C. An isosceles ΔABC is formed, having CD (altitude) as 4 cm and AB (base) as
8 cm.
Step 3
Draw a ray AX making an acute angle with line segment AB on the opposite side of
vertex C.
Step 4
108
Locate 3 points (as 3 is greater between 3 and 2) A1, A2, and A3 on AX such that AA1 =
A1A2 = A2A3.
Step 5
Join BA2 and draw a line through A3 parallel to BA2 to intersect extended line segment
AB at point B'.
Step 6
Draw a line through B' parallel to BC intersecting the extended line segment AC at C'.
ΔAB'C' is the required triangle.
Justification
… (1)
Q.3 Construct a tangent to a circle of radius 4 cm from a point on the concentric circle
of radius 6 cm and measure its length. Also verify the measurement by actual
calculation. Give the justification of the construction.
Step 1
Step 2
Draw a circle of 6 cm radius taking O as its centre. Locate a point P on this circle and
join OP.
Step 3
Step 4
Taking M as its centre and MO as its radius, draw a circle. Let it intersect the given circle
at the points Q and R.
Step 5
In ΔPQO,
Since PQ is a tangent,
∠PQO = 90°
Maths 111
PO = 6 cm
QO = 4 cm
PQ2 + 16 = 36
PQ2 = 36 − 16
PQ2 = 20
PQ
PQ = 4.47 cm
Justification
The construction can be justified by proving that PQ and PR are the tangents to the circle
(whose centre is O and radius is 4 cm). For this, let us join OQ and OR.
∠PQO is an angle in the semi-circle. We know that angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.
∴ ∠PQO = 90°
112
⇒ OQ ⊥ PQ
Since OQ is the radius of the circle, PQ has to be a tangent of the circle. Similarly, PR is
a tangent of the circle.
Q.4 Draw a line segment AB of length 8 cm. Taking A as centre, draw a circle of radius
4 cm and taking B as centre, draw another circle of radius 3 cm. Construct tangents
to each circle from the centre of the other circle. Give the justification of the
construction.
Step 1
Draw a line segment AB of 8 cm. Taking A and B as centre, draw two circles of 4 cm and
3 cm radius.
Step 2
Bisect the line AB. Let the mid-point of AB be C. Taking C as centre, draw a circle of
AC radius which will intersect the circles at points P, Q, R, and S. Join BP, BQ, AS, and
AR. These are the required tangents.
Justification
The construction can be justified by proving that AS and AR are the tangents of the circle
(whose centre is B and radius is 3 cm) and BP and BQ are the tangents of the circle
(whose centre is A and radius is 4 cm). For this, join AP, AQ, BS, and BR.
Maths 113
∴ ∠ASB = 90°
⇒ BS ⊥ AS
Since BS is the radius of the circle, AS has to be a tangent of the circle. Similarly, AR,
BP, and BQ are the tangents.
114
Chapter 12
Perimeter(circumference) = 2 r
Area = r 2
Q.1 The radii of two circles are 19 cm and 9 cm respectively. Find the radius of the
circle which has circumference equal to the sum of the circumferences of the two
circles.
Given that,
Maths 115
Therefore, the radius of the circle which has circumference equal to the sum of the
circumference of the given two circles is 28 cm.
Q.2 If the perimeter and the area of a circle are numerically equal. Find the radius.
Given that, the circumference of the circle and the area of the circle are equal.
2=r
Ans.
Circumference = 22 cm
2πr = 22
Quadrant of circle will subtend 90° angle at the centre of the circle.
Q.4 A car has two wipers which do not overlap. Each wiper has blade of length 25 cm
sweeping through an angle of 115°. Find the total area cleaned at each sweep of the
blades.
Ans.
It can be observed from the figure that each blade of wiper will sweep an area of a sector
of 115° in a circle of 25 cm radius.
Ans.
Q.6 Find the area of the shaded region in the given figure, if radii of the two concentric
Ans.
Q.7 In the given figure, OACB is a quadrant of circle with centre O and radius 3.5 cm.
If OD = 2 cm, find the area of the
Ans.
120
Q.8 AB and CD are respectively arcs of two concentric circles of radii 21 cm and 7 cm
and centre O (see the given figure). If ∠AOB = 30°, find the area of the shaded
region.
Ans
Area of the shaded region = Area of sector OAEB − Area of sector OCFD
122
Q.9 In the given figure, AB and CD are two diameters of a circle (with centre O)
perpendicular to each other and OD is the diameter of the smaller circle. If OA = 7
cm, find the area of the shaded region.
Ans
Maths 123
Area of
Chapter 13
Ans
It can be observed that radius (r) of the cylindrical part and the hemispherical part is the
same (i.e., 7 cm).
Inner surface area of the vessel = CSA of cylindrical part + CSA of hemispherical part
Maths 125
Q.2 From a solid cylinder whose height is 2.4 cm and diameter 1.4 cm, a conical cavity
of the same height and same diameter is hollowed out. Find the total surface area of
the remaining solid to the nearest cm2.
Ans.
Height = 2.4 cm
Diameter = 1.4 cm
The total surface area of the remaining solid to the nearest cm2 is 18 cm2.
Q.3 Johny, an engineering student, was asked to make a model shaped like a cylinder
with two cones attached at its two ends by using a thin aluminum sheet. The
diameter of the model is 3 cm and its length is 12 cm. if each cone has a height of 2
cm, find the volume of air contained in the model that Rachel made. (Assume the
outer and inner dimensions of the model to be nearly the same.)
Ans.
= 12 − 2 ×2 = 8 cm
Q.4 A solid iron pole consists of a cylinder of height 220 cm and base diameter 24 cm,
which is surmounted by another cylinder of height 60 cm and radius 8 cm. Find the
mass of the pole, given that 1 cm3 of iron has approximately 8 g mass. [Use π = 3.14]
Ans
Mass of 1 iron = 8 g
Q. 5 A metallic sphere of radius 4.2 cm is melted and recast into the shape of a cylinder
of radius 6 cm. Find the height of the cylinder.
The object formed by recasting the hemisphere will be the same in volume.
Ans.
Radius (r1) of
Radius (r2) of
Q.7 A cistern, internally measuring 150 cm × 120 cm × 110 cm, has 129600 cm3 of
water in it. Porous bricks are placed in the water until the cistern is full to the brim.
Each brick absorbs one-seventeenth of its own volume of water. How many bricks
can be put in without overflowing the water, each brick being 22.5 cm × 7.5 cm × 6.5
cm?
= 1980000 cm3
= 1850400 cm3
= 1096.875n
these bricks
n = 1792.41
Q.8 A right triangle whose sides are 3 cm and 4 cm (other than hypotenuse) is made to
revolve about its hypotenuse. Find the volume and surface area of the double cone
so formed. (Choose value of π as found appropriate.)
Ans
The double cone so formed by revolving this right-angled triangle ABC about its
hypotenuse is shown in the figure.
Hypotenuse
= 5 cm
Area of ΔABC
132
= 30.14 cm3
Surface area of double cone = Surface area of cone 1 + Surface area of cone 2
= πrl1 + πrl2
= 52.75 cm2
Maths 133
Chapter 14
Statistics
Mode:
Median:
134
where
l = lower limit of median class,
n = number of observations,
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class,
f = frequency of median class,
h = class size (assuming class size to be equal)
Number of houses 1 2 1 5 6 2 3
Which method did you use for finding the mean, and why?
Ans. To find the class mark (xi) for each interval, the following relation is used.
(fi)
0−2 1 1 1×1=1
2−4 2 3 2×3=6
Maths 135
4−6 1 5 1×5=5
6−8 5 7 5 × 7 = 35
8 − 10 6 9 6 × 9 = 54
10 − 12 2 11 2 ×11 = 22
12 − 14 3 13 3 × 13 = 39
Total 20 162
Mean,
Here, direct method has been used as the values of class marks (xi) and fi are small.
Q.2 In a retail market, fruit vendors were selling oranges kept in packing boxes. These
boxes contained varying number of oranges. The following was the distribution of
Oranges according to the number of boxes.
Number of oranges 50 − 52 53 − 55 56 − 58 59 − 61 62 − 64
Find the mean number of mangoes kept in a packing box. Which method of finding
the mean did you choose?
Ans.
Number of oranges Number of boxes fi
50 − 52 15
53 − 55 110
56 − 58 135
59 − 61 115
62 − 64 25
It can be observed that class intervals are not continuous. There is a gap of 1 between two
class intervals. Therefore, has to be added to the upper class limit and has to be
subtracted from the lower class limit of each interval.
Taking 57 as assumed mean (a), di, ui, fiui are calculated as follows.
49.5 − 52.5 15 51 −6 −2 − 30
61.5 − 64.5 25 63 6 2 50
Total 400 25
Q.3 The following data gives the information on the observed lifetimes (in hours) of 225
electrical components:
Frequency 10 35 52 61 38 29
Ans. From the data given above, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 61,
belonging to class interval 60 − 80.
Frequency (f1) = 61
Frequency (f0) = 52
Frequency (f2) = 38
Q.4 The given distribution shows the number of runs scored by some top batsmen of
the world in one-day international cricket matches.
3000 − 4000 4
4000 − 5000 18
5000 − 6000 9
Maths 139
6000 − 7000 7
7000 − 8000 6
8000 − 9000 3
9000 − 10000 1
10000 − 11000 1
Ans. From the given data, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 18,
belonging to class interval 4000 − 5000.
Frequency (f1) = 18
Frequency (f0) = 4
Frequency (f2) = 9
Q.5 The following frequency distribution gives the monthly consumption of electricity
of 68 consumers of a locality. Find the median, mean and mode of the data and
compare them.
65 − 85 4
85 − 105 5
105 − 125 13
125 − 145 20
145 − 165 14
165 − 185 8
185 − 205 4
Ans.
Taking 135 as assumed mean (a), di, ui, fiui are calculated according to step deviation
method as follows.
Maths 141
65 − 85 4 75 − 60 −3 − 12
85 − 105 5 95 − 40 −2 − 10
Total 68 7
From the table, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 20, belonging to
class interval 125 − 145.
142
Frequency (f1) = 20
To find the median of the given data, cumulative frequency is calculated as follows.
65 − 85 4 4
85 − 105 5 4+5=9
105 − 125 13 9 + 13 = 22
125 − 145 20 22 + 20 = 42
145 − 165 14 42 + 14 = 56
165 − 185 8 56 + 8 = 64
185 − 205 4 64 + 4 = 68
Maths 143
n = 68
Therefore, median, mode, mean of the given data is 137, 135.76, and 137.05 respectively.
Q.7 100 surnames were randomly picked up from a local telephone directory and the
frequency distribution of the number of letters in the English alphabets in the
surnames was obtained as follows:
144
Number of surnames 6 30 40 6 4 4
Determine the median number of letters in the surnames. Find the mean number of
letters in the surnames? Also, find the modal size of the surnames.
Ans. The cumulative frequencies with their respective class intervals are as follows.
1−4 6 6
4−7 30 30 + 6 = 36
7 − 10 40 36 + 40 = 76
10 − 13 16 76 + 16 = 92
13 − 16 4 92 + 4 = 96
16 − 19 4 96 + 4 = 100
Median class = 7 − 10
Median
= 8.05
To find the class marks of the given class intervals, the following relation is used.
Taking 11.5 as assumed mean (a), di, ui, and fiui are calculated according to step deviation
method as follows.
fi
1−4 6 2.5 −9 −3 − 18
4−7 30 5.5 −6 −2 − 60
7 − 10 40 8.5 −3 −1 − 40
10 − 13 16 11.5 0 0 0
13 − 16 4 14.5 3 1 4
16 − 19 4 17.5 6 2 8
∑fiui = −106
∑fi = 100
Mean,
1−4 6
4−7 30
7 − 10 40
10 − 13 16
13 − 16 4
16 − 19 4
From the table, it can be observed that the maximum class frequency is 40 belonging to
class interval 7 − 10.
Modal class = 7 − 10
Therefore, median number and mean number of letters in surnames is 8.05 and 8.32
respectively while modal size of surnames is 7.88.
148
Chapter 15
Probability
Probability
The probability of a sure event (or certain event) is 1 and impossible event is 0.
The probability of an event E is a number P(E) such that 0 ≤ P (E) ≤ 1 .
An event having only one outcome is called an elementary event. The sum of the
probabilities of all the elementary events of an experiment is 1
For any event E, P (E) + P (E ) = 1 , where E stands for ‘not E’. E and E are called
complementary events.
Q.2 A bag contains orange icecreams only. Pinky takes out one icecream without
looking into the bag. What is the probability that she takes out
Ans (i) The bag contains orange icecreams only. It does not contain any mango icecreams.
This implies that every time, she will take out only an orange icecream. Therefore, event
that Pinky will take out mango icecream is a impossible event.
(ii)As the bag has an orange icecream, Pinky will take out only orange icecream.
Therefore, event that Pinky will take out an orange icecream is a sure event.
Q.3 Monty buys a fish from a shop for his aquarium. The shopkeeper takes out one fish
at random from a tank containing 5 male fish and 8 female fish (see the given
figure). What is the probability that the fish taken out is a male fish?
= 5 + 8 = 13
Q.4 A game consists of tossing a one rupee coin 3 times and noting its outcome each
time. Johny wins if all the tosses give the same result i.e., three heads or three tails,
and loses otherwise. Calculate the probability that Johny will lose the game.
Q. 5 A box contains 12 pencils out of which x are black. If one pencil is drawn at
random from the box, what is the probability that it will be a black pencils?
Ans. If 6 more black pencils are put in the box, the probability of drawing a black pencil is
now double of what it was before. Find x.
Q.6 A box contains 24 pencils, some are green and others are blue. If a pencil is drawn at
random from the box , the probability that it is green is . Find the number of blue
pencils in the box