Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Advances in Mechanical Engineering

Volume 2013, Article ID 986984, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/986984

Research Article
Modeling and Numerical Simulation of the Grinding
Temperature Field with Nanoparticle Jet of MQL

C. H. Li, J. Y. Li, S. Wang, and Q. Zhang

School of Mechanical Engineering, Qingdao Technological University, Qingdao 266033, China

Correspondence should be addressed to C. H. Li; sy lichanghe@163.com

Received 23 January 2013; Accepted 20 March 2013

Academic Editor: Yi Wang

Copyright © 2013 C. H. Li et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which
permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

In this research, the heat transfer model of surface grinding temperature field with nanoparticle jet flow of MQL as well as the
proportionality coefficient model of energy input workpiece was established, respectively. The numerical simulation of surface
grinding temperature field of three workpiece materials was conducted. The results present that, in the workpiece, the surface
temperature was significantly higher than the subsurface temperature, presenting relatively large temperature gradient along the
direction of workpiece thickness. The impact of the grinding depth on grinding temperature was significant. With the increase of
the cut depth, peak values of the grinding temperature rocketed. Distribution rules of the temperature field of 2Cr13 in four cooling
and lubrication approaches were the same. Based on the excellent heat transfer property of nanofluids, the output heat through
the grinding medium acquired an increasingly high proportion, leading to the drop of the temperature in the grinding zone. For
the same cooling and lubrication conditions, grinding temperature presented insignificant changes along the direction of grinding
width. Yet, under different cooling conditions, the temperature variation was significant. MQL grinding conditions with additive
nanoparticles demonstrated great impact on the weakening of temperature effect on the grinding zone.

1. Introduction or a few hundredths of a percentage point compared with

Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) refers to the minimum
quantity of lubricants that enters the high-temperature grind-
ing zone after being mixed in high-pressure gas and atomized
with high pressure draft (4.0–6.5 bar). The traditional flood
cooling feed liquid of grinding fluid is 60 L/h for a unit
of the width of grinding wheel, while the consumption
of MQL grinding fluid is 30–100 mL/h for a unit of the
width of the grinding wheel [1–8]. High pressure draft
serves as cooling and chip removal. Lubricants attached to
the finished surface of the workpiece, forming a layer of
protective film and serving as the lubrication. This technology
integrates the advantages of flood cooling grinding and dry
grinding, presenting similar lubrication effects compared
with traditional flood cooling grinding. Lubricants adopt
vegetable oil as alkyl ester of base oil, which shows features
like as excellent biodegradability, lubricating properties, high
viscosity index, low volatility, recycling, short production
cycle and insignificant environmental diffusion, and so forth.
The consumption of lubricants is only parts per thousand
the traditional grinding approaches, which greatly improved
the working environment. Thus, high pressure draft is an
efficient low-carbon processing technology. However, studies
show that cooling effect of high pressure draft is too limited
to meet the needs of strengthened high-temperature heat
transfer of the grinding zone [8–12]. The processing quality
of the workpiece and the grinding wheel life is worse than
the traditional flood cooling grinding, indicating that MQL
technique requires further improvements.
In order to improve the defects in cooling effect of MQL
grinding, the Sanchez [12] team from Spain applied the low-
temperature CO2 to the MQL grinding, that is, to inject
low-temperature CO2 (238 K) and MQL medium with two
nozzles in the grinding zone with the form of jet flow. Given
the advantage of low-temperature heat transfer property of
CO2 , the temperature of the grinding zone can be further
reduced. Studies have shown that the consumption of CO2
is remarkable (40 L/min), and two sets of feeding systems are
needed. The costs are high and the rapid volatile property of
CO2 constrains its strengthened heat transfer in the grinding
2 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
Table 1: The coefficient of thermal conductivity of matters.
Copper Aluminum Zinc
Matters Copper Aluminum
oxide oxide oxide nanotube
Thermal conductivity
401 237 19.6 40
/W(m⋅K)−1
zone (low-temperature CO2 MQL grinding ratio 𝐺 = 4.5;
flood cooling lubrication grinding ratio 𝐺 = 4.22). Hence, the
cooling effect of cryogenic gas on improving MQL subjects to
certain restrictions.
According to strengthened heat transfer theory, the heat
transfer ability of the solid greatly exceeds the liquid and gas.
At room temperature, the coefficient of thermal conductivity
of solid materials is greater than the fluid material by several
orders of magnitude. In Table 1, we compared the coefficient
of thermal conductivity of solid with liquid materials. It
can be inferred that the coefficient of thermal conductivity
of liquid with suspended metal, nonmetallic or polymeric
solid particles exceeded the pure liquid significantly. If solid
particles are added in MQL medium, it is expected to
greatly increase the coefficient of thermal conductivity of
fluid medium so as to improve the convective heat transfer
and offset the defects of insufficient cooling effects of MQL.
In addition, nanoparticles (referring to ultrafine tiny solid
particles with at least one dimension in the three-dimensional
space that is, in the nanoscale range (1–100 nm)) also present
tribological features such as special antifriction and high
carrying capacity in aspects of lubrication and tribology. In
this research, we added nanoscale solid particles in MQL
fluid medium to produce nanofluids. Specifically, we injected
nanoscale solid particles after the mixing and atomization
of nanoparticle, lubricants (oil or oil-water mixture) and
high-pressure gas in the grinding zone with the form of
jet flow. Nanoparticle jet flow of MQL grinding provides
an innovative grinding technology as well as the special
equipment that integrates all advantages of MQL technology
and presents better cooling effect as well as tribological
features. This technology intends to effectively address the
issue of grinding burn and to improve the workpiece surface
completeness. It embodies important significance in the real-
ization of efficient, environmentally friendly, resource-saving
and low-carbon green production with low consumption.
The removed volume of unit materials during the grind-
ing in the interface of the grinding wheel/workpiece generates
a mass of energies. The introduction of MQL with insufficient
cooling effect in the grinding is more challenging than other
cutting methods. So far, only a few research groups conducted
an exploratory study on MQL grinding technology. Xiu et
al. explored the application prospect of MQL in the grinding
from the aspect of environmental protection and ecology. The
research demonstrated that, compared with the traditional
flood cooling grinding, costs of MQL grinding fluid were
reduced by 65%, and the investment of device was reduced
by 22%. In addition, with the naturally degraded synthetic
esters as lubricants, harms of the grinding fluid on the envi-
ronment and human were minimized [13–15]; Aurich et al.
[16] studied the surface completeness of workpiece, specific
Carbon Ethylene
Diamond Silicon Water Engine oil
glycol
100 3000 2300 148 0.613 0.145 0.253
energy, and abrasion contrast of the grinding wheel under
different conditions including dry grinding, flood cooling
wet grinding, and MQL. The results showed that, compared
with the other two flood cooling methodology conditions,
MQL provided effective lubrication, yet insufficient cooling
effect. The completeness of the processed workpiece surface
was deteriorated; Malkin and Guo [17] researched on the
impact of grinding parameters on the workpiece surface
quality in the flat grinder experiment. Compared with the
flood cooling wet grinding, the workpiece surface quality as
improved under the conditions of the optimization of grind-
ing consumption and feed liquid parameters, with improved
quality and reduced tangential grinding force and specific
grinding energy; Huang and Liu [18] applied the precision
surface grinder experiment to study the grinding power,
grinding force, grinding temperature and surface roughness
contrast of MQL grinding and flood cooling dry grinding.
The results show that, with a suitable material removal rate,
the grinding force and the grinding power of MQL were prior
to that of flood cooling methodology. Yet, the roughness of
the workpiece surface and residual stress was inferior to that
of flood cooling methodology. Xu et al. [19] conducted the
minimum cutting-in (5 𝜇m) grinding contrast experiment on
the precise DC grinder with the water droplets processing
liquid attached by minimum quantity oil film, emulsion
solution, soluble concentrates, minimum quantity spray and
minimum quantity oil mist processing liquid. Furthermore,
they measured the grinding force, surface roughness, the
temperature of the grinding zone, and grinding ratio. Results
showed that the cooling effect of the water droplets processing
liquid attached by minimum quantity oil film as inferior
to traditional processing liquid such as emulsion solution
and soluble concentrates, yet presenting sound lubricating
property [20–23]. It also presented excellent advantages in
regard of processing precision and the grinding wheel life.
Yet, this method is applied for the grinding under the low
grinding heat condition due to the limited heat transfer of
minimum quantity water drops.
On account of the damages on environment and workers’
health from the extensive use of grinding fluid in flood
cooling methodology as well as the severely insufficient cool-
ing effects of MQL grinding, nanoscale solid particles were
injected in the grinding zone with the form of jet flow
after the mixing and atomization of nanoparticle, lubricants
(oil or oil-water mixture), and high-pressure gas because
of the prior heat transfer of solid particles than liquid and
gas. In this way, the defects of MQL cooling effect can be
offset, which greatly improved the production environment,
saving energy, and cost reduction and achieved low-carbon
manufacturing. Furthermore, lubricants were injected in the
grinding zone more effectively via breaking the airbond,
Advances in Mechanical Engineering 3

𝐴󳰀

𝐵󳰀 𝐴
𝐵

(a) (b)

Figure 1: Planar heat source conduction.

improving effective flow rate of the grinding wheel/workpiece The temperature variation equation of the point 𝑚 from the
interface grinding medium. Compared with the wet grinding, entire heat source belt is
the fluid dynamic pressure and introduction force generated 2
by the grinding medium in the wedge-shaped contact area 𝑞 𝑙 ∞
𝑑𝑡 { [𝑥 − 𝑥󸀠 + V𝑡] + 𝑧2 }
𝜃(𝑥,𝑧) = 𝑚 ∫ 𝑑𝑥𝑖 ∫ exp {− }
were reduced, as well as the deflection deformation of the 2𝜋𝜆 −𝑙 0 𝑡 4𝛼𝑡
principal axis of the grinding wheel [24–27]. It also improved { }
the precision of the workpiece processing. Furthermore, with 𝑞𝑚 𝑙 (𝑥𝑖 −𝑥)V/2𝛼 V 2
the special lubricating property and tribological properties of = ∫ 𝑒 𝐾0 [ √(𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥) + 𝑧2 ] 𝑑𝑥𝑖 ,
2𝜋𝜆 −𝑙 2𝛼
nanoscale solid particles for jet flow, a nanoparticle shearing (2)
oil layer can be found on the interface of the grinding
wheel/workpiece, which can enhance the improvement of (𝑥 − 𝑥󸀠 ) V V𝑥 V𝑧 V𝑙
lubricating property of MQL grinding and present practical 𝑢= ; 𝑋= ; 𝑍= ; 𝐿= .
meanings. In this research, the modeling and numerical 2𝛼 2𝛼 2𝛼 2𝛼
(3)
simulation was conducted on nanoparticle jet flow of MQL
grinding temperature field. To substitute (3) in (2), we get the following equation:
2𝑞𝑚 𝛼 𝑋+𝐿 −𝑢 √ 2
𝜃(𝑥,𝑧) = ∫ 𝑒 𝐾0 𝑍 + 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢, (4)
2. The Mathematical Model of 𝜋𝜆V 𝑋−𝐿
Temperature Field where 𝑞𝑚 is the surface heating source intensity of semi-
infinite body, 𝜆 is the thermal conductivity of workpiece
With the planar shallow-cut grinding as the study objective, material W/(m⋅K), 𝛼 is thermal diffusivity (cm2 /s) 𝛼 = 𝜆/𝜌𝑐𝑝 ,
Figure 1 shows heat source conduction of the grinding zone.
𝑐𝑝 is specific heat capacity (J/(kg⋅K)−1 , 𝜌 is density (g/cm3 ), 𝑉
Assume the grinding contact arc zone AA󸀠 B󸀠 B as the band-
is the movement velocity of heat source, and 𝐾0 (𝑢) is zero-
shape heat source, 𝑌 direction was regarded as infinitely long,
order-modified Bessel function of the second kind.
and the intensity of heat source is 𝑞𝑚 [J/m2 ⋅K⋅s]; the contact
arc length is 𝑙𝑠 , and the heat source AA󸀠 B󸀠 B is the set of
countless linear heat sources 𝑑𝑥𝑖 . One linear heat source 𝑑𝑥𝑖 2.1. Energy Proportionality Coefficient. Assume the theoreti-
was taken with the intensity of 𝑞𝑚 𝑑𝑥𝑖 , which moved along the cal contact area and actual contact area of grinding wheel and
𝑋 direction with the velocity of 𝑉. the workpiece as 𝑆 and 𝑆𝑒 respectively; 𝑞𝑤 was used to express
The temperature rise equation of the point 𝑚(𝑥, 0, 𝑧) the internal input energy in unit time to obtain
from linear heat source 𝑞𝑚 𝑑𝑥󸀠 𝑑𝑡 with the width of 𝑑𝑥󸀠 : 1 𝑆 1/2
(𝜃𝑚 𝑏) [2(𝜆𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑤 V 𝑒 𝑙𝑐 ] .
𝑞𝑤 = (5)
2 𝑆
𝑞𝑚 (𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖 ) V V 2
Input energy of the grinding wheel in unit time is
𝑑𝜃𝑚 = exp [ ] 𝑘0 [ √(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑖 ) + 𝑧𝑚
2 ] 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑖
𝜋𝜆 2𝛼 2𝛼 1 𝑆 1/2

(1) 𝑞𝑠 = (𝜃𝑚 𝑏) [2(𝜆𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑠 V𝑠 𝑒 𝑙𝑐 ] . (6)

2 𝑆
4 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

Table 2: Performance parameters of 2Cr13 material.

∘
Temperature ( C) 25 100 200 300 400 500
Modulus of elasticity (GPa) 228 214 208 200 189 180
Coefficient of thermal conductivity (W/m⋅K) 23.8
Specific heat (J/Kg⋅K) 460
Coefficient of thermal expansion (10−5 /K) 10.3
Density (Kg/m3 ) 7750
Poisson’s ratio 0.29
Yield strength (MPa) 440

Table 3: Performance parameters of 45 steel.

Temperature (∘ C) 25 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Thermal conductivity (W/m⋅K) 41.7 43.4 43.2 41.4 39.1 36.7 34.1 32.0
Specific heat (J/Kg⋅K) 480 498 524 560 615 700 854 1064
Coefficient of thermal expansion (10−5 /K) — 1.159 1.232 1.309 1.371 1.418 1.467 1.498
Density (Kg/m3 ) 7850
Modulus of elasticity (GPa) 209
Poisson’s ratio 0.296
Yield strength (MPa) 355

Table 4: Performance parameters of ZrO2 .

Coefficient of thermal Specific heat Coefficient of thermal Modulus of Breaking tenacity

Density (Kg/m3 ) Poisson’s ratio
conductivity (W/m⋅K) (J/Kg⋅K) expansion (10−5 /K) elasticity (GPa) (Mpa)
5500 3.5 660 9.6 209 0.3 8.1

Output energy via nanofluids in unit time is Table 5: Technological parameters of grinding.

1 1/2 Speed of grinding Work speed Grinding grinding

𝑞𝑓 = (𝜃𝑚 𝑏) [2(𝜆𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑓 V𝑠 𝑙𝑐 ] . (7) wheel (]𝑠 ) (]𝑤 ) depth (𝑎𝑃 ) width (b)
2
40 m/s 3 m/min 5 𝜇𝑚 16 mm
The proportionality coefficient 𝑅𝑤 of input energy is
𝑞𝑤 Table 6: Performance parameters of cooling and lubrication
𝑅𝑤 = , approaches.
𝑞𝑠 + 𝑞𝑓
Cooling and lubrication
Performance parameter
= 1 × (1 + √(𝜆𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑠 /(𝜆𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑤 × (𝑆𝑒 /𝑆) V𝑠 /V (8) approaches
Water-based grinding fluid,
Flood cooling Methodology
−1 delivery value: 100 L/min
+√(𝜆𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑓 /(𝜆𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑤 × V𝑠 /V) , MQL Pure oil base (35 mL/H)
Carbon nanotube particles with
where V𝑠 , the speed of grinding wheel; 𝑏, grinding width; the diameter of 10–20 nm; oil
(𝜆𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑤 , performance parameters of workpiece; (𝜆𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑠 , Nanoparticle jet flow of MQL base (vegetable oil); volume
performance parameters of grinding wheel; (𝜆𝜌𝑐𝑝 )𝑓 , perfor- fraction: 1%; delivery value:
15 mL/min
mance parameters of nanofluids.
Surface heating source intensity of the workpiece is Dry grinding None

𝑅𝑤 𝐹𝑡 V𝑠
𝑞𝑚 = . (9) and ZrO2 at 25∘ C were studied. Material properties and
𝑙𝑠 𝑏
grinding parameters are shown in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
[28–31].
3. Numerical Simulation of Temperature Field
3.1. Simulation Conditions. The planar grinding process was 3.2. Finite Element Grid Division. In the finite element
regarded as the movement of planar heat source on the work- analogue simulation, grid division has a decisive effect on the
piece surface, and temperature field rules of 2Cr13, 45 Steel, precision of the calculation analysis. The less width of the grid
Advances in Mechanical Engineering
360
300
Temperature (∘ C)
240
180
120
60
0 0
0 0.016 0.032 0.048
Time (s)
𝑡 = 0.02 s 𝑡 = 0.05 s
𝑡 = 0.03 s 𝑡 = 0.06 s
𝑡 = 0.04 s 𝑡 = 0.07 s
Figure 2: Graph of temperature distribution at different points
along the grinding direction.
division, the higher the corresponding computational accu-
racy, and the more computation time is needed. Hence, to
improve the computational accuracy and efficiency, in this
model, the DC3D8 mode of 8-node implicit linear heat con-
duction unit was adopted for the grid division of workpiece.
3.3. Thermal Loading. The mobile heat source model was
discretized, that is, in the time of one analysis step, uniform
and constant heat source was loaded to a certain area. In
the next analysis step, the heat source was moved to another
area. Meanwhile, the previous analysis results were used as
the initiative conditions in the simulation so as to achieve the
continuous moving loading of the heat source.
4. Result Analysis
4.1. Temperature Distribution along the Grinding Direction. In
the planar grinding, with the constant feeding of the grinding
wheel, the workpiece surface is influenced by the heat source
effects, and its heat flux density and temperature field changed
with the time. Rules of temperature variation at different
positions are shown in Figure 2.
As shown in Figure 2, along the feeding direction of the
grinding wheel, 6 nodes on the finished surface were taken
with equidistance successively to acquire the temperature-
time diagram. It can be seen from the figure that the temper-
ature variation tendency of the six nodes was much the same,
progressing forward in the form of waves respectively. When
the heat source moves to the grinding arc zone of nodes, the
node temperature was rapidly increased and reached the peak
value when the heat source was about to leave the grinding
arc zone. When the position of heat source was removed
from the grinding arc zone, energies of each node rapidly
diffused with the temperature gradually getting stabilized.
Furthermore, the nodes closer to the heat source will have
higher equilibrium temperature at the steady state.
5
300
250
Temperature (∘ C)
200
150
100
50
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
0.064 0.08
Time (s)
𝑍 = 0 mm 𝑍 = 1 mm
𝑍 = 0.2 mm 𝑍 = 1.8 mm
𝑍 = 0.5 mm 𝑍 = 2.5 mm
Figure 3: Temperature distribution diagram of nodes along the
direction of grinding depth.
4.2. Temperature Distribution along the Workpiece Thickness
Direction. Figure 3 shows the surface temperature field vari-
ation rules along the workpiece thickness direction of 45 Steel
under the condition of nanoparticle jet flow of the MQL. It
can be seen from the Figure 3 that in the grinding, the heat
source had an extremely short effect time on the workpiece
surface. In addition, due to the relatively small thermal
conductivity of the workpiece material, the input heat on
the workpiece surface from the heat source cannot be timely
diffused, thus forming the local high temperature as shown
in the Figure 3. Moreover, the workpiece surface temperature
was much higher than the subsurface temperature of the
workpiece, presenting a relatively large temperature gradient
along the direction of workpiece thickness. The temperature
variation of the workpiece along the direction of thickness
is mainly related with the material properties of heat source
and the workpiece. The coefficient of thermal conductivity
of the workpiece imposes significant impacts on longitudinal
temperature variation.
As shown in Figure 3, four points with 0 mm, 0.2 mm,
0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.8 mm, and 2.5 mm from the workpiece-
finished surface along the workpiece thickness were taken,
generating the time varying temperature diagram. It can be
seen from the figure that the node with 𝑍 = 0 mm located
on the surface of the grinding zone, and its maximum tem-
perature, that is, the maximum temperature in the grinding
zone, was about 280∘ C; with the node of 𝑍 = 0.5 mm, the
maximum temperature of the node dropped to about 80∘ C.
In addition, with the node of 𝑍 = 1.8 mm and 𝑍 = 2.5 mm,
the temperature curve of the two nodes almost overlapped,
and the maximum temperature at the steady state was about
50∘ C. It can be observed from the temperature curve of
each node that in the planar grinding, from the temperature
variation below the grinding surface, the node farther from
the grinding surface will be less affected by the mobile heat
source. When 𝑍 < −1.5 mm, the temperature variation
tendency of nodes along the direction of grinding depth.
6 Advances in Mechanical Engineering

Table 7: Grinding technological parameters of 2Cr13.

Grinding depth 𝑎𝑝 Contact Arc length 𝑙𝑐 Heat distribution coefficient 𝑅𝑤 Grinding tangential force 𝐹𝑡 Heat flux density 𝑞𝑡
1 𝜇m 0.45 mm 83% 28.4 N 8.57 W/mm2
5 𝜇m 1 mm 90% 51.3 N 15.4 W/mm2
10 𝜇m 1.41 mm 92% 51.3 N 20.8 W/mm2

600 400

500
300
400
Temperature (∘ C)

Temperature (∘ C)
300 200

200
100
100

0 0
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
Time (s) Time (s)

10 𝜇m 10 𝜇m
5 𝜇m 5 𝜇m
1 𝜇m 1 𝜇m

Figure 4: 2Cr13 Temperature variation diagram. Figure 5: Time-varying diagram of ceramics temperature.

4.3. Simulation Results of Grinding Temperature Field with Dif-
ferent Cut Depths. In order to research on the time-varying of
temperature fields of the three kinds of materials, the analog
simulation of these materials under working conditions of
different grinding depths was conducted.
4.3.1. Analysis of Simulation Parameters. In the planar grind-
ing, parameters were interrelated and mutually influenced.
With the changes of grinding depths, other simulation
technological parameters (such as grinding zone contact
arc length, heat distribution coefficient, heat flux density of
mobile heat source etc.) were changed. Analog simulation of
temperature fields with different grinding depths was con-
ducted. Firstly, parameters were calculated. Corresponding
grinding technological parameters of three grinding depths
were shown in Table 7.
Similarly, corresponding heat flux densities of 45 Steel
with the grinding depth of 1 𝜇m, 5 𝜇m and 10 𝜇m were
respectively 17.8 W/mm2 , 21.6 W/mm2 , and 23.0 W/mm2 .
Meanwhile, the corresponding heat flux densities of the
ceramic material at three different grinding depths were
10.3 W/mm2 , 12.5 W/mm2 , and 14.5 W/mm2 .
4.3.2. Simulation Results. Figures 4-5 showed the time-
varying temperature diagram of the stainless steel 2Cr13
and zirconia ceramics in nanometer size with the grinding
depth of 1 𝜇m, 5 𝜇m, and 10 𝜇m. It can be observed from the
figure that, in the planar grinding, different grinding depths
should be adopted for different workpiece materials, without
changing the shape of time-dependent grinding temperature
curve. The only change was the grinding temperature peak
value. In other words, the larger the grinding depth is, the
higher the grinding temperature is. With the gradual decrease
of the cut depth, the temperature variation curve tended to
be flat. With the consideration that the removal mechanism
of ceramic material is brittle rupture, the grinding wheel
squeezed with ceramic materials during the grinding so that
ceramic materials produced a large sum of cracks, which
kept on extending and eventually led to the brittle removal
of abrasive dusts. Under the same grinding condition, brittle
rupture removal materials only consumed relatively low
specific energies. Hence, the temperature in the grinding zone
was relatively lower. The two materials generated tempera-
tures with remarkable gradients in the grinding zone. When
the mobile heat source left the grinding zone, the temperature
gradually decreased and tended to be stable. However, with
different physical property parameters of the materials (such
as thermal conductivity, specific heat and coefficient of
thermal expansion etc.), the general tendency of temperature
curves was similar but the temperature generated from the
grinding zone was different.
Advances in Mechanical Engineering 7

480 500

400 400

320
Temperature (∘ C)

300

Temperature (∘ C)
240
200

160
100

80
0
0 −50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
𝑋 (mm) 𝑍 (mm)

Dry Nanofluid Dry Nanofluid

MQL Flood MQL Flood

Figure 6: Temperature distribution along the grinding direction. Figure 8: Variation rules of grinding temperature along the direc-
tion of depth.

400
temperature along the grinding width were insignificant
320 but temperature variations were significant. The addition
Temperature (∘ C)

of nanoparticle MQL in grinding remarkably weakened the

240 temperature effect of the grinding zone.
Figure 8 shows the regularities of distribution of grinding
160 temperature along the direction of workpiece thickness under
four grinding conditions. Large temperature gradient can be
80 observed from Figure 8. Besides, the temperature gradient of
dry grinding obviously exceeded that of MQL. In addition,
0 at the deep layer with 𝑍 = 2.8 mm, the internal grinding
−2 −1 0 1 2
temperature was close to the initial temperature.
𝑌 (mm)

Dry Nanofluid
MQL Flood
5. Conclusions

Figure 7: Regularities of temperature distribution along the direc-
tion of grinding width.
4.4. Simulation Analysis under Different Cooling and Lubri-
cation Conditions. Figure 6 shows the simulation results of
temperature field of 2Cr13 in four cooling and lubrication
approaches. As shown in Figure 6, regularities of temperature
field distribution are the same. Yet, due to different thermal
ratios through grinding mediums, the temperatures of the
grinding zone are different. However, based on excellent
heat transfer property of nanofluids, the temperature of the
grinding zone was greatly reduced. As shown in Figure 7, the
location with the maximum temperature difference was in the
grinding zone, indicating that only the injection of lubricants
in the grinding zone and the maximum grinding temperature
can be reduced to the most extent so as to prevent grinding
burns and other issues during the grinding. Under the four
cooling and lubrication conditions, the variations of grinding
The heat transfer model of surface grinding temperature field
with nanoparticle jet flow of MQL as well as the propor-
tionality coefficient model of energy input workpiece was
established, respectively. The numerical simulation of surface
grinding temperature field of three workpiece materials was
conducted, namely, 45 Steel, 2Cr13 and zirconia ceramics in
nanometer size. In the grinding, the surface temperature of
workpiece was the highest, with a large temperature gradient
along the direction of workpiece thickness. Furthermore, the
grinding depth greatly affected the grinding temperature.
With the increase of the cut depth, the peak value of grinding
temperature was rapidly elevated.
Distribution rules of the temperature field of 2Cr13
are the same in four cooling and lubrication approaches,
namely, dry grinding, flood cooling methodology, MQL, and
nanoparticle jet flow of MQL. Due to different thermal ratios
from grinding medium, the temperature of the grinding zone
was differed. Meanwhile, with the outstanding heat transfer
property of nanofluids, the temperature in the grinding zone
was greatly reduced. Under four cooling and lubrication
8 Advances in Mechanical Engineering
conditions, little change of grinding temperature along the
direction of grinding width was observed, however, with
significant temperature variation. MQL with nanoparticle
imposed the most significant impact on reducing the temper-
ature effect of the grinding zone. During the grinding, only
with the effective injection of grinding fluid in the grinding
zone, the temperature of the grinding zone can be reduced
to the most degree so as to prevent the grinding burn and
improve the workpiece surface completeness.
Acknowledgment
This research was financially supported by the National Nat-
ural Science Foundation of China (50875138 and 51175276),
the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of
China (Z2008F11 and ZR2009FZ007), and the Specialized
Construct Fund for Taishan Scholars.
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