ENG 3120

Statistics

Dr. Deniz Karataş

deniz.karatas@cbu.edu.tr
 COURSE OUTLINE
• COURSE1- INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS • COURSE10- SOME IMPORTANT DISCRETE
• COURSE2- DATA ANALYSIS, FREQUENCY, HISTOGRAM, RANDOM VARIABLES: BERNOULLI DISTRIBUTION,
PARETO CHART BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION, GEOMETRIC
• COURSE3- SET THEORY, PROBABILITY THEORY DISTRIBUTION, POISSON DISTRIBUTION
• COURSE4- CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY, TOTAL PROBABILITY • COURSE11- SOME IMPORTANT CONTINUOUS
THEOREM, BAYES' THEOREM RANDOM VARIABLES: UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION,
• COURSE5- RANDOM VARIABLE, DISCRETE AND EXPONENTIAL DISTRIBUTION, NORMAL
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE, CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION
DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION, PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION
• COURSE12- NORMAL DISTRIBUTION, CENTRAL
• COURSE6- RANDOM VARIABLE, DISCRETE AND
CONTINUOUS RANDOM VARIABLE, CUMULATIVE
LIMIT THEOREM
DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION, PROBABILITY DENSITY FUNCTION • COURSE13- SAMPLE DISTRIBUTIONS
• COURSE7- EXPECTED VALUE AND VARIANCE
• COURSE14- HYPOTHESIS TESTING
• COURSE8- SOME IMPORTANT DISCRETE RANDOM
VARIABLES: BERNOULLI DISTRIBUTION, BINOMIAL • COURSE15- LINEAR REGRESSION
DISTRIBUTION, GEOMETRIC DISTRIBUTION, POISSON
DISTRIBUTION
• COURSE9- MIDTERM
 GRADING THE COURSE
• 1 MIDTERM %40
• 1 FINAL %60
• COMPULSORY ATTENDANCE %70
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
• Statistics • Parameter
• Collection of methods for planning experiments, • Characteristic or measure obtained from a
obtaining data, and then organizing, summarizing, population.
presenting, analyzing, interpreting, and drawing
conclusions. • Statistic (not to be confused with Statistics)
• Variable • Characteristic or measure obtained from a sample.
• Characteristic or attribute that can assume different • Descriptive Statistics
values
• Collection, organization, summarization, and
• Random Variable presentation of data.
• A variable whose values are determined by chance.
• Inferential Statistics
• Population
• Generalizing from samples to populations using
• All subjects possessing a common characteristic that is
being studied.
probabilities. Performing hypothesis testing,
determining relationships between variables, and
• Sample making predictions.
• A subgroup or subset of the population.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
• Qualitative Variables
• Variables which assume non-numerical
values.
• Quantitative Variables
• Variables which assume numerical values.
• Discrete Variables
• Variables which assume a finite or countable
number of possible values. Usually obtained
by counting.
• Continuous Variables
• Variables which assume an infinite number
of possible values. Usually obtained by
measurement.
• Nominal Level
• Level of measurement which classifies data into mutually
exclusive, all inclusive categories in which no order or
ranking can be imposed on the data.
• Ordinal Level
• Level of measurement which classifies data into categories
that can be ranked. Differences between the ranks do not
exist.
• Interval Level
• Level of measurement which classifies data that can be
ranked and differences are meaningful. However, there is no
meaningful zero, so ratios are meaningless.
• Ratio Level
• Level of measurement which classifies data that can be
ranked, differences are meaningful, and there is a true zero.
True ratios exist between the different units of measure.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
• Random Sampling
• Sampling in which the data is
collected using chance methods or
random numbers.
• Systematic Sampling
• Sampling in which data is obtained
by selecting every nth object.
• Convenience Sampling
• Sampling in which data, which is
readily available is used.
• Stratified Sampling
• Sampling in which the population is
divided into groups (called strata)
according to some characteristic. Each of
these strata is then sampled using one of
the other sampling techniques.
• Cluster Sampling
• Sampling in which the population is
divided into groups (usually
geographically). Some of these groups are
randomly selected, and then all of the
elements in those groups are selected.
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
• Population vs Sample • Discrete vs Continuous
• The population includes all objects of interest whereas • Discrete variables are usually obtained by counting.
the sample is only a portion of the population. There are a finite or countable number of choices
Parameters are associated with populations and
statistics with samples. Parameters are usually denoted available with discrete data. You can't have 2.63
using Greek letters (μ; σ,ς) while statistics are usually people in the room.
denoted using Roman letters (x, s). • Continuous variables are usually obtained by
• There are several reasons why we don't work with measuring. Length, weight, and time are all
populations. They are usually large, and it is often examples of continuous variables. Since continuous
impossible to get data for every object we're studying. variables are real numbers, we usually round them.
Sampling does not usually occur without cost, and the This implies a boundary depending on the number
more items surveyed, the larger the cost.
of decimal places. For example: 64 is really
• We compute statistics, and use them to estimate anything 63.5 <= x < 64.5. Likewise, if there are two
parameters. The computation is the first part of the decimal places, then 64.03 is really anything 63.025
statistics course (Descriptive Statistics) and the
estimation is the second part (Inferential Statistics). <= x < 63.035. Boundaries always have one more
decimal place than the data and end in a 5.
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
• If the probability of having a bomb on a plane is one in a million, the
probability of having two bombs is one in a trillion. Then the safest is
to always get on the plane with a bomb.

• They took a statistician, put one hand in boiling water and one hand
in ice cold water, they said ... how do you feel? “On the average, i feel
fine”