Bhalja Het Sanjaykumar

Enrolment no:- 19914033 (Research Scholar)

Problem

A distribution system and its data are as given below. Calculate the total revenue loss of the
system, considering momentary outages, if the system is:
(i) Unprotected
(ii) Protected with Recloser in F2, Sectionalizing switch in F3, Fuse-blow fuse in F4
and Fuse-save fuse in F5.

All the component is 100% reliable.

The mean values of failure rates and repair time for F1. F2 and F3 are 0.1 failure/year and 4
hrs, respectively. For F4 and F5, these values are 0.15 failure/year and 4 hrs, respectively.
The isolation time is 30 min.
The fuse replacement time is 1 hr. CB can reclose in 30 min for momentary faults. CB do not
have reclosing capability.The mean values of load at L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5 are 2000 kW,
1500 kW, 1200 kW, 1000 kW and 800 kW. (All loads are commercial load.)
The standard deviation for these values is 10%, and they follow the normal distribution.
Use Monte-Carlo simulation with 5000 runs. Plot the p.d.f.s of ENS, TIC(sustained), TIC
(momentary) and the total revenue loss.
 Solution
Unprotected system
Fig. 1 shows the layout of the unprotected system. In which five feeders F1, F2, F3, F4 and
F5 are being distributed from the substation. The substation having circuit breaker (without
reclosing capacity). The feeders have five loads L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5. Fault occurs in the
distribution system are of the two types either sustained or momentary. When there is no
other protected device connected on feeder in this case CB is the only device which operate
during occurrence of fault irrespective of the fault type. Further analysis can be subdivided
into two subtypes based on the types of fault:

F5 L5
Sub
Station
1 2 3
F1 F2 F3

CB

L1 L2 L3
F4 4

L4

Figure 1 Layout of the unprotected distribution system

1) Sustained fault
When sustained fault occurs on the any feeder at that time CB situated at the Substation
operates and all the feeder trips. The disadvantage of this method is that though fault happens
only in the one feeder all other feeder is being tripped. So, in despite of the fault on any
feeder all the loads are being interrupted. The table of outage rates and repair time for all the
feeder during faults are given below:
 Table 1 Permanent outage due to permanent fault (PO-PF)

Feede L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
r
λ r λ r λ r λ r λ r
/load
F1 0.1 4 0.1 4 0.1 4 0.1 4 0.1 4
F2 0.1 4 0.1 4 0.1 4 0.1 4 0.1 4
F3 0.1 4 0.1 4 0.1 4 0.1 4 0.1 4
F4 0.15 5 0.15 5 0.15 5 0.15 5 0.15 5
F5 0.15 5 0.15 5 0.15 5 0.15 5 0.15 5

2) Momentary fault
Most of the fault occurring are momentary in the nature. The rate at which momentary fault
occurs is almost three times than the permanent outage rate. When momentary fault occurs on
the either feeder, ideally no protective device should operate. But here CB do not have
reclosing capability, which leads to the unwanted tripping of the CB during temporary fault.
The repair time or CB reclosing time during momentary fault is taken as 0.5 hour. Though
fault is momentary in nature but due to unavailability of reclosing will lead to the permanent
outage. Further, momentary fault on the any feeder will lead to the tripping of the CB and all
the loads connected to all feeder will be tripped which will cause higher loss of revenue.
Table 2 Permanent outage due to momentary fault (PO-TF)

Feede L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
r
λ r λ r λ r λ r λ r
/load
F1 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5
F2 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5
F3 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5
F4 0.45 0.5 0.45 0.5 0.45 0.5 0.45 0.5 0.45 0.5
F5 0.45 0.5 0.45 0.5 0.45 0.5 0.45 0.5 0.45 0.5

Considering cost of per unit electricity= 5 Rs. And 1$=70 Rs.

For the commercial load IC can be given by below equations.
TIC (sustained) = 9531165 Rs.
TIC (momentary) = 2179485 Rs.
ENS = 23400 kWh
CENS = 117000 Rs.
Total revenue loss = TIC (sustained) + TIC (momentary) + CENS = 11827650 Rs.
Monte-carlo simulation for the unprotected system
Matlab code used to perform monte-simulation for unprotected system for 5000 is given
below:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
clear global;
iter=5000;
for k=1:iter
n=rand(5,1);
z=norminv(n);
ld=[0.1 0.1 0.1 0.15 0.15];
l=ld+(0.1*ld*z);
l_popf=[l(1) l(1) l(1) l(1) l(1); l(2) l(2) l(2) l(2) l(2);
l(3) l(3) l(3) l(3) l(3); l(4) l(4) l(4) l(4) l(4); l(5) l(5)
l(5) l(5) l(5)];
n11=rand(5,1);
z11=norminv(n11);
ld=[0.3 0.3 0.3 0.45 0.45];
l=ld+(0.1*ld*z11);
l_potf=[l(1) l(1) l(1) l(1) l(1); l(2) l(2) l(2) l(2) l(2);
l(3) l(3) l(3) l(3) l(3); l(4) l(4) l(4) l(4) l(4); l(5) l(5)
l(5) l(5) l(5)];
Load=[2000 1500 1200 1000 800];
n1=rand(5,1);
z1=norminv(n1);
L=Load+(0.1*Load*z1);
R=[4 4 4 5 5];
n2=rand(5,1);
z2=norminv(n2);
rr=R+(0.1*R*z2);
r=[rr(1) rr(1) rr(1) rr(1) rr(1); rr(2) rr(2) rr(2) rr(2)
rr(2); rr(3) rr(3) rr(3) rr(3) rr(3); rr(4) rr(4) rr(4) rr(4)
rr(4); rr(5) rr(5) rr(5) rr(5) rr(5)];
R=[0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5];
n22=rand(5,1);
z22=norminv(n22);
rr=R+(0.1*R*z22);
r_potf=[rr(1) rr(1) rr(1) rr(1) rr(1); rr(2) rr(2) rr(2) rr(2)
rr(2); rr(3) rr(3) rr(3) rr(3) rr(3); rr(4) rr(4) rr(4) rr(4)
rr(4); rr(5) rr(5) rr(5) rr(5) rr(5)];
U=l_popf.*r
U_1=l_potf.*r_potf;
l_popf_T=sum(l_popf(:,:));
U_T=sum(U(:,:));
U_1_T=sum(U_1(:,:));
for a=1:5
for b=1:5
 time=r(a,b)*60;
IC(a,b)=((0.0002*(time^2)+(0.0875*time)));
TIC(a,b)=(l_popf(a,b)*IC(a,b)*L(1,a));
time1=r_potf(a,b)*60;
IC1(a,b)=((0.0002*(time1^2)+(0.0875*time1)));
TIC1(a,b)=(l_potf(a,b)*IC1(a,b)*L(1,a));
end
end
TIC_p(k)=(sum(sum(TIC)))*70;
TIC_t(k)=(sum(sum(TIC1)))*70;
ENS(k)=(sum(U_T.*L))+(sum(U_1_T.*L));
CENS(k)=ENS(k)*5;
TRL(k)=CENS(k)+TIC_p(k)+TIC_t(k);
end
subplot(2,2,1)
[p,x] = hist(TIC_p); plot(x,p/sum(p))
title('TIC (sustained)')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('p(x)')
subplot(2,2,2)
[p,x] = hist(TIC_t); plot(x,p/sum(p))
title('TIC (momentary)')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('p(x)')
subplot(2,2,3)
[p,x] = hist(ENS); plot(x,p/sum(p))
title('ENS')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('p(x)')
subplot(2,2,4)
[p,x] = hist(TRL); plot(x,p/sum(p))
title('Total revenue loss')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('p(x)')
a=findobj(gcf);
allaxes=findall(a,'Type','axes');
alllines=findall(a,'Type','line');
alltext=findall(a,'Type','text');
set(allaxes,'FontName','ARIAL','FontWeight','Bold','LineWidth'
,3,...
'FontSize',16);
set(alllines,'Linewidth',3);
set(alltext,'FontName','ARIAL','FontWeight','Bold','FontSize',
16);
Analysis

After simulating monte-carlo simulation for 5000 runs the value of TIC, ENS and total
revenue loss of the unprotected system is shown in the table 2. Further, the probability
density functions (p.d.f.s) of the same is shown in fig. 2.

Table 3 Analysis of unprotected system

Standard
Standard deviation in
Mean
deviation percentage 3rd central 4th central
(1st central
(2nd central (coefficient moment moment
moment)
moment) of
variation)
TIC (sustained)
9792110 4678804 47.78% 1.0151×1020 2.1807×1027
(in Rs.)
TIC (momentary)
2190785 926703 42.30% 6.3474×1017 2.9912×1024
(in Rs.)
ENS (in Rs.) 23550 8204 34.83% 3.7287×1011 1.7102×1016
Total Revenue
12100649 5088386 42.05% 1.2020×1020 2.9563×1027
Loss (in Rs.)

Figure 2 Probability density functions for unprotected system

Unprotected system
As shown in fig. 3, the layout of the protected distribution system is used. Feeder 1 is
protected by the CB of the substation further feeder F2 and F3 is protected by recloser and
sectionalizer, respectively. Feeder F4 and F5 are protected using Fuses. The feeders have five
loads L1, L2, L3, L4 and L5. The function of recloser is when fault occurs it tries to reclose
the contact after some time delay to avoid permanent outage due to temporary faults. The
most of the fault happening in the distribution system are temporary in nature. That is why
recloser is used in general practice to reduce the down time. Nowadays, recloser always used
with sanctionalizer switch which work as intelligent isolator. During the permanent fault,
isolator will isolate the faulty section automatically after reclosing attempts so that downtime
to the load can be significantly reduced. Further fuses are used in feeder F4 and F5. The fuses
can be connected in two schemes: (1) Fuse-save scheme (2) Fuse-blow scheme. In fuse save
scheme, after occurrence of fault, fuse will not blow until reclosing attempts are done. The
benefit of that is if fault is momentary in nature than the blowing of the fuse can be save
during momentary fault. Contradictory, during fuse-blow scheme the fuse will first blow for
either of fault after reclosing attempts are done. Using this scheme, momentary outages to
essential load can be avoided. The operation of the protected system during sustained and
temporary fault is further explained below:

F5 L5
Sub Fuse-save fuse
Station
1 2 3
F1 F2 F3

CB Recloser Sectionalizer
Fuse-blow fuse
L1 L2 L3
F4 4

L4

Figure 3 Layout of the protected distribution system

Operation of the protected system for the different types of faults on different feeders

Fault on feeder F1
 During the sustained fault on F1 leads to the tripping of the CB located at substation
and all the feeder will be tripped.
 For momentary fault on F1 will also lead to the tripping of the CB for higher time
(time equal to the 0.5 hour) because CB do not have reclosing capacity.

Fault on feeder F2
 Sustained fault on F2 leads to tripping of recloser and feeder F2, F3 and F5 will be
disconnected. F1 and F4 will not be affected.
 During momentary faults, recloser will try its reclosing attempts and L2, L3 and L5
will experience momentary outage. The outage time will be equal to 5 min.

Fault on feeder F3
 Sustained fault on F3, the recloser will try to do its reclosing attempt and after last
attempt, setionalizer will sense that it is sustained fault on F3 and it will open. During
reclosing attempts load L2 and L5 will experience momentary outages. Here
momentary outage time of L2 and L5 will be equal to 5 min.
 During momentary faults, recloser will try its reclosing attempts and L2, L3 and L5
will experience momentary outage. The outage time will be equal to 5 min.

Fault on feeder F4
 Sustained fault on F4 will lead to blowing of the fuse and load L4 will be
disconnected
 Momentary fault on F4 the fuse will be blown again though there is momentary fault
due to fuse-blow scheme. Here, though momentary fault occurs L4 will have
permanent outage and can be reconnected to supply after fuse replacemen. The fuse
replacement time can be taken 1 hr.

Fault on feeder F5
 Though fuse is connected on F5, the sustained fault on F5 will not lead to blowing of
the fuse because of the fuse-save scheme. The recloser will try its reclosing attempts
meanwhile load L2 and L3will go through momentary outage due to reclosing
attempts and found that sustained fault occurred so it will blow the fuse.
  Momentary fault on F5 will not lead to blowing of the fuse because of the fuse-save
scheme. The recloser will try its reclosing attempts and due to that L2, L3 and L5 will
go through momentary outages.
So there are total four types of outage table:
(1) PO-PF (Permanent outage due to permanent fault) (Table 4)
(2) TO-PF (Momentary outage due to permanent fault) (Table 5)
(3) PO-TF (Permanent outage due to momentary fault) (Table 6)
(4) TO-TF (Momentary outage due to momentary fault) (Table 7)
Table 4 Permanent outage due to permanent fault (PO-PF)

Feede L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
r
λ r λ r λ r λ r λ r
/load
F1 0.1 4 0.1 4 0.1 4 0.1 4 0.1 4
F2 0 0 0.1 4 0.1 4 0 0 0.1 4
F3 0 0 0 0 0.1 4 0 0 0 0
F4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.15 5 0 0
F5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.15 5

Table 5 Momentary outage due to permanent fault (TO-PF)

Feede L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
r
λ r λ r λ r λ r λ r
/load
F1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F3 0 0 0.1 5 min 0 0 0 0 0.1 5 min
F4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F5 0 0 0.15 5 min 0.15 5 min 0 0 0 0

Table 6 Permanent outage due to momentary fault (PO-TF)

Feede L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
r
λ r λ r λ r λ r λ r
/load
F1 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5 0.3 0.5
F2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.45 1 0 0
F5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 7 Momentary outage due to momentary fault (TO-TF)

Feede L1 L2 L3 L4 L5
 r
λ r λ r λ r λ r λ r
/load
F1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F2 0 0 0.3 5 min 0.3 5 min 0 0 0.3 5 min
F3 0 0 0.3 5 min 0.3 5 min 0 0 0.3 5 min
F4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
F5 0 0 0.45 5 min 0.45 5 min 0 0 0.45 5 min

Considering cost of per unit electricity= 5 Rs. And 1$=70 Rs.

For the commercial load IC can be given by below equations.
TIC (sustained) = 5187378 Rs.
TIC (momentary) = 22623 Rs.
ENS = 7255 kWh
CENS = 36275 Rs.
Total revenue loss = TIC (sustained) + TIC (momentary) + CENS = 5246276 Rs.

Monte-carlo simulation for the unprotected system

Matlab code used to perform monte-simulation for unprotected system for 5000 is given
below:
clc;
clear all;
close all;
clear global;
format long
iter=5000;
for k=1:iter
n=rand(5,1);
z=norminv(n);
ld=[0.1 0.1 0.1 0.15 0.15];
l_popf=ld+(0.1*ld*z);
np1=rand(2,1);
zp1=norminv(np1);
ld=[0.3 0.45];
l_potf=ld+(0.1*ld*zp1);
np2=rand(2,1);
zp2=norminv(np2);
ld=[0.1 0.15];
l_topf=ld+(0.1*ld*zp2);
np3=rand(3,1);
zp3=norminv(np3);
ld=[0.3 0.3 0.45];
l_totf=ld+(0.1*ld*zp3);
popf=[l_popf(1) l_popf(1) l_popf(1) l_popf(1) l_popf(1); 0
l_popf(2) l_popf(2) 0 l_popf(2); 0 0 l_popf(3) 0 0 ; 0 0 0
l_popf(4) 0 ; 0 0 0 0 l_popf(5)];
potf=[l_potf(1) l_potf(1) l_potf(1) l_potf(1) l_potf(1);0 0 0
0 0;0 0 0 0 0;0 0 0 l_potf(2) 0;0 0 0 0 0];
topf=[0 0 0 0 0;0 0 0 0 0;0 l_topf(1) 0 0 l_topf(1) ;0 0 0 0
0;0 l_topf(2) l_topf(2) 0 0];
totf=[0 0 0 0 0; 0 l_totf(1) l_totf(1) 0 l_totf(1);0 l_totf(2)
l_totf(2) 0 l_totf(2);0 0 0 0 0; 0 l_totf(3) l_totf(3) 0
l_totf(3)];
Load=[2000 1500 1200 1000 800];
n1=rand(5,1);
z1=norminv(n1);
L=Load+(0.1*Load*z1);
R=[4 4 4 5 5];
n2=rand(5,1);
z2=norminv(n2);
rr=R+(0.1*R*z2);
r_popf=[rr(1) rr(1) rr(1) rr(1) rr(1); rr(2) rr(2) rr(2) rr(2)
rr(2); rr(3) rr(3) rr(3) rr(3) rr(3); rr(4) rr(4) rr(4) rr(4)
rr(4); rr(5) rr(5) rr(5) rr(5) rr(5);];
R=[0.5 1];
n21=rand(2,1);
z21=norminv(n21);
rr=R+(0.1*R*z21);
r_potf=[rr(1) rr(1) rr(1) rr(1) rr(1);0 0 0 0 0;0 0 0 0 0; 0 0
0 rr(2) 0;0 0 0 0 0];
R=[5 5];
n22=rand(2,1);
z22=norminv(n22);
rr=R+(0.1*R*z22);
r_topf=[0 0 0 0 0;0 0 0 0 0;0 rr(1) 0 0 rr(1);0 0 0 0 0; 0
rr(2) rr(2) 0 0];
R=[5 5 5];
n23=rand(3,1);
z23=norminv(n23);
rr=R+(0.1*R*z23);
r_totf=[0 0 0 0 0;0 rr(1) rr(1) 0 rr(1);0 rr(2) rr(2) 0
rr(2);0 0 0 0 0;0 rr(3) rr(3) 0 rr(3)];
U=popf.*r_popf; % unavailable (down)
time of the system
U1=potf.*r_potf;
lmd_T=sum(popf(:,:)); % total failur rates of
system (lembda)
U_T=sum(U(:,:));% total unavailable (down) time of the system
U_T1=sum(U1(:,:));
for a=1:5
for b=1:5
time=r_popf(a,b)*60;
IC(a,b)=((0.0002*(time^2)+(0.0875*time)));
TIC(a,b)=(popf(a,b)*IC(a,b)*L(1,a));
 time1=r_totf(a,b);
IC1(a,b)=((0.0145*time1)+0.0085);
TIC_mo(a,b)=(totf(a,b)*IC1(a,b)*L(1,a));
time2=r_topf(a,b);
IC2(a,b)=((0.0145*time2)+0.0085);
TIC_mo1(a,b)=(topf(a,b)*IC2(a,b)*L(1,a));
time3=r_potf(a,b)*60;
IC3(a,b)=((0.0002*(time3^2)+(0.0875*time3)));
TIC_po(a,b)=(potf(a,b)*IC3(a,b)*L(1,a));
end
end

TIC_pf(k)=70*((sum(sum(TIC)))+(sum(sum(TIC_po))));
TIC_tf(k)=70*((sum(sum(TIC_mo)))+(sum(sum(TIC_mo1))));
ENS(k)=(sum(U_T.*L)+sum(U_T1.*L));
CENS(k)=ENS(k)*5;
TRL(k)=CENS(k)+TIC_pf(k)+TIC_tf(k);
end
subplot(2,2,1)
[p,x] = hist(TIC_pf); plot(x,p/sum(p))
title('TIC (sustained)')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('p(x)')
grid on
subplot(2,2,2)
[p,x] = hist(TIC_tf); plot(x,p/sum(p))
title('TIC (momentary)')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('p(x)')
grid on
subplot(2,2,3)
[p,x] = hist(ENS); plot(x,p/sum(p))
title('ENS')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('p(x)')
grid on
subplot(2,2,4)
[p,x] = hist(TRL); plot(x,p/sum(p))
title('Total revenue loss')
xlabel('x')
ylabel('p(x)')
grid on

a=findobj(gcf);
allaxes=findall(a,'Type','axes');
alllines=findall(a,'Type','line');
alltext=findall(a,'Type','text');
set(allaxes,'FontName','ARIAL','FontWeight','Bold','LineWidth'
,3,...
'FontSize',16);
set(alllines,'Linewidth',3);
set(alltext,'FontName','ARIAL','FontWeight','Bold','FontSize',
16);

Analysis

After simulating monte-carlo simulation for 5000 runs the value of TIC, ENS and total
revenue loss of the unprotected system is shown in the table 8. Further, the probability
density functions (p.d.f.s) of the same is shown in fig. 4.

Table 8 Analysis of protected system

Standard
Standard deviation in
Mean
deviation percentage 3rd central 4th central
(1st central
(2nd central (coefficient moment moment
moment)
moment) of
variation)
TIC (sustained)
5273476 2194132 41.68% 1.0573×1019 1.1798×1026
(in Rs.)
TIC (momentary)
22400 7981 35.63% 2.722×1011 1.3890×1016
(in Rs.)
ENS (in Rs.) 7229 2850 39.42% 1.841×1010 2.844×1014
Total Revenue
5332024 2210965 41.46% 1.078×1019 1.2133×1026
Loss (in Rs.)
 Figure 4 Probability density functions for protected system

Comparative analysis of the unprotected and protected system

 By using protected system, the total revenue loss of the distribution system can be
reduced upto 56%.
 Total interruption cost (TIC) due to sustained fault can be reduced to 9531165-
5187378 =4343787 and which 45% decrement from the unprotected system.
 There is significant reduction in the TIC due to momentary fault due to addition of
recloser in the system. In unprotected system, due to momentary fault there are
permanent outages. This case is eliminated in the protected system due to Recloser
present at F2
 The reduction in TIC (momentary) is about almost 99%.
 ENS is reduced to 7255 from 23400kWh. This is almost 70% reduction from the
unprotected system.
 The p.d.f of the function can be seen from fig. 2 for unprotected system and fig. 4
for protected system.
 The analysis of the monte carlo simulation is also given in the Table 3 for unprotected
system and table 8 for protected system.
 The total revenue loss can further be reduced if we use CB with reclosing capability
which is placed at substation.

p.d.f.s for unprotected system

p.d.f.s for protected system