Introduction to

statistics
MOHAMED IZFAT DANIAL | 4K6
Data collection methods Organizing qualitative and
quantitative data
• Qualitative
 Pie chart
 Bar chart
• Quantitative
 Dotplot display
 Stem-and-leaf plot
 Histogram

Histograms, frequency polygon Measures of central tendency

and ogives • Mode
• Histogram  The value of x that occurs most frequently

 Displays the data by using contiguous • Mean

vertical bars of various heights to
represent the frequencies of the classes
• Frequency polygon
 Displays the data by using lines that
connect points plotted for the frequencies
at the midpoint of the classes.
• Ogive
 A graph that represents the cumulative
frequencies for the classes in a frequency
distribution
 The mean is found by adding all the value of the variable
x and dividing them by the number of these value
 A good measure of the centre of the distribution if the
distribution is approximately symmetric
• Median
 The value of the data that occupies the middle position
when the data are ranked in order according to size
 The median is a good measure of the centre of the
distribution when outliers are present in the data or when
distribution is skewed

Measures of the dispersion

Measures of position
• Range
 The difference in value between the largest data value and • Percentile
the smallest data value  Position measures used in educational and health-
related fields to indicate the position of an
• Interquartile range individual in a group
 The range of the middle 50% of the data
 Divide the data set into 100 equal group
• Deviation from the mean
• Quartile
 The difference between the value of x and the mean
 Divide the distribution into four groups
• Variance
 In a population, variance is the averaged squared
• Outlier
deviation from the population mean  A member of a distribution that lies more than
1.5 times the interquartile range
• Standard deviation  Outliers are extreme values
 The square root of the variance

What is statistics ?
• Statistics is the study of how to collect, organize, analyse
and interpret numerical information from data.
• Careful use of statistical methods will enable us to obtain
accurate information from data.
• These methods include carefully defining the situation,
gathering data, accurately summarizing the data and deriving
and communicating meaningful conclusions.
• Statistics involves information, numbers and visual graphics
to summarize this information and its interpretations.
Types of statistics
• Descriptive statistics : Concern with collecting,
summarising and describing the characteristics of
data. This type only concerns about the data
collected.
• Inferential statistics : Involves with using
sample data to draw conclusions about a
population. Select the sample randomly and uses
the information from it to make generalizations
about the population from which the sample is
taken from.
• Discrete
 A quantitative variable that can assume a countable number
of values
 The discrete variable can assume any values corresponding
to isolated points along a line interval
 A numerical discrete variable take discrete number values
only
 Examples are the number of students in a school
• Continuous
 A quantitative variable that can assume an uncountable
number of values
 The continuous variable can assume any number along a line
interval including every possible value between any two
numbers
 A continuous variable is often a result of measuring
 Examples are the weight of students in a school
Common terms used in
statistics
• Population : A collection of all responses, measurements or counts
that are of interest
• Sample : A portion or subset of the population
• Variable : A characteristic of interest about each individual
element of a population or sample
• Data Value : The value of the variable associated with one element
of a population or sample
• Census : The collection of information from the whole population
• Data : Information about individuals in a population
• Parameter : A numerical quantity measuring some aspect of a
population
• Statistics : A quantity calculated from data gathered from a
sample. It is usually used to estimate a population parameter.
Variable and type of data
• Qualitative variable
 Attribute or categorical attribute
 A variable that describes or categorizes an element of a
population
 Take on values that are name or labels
 Nominal and ordinal
 Examples are gender and skin colour
• Quantitative variable
 Numerical value
 A variable that quantifies an element of a population
 Represent a measurable quantity
 Discrete and continuous
 Examples are height and weight
Measurement scale
• Nominal
 Applies to data that consists of names, labels or categories
 Example of a nominal scale is colours
 Yes / No is also a nominal scale because it has no order and there is no
distance
• Ordinal
 The differences between data value either cannot be determined or are
meaningless
 Examples are rice grade or class rank
• Interval
 The differences between data values are meaningful
 Examples are scales for level of satisfaction
 We can interpret differences in the distance along the scale
• Ratio
 The differences between data values and ratios of data values are
meaningful
 Examples are temperature