1.

SPINA BIFIDA
Spina Bifida, in general, is defined as "a neural tube defect
(NTD) that results when the inferior neuropore does not
close. Developing vertebrae do not close around an
incomplete neural tube, resulting in a bony defect at the
distal end of the tube.
Types of spina bifida
Spina Bifida Occulta is described as a "benign closed NTD
posterior vertebral defect only without a meningeal sac;
location: Iumbar-sacral spine; usually asymptomatic but
can be associated with occult spinal dysraphism; usually
no associated defects.
Meningocele is described as a "closed NTD without
extrusion of spinal cord elements into a meningeal sac;
location: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and/or sacral spine;
motor deficits are less likely than with myelomeningocele;
structural brain anomalies and Chiari I malformation are
less likely."
Myelomeningocele is described as an "open NTD posterior
vertebral defect and extrusion of spinal cord elements into
a meningeal sac; location: cervical, thoracic, lumbar,
and/or sacral spine, leads to paraplegia and insensitivity
below the lesion and neurogenic bowel and bladder,
associated defects include structural brain anamolies.
2.WRITERS CRAMP.
Writer's cramp, is a disorder caused by cramps or spasms
of certain muscles of the hand and/or forearm, and
presents itself while performing fine motor tasks, such as
writing or playing an instrument. Writer's cramp is a task-
specific focal dystonia of the hand.
3.DYSPRAXIA
Dyspraxia is a neurological disorder that impacts an
individual’s ability to plan and process motor tasks.
Individuals with dyspraxia often have language problems,
and sometimes a degree of difficulty with thought and
perception. Dyspraxia, however, does not affect the
person’s intelligence, although it can cause learning
problems in children.
4.WILSONS DISEASE
Wilson's disease is a rare inherited disorder that causes
copper to accumulate in your liver, brain and other vital
organs. Most people with Wilson's disease are diagnosed
between the ages of 5 and 35, but it can affect younger
and older people, as well.
Copper plays a key role in the development of healthy
nerves, bones, collagen and the skin pigment melanin.
Normally, copper is absorbed from your food, and excess
is excreted through a substance produced in your liver
(bile).
5.MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a neuromuscular disorder that
causes weakness in the skeletal muscles, which are the
muscles your body uses for movement. It occurs when
communication between nerve cells and muscles becomes
impaired. This impairment prevents crucial muscle
contractions from occurring, resulting in muscle weakness.
6.BABINSKI'S SIGN
Babinski sign occurs when stimulation of lateral plantar
aspect of the foot leads to extension (dorsiflexion or
upward movement) of the big toe (hallux). Also, there may
be fanning of the other toes. This suggests that there is
been spread of the sensory input beyond the S1 myotome
to L4 and L5.
7.CLASSIFICATION OF INTRACRANIAL TUMOURS
A brain tumor occurs when abnormal cells form within the
brain.There are two main types of tumors: cancerous
(malignant) tumors and benign (non-cancerous) tumors.
Cancerous tumors can be divided into primary tumors,
which start within the brain, and secondary tumors, which
have spread from elsewhere, known as brain metastasis
tumors.
8.PTOSIS
Ptosis of the eyelids, adult: Drooping of the upper eyelids
in adults, most commonly due to separation of the tendon
of the lid-lifting (levator) muscle from the eyelid.More
severe ptosis requires reattachment and strengthening of
the levator muscle.
9.SYNCOPE
Neurocardiogenic syncope, also known as vasovagal
neurocardiogenic syncope, is a fainting spell that occurs
when the body overreacts to certain triggers, like intense
emotion, the sight of blood, extreme heat, dehydration, a
long period of standing or intense pain. The trigger causes
a person’s heart rate and blood pressure to drop suddenly,
and blood may pool in the legs. This leads to reduced
blood flow to the brain, causing a brief loss of
consciousness.
10.POLYMYOSITIS
Polymyositis is one of the inflammatory myopathies, a
group of muscle diseases that involves inflammation of the
muscles or associated tissues, such as the blood vessels
that supply the muscles. A myopathy is a muscle disease,
and inflammation is response to cell damage.The muscles
of the shoulders, upper arms, hips, thighs and neck display
the most weakness in PM. There also can be pain or
tenderness in the affected areas, as well as swallowing
problems and inflammation of the heart and lung muscle
tissues.
SHORTS IN NEUROLOGICAL
HYDROCEPHALUS
Hydrocephalus is a condition in which an accumulation of
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs within the brain.This
typically causes increased pressure inside the skull. Older
people may have headaches, double vision, poor balance,
urinary incontinence, personality changes, or mental
impairment.
CAUSES OF HYDROCEPHALUS
bleeding inside the brain – for example, if blood leaks over
the surface of the brain (subarachnoid haemorrhage)
blood clots in the brain (venous thrombosis)
meningitis – an infection of the membranes surrounding
the brain and spinal cord.
brain tumours.
head injury
Types of HYDROCEPHALUS
Communicating hydrocephalus is the build-up of pressure
from too much CSF that is not being properly absorbed.
Non-communicating hydrocephalus is the build-up of
pressure from CSF when a blockage occurs within the
brain.
MANAGEMENT
Hydrocephalus treatment is surgical, creating a way for the
excess fluid to drain away. In the short term, an external
ventricular drain (EVD), also known as an extraventricular
drain or ventriculostomy, provides relief. In the long term,
some people will need any of various types of cerebral
shunt. It involves the placement of a ventricular catheter (a
tube made of silastic) into the cerebral ventricles to bypass
the flow obstruction/malfunctioning arachnoidal
granulations and drain the excess fluid into other body
cavities, from where it can be resorbed. Most shunts drain
the fluid into the peritoneal cavity -ventriculoperitoneal
shunt.