Perieqìmena

1 KAMPULES 1
1.1 Qarakthristikˆ stoiqeÐa kampul¸n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Fusik  anaparˆstash kampÔlhc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.2 Efaptomènh kai kˆjeto epÐpedo kampÔlhc -MonadiaÐo efaptìmeno
diˆnusma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.3 Dianusmatik  exÐswsh efaptomènhc kampÔlhc . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.4 ExÐswsh kˆjetou epipèdou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.5 Kampulìthta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.6 SunodeÔon trÐedro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 'Alutec Ask seic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2 EPIFANEIES 5
2.1 Qarakthristikˆ stoiqeÐa epifanei¸n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1.1 Pr¸th jemeli¸dhc tetragwnik  morf  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.1.2 Stoiqei¸dec embadìn epifˆneiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2 Diˆforec parametrikèc parastˆseic epifanei¸n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.1 SfaÐra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.2 k¸noc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.3 kÔlindroc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.4 Paraboloeidèc thc morf c z = x2 + y 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2.5 Tìroc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3 Kampulìgrammec suntetagmènec ston q¸ro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.1 Orjog¸niec kartesianèc suntetagmènec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.2 Kulindrikèc suntetagmènec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.3.3 Sfairikèc suntetagmènec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 'Alutec Ask seic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

3 DIPLA OLOKLHRWMATA 11
3.1 TÔpoc diploÔ oloklhr¸matoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.2 Allag  metablht¸n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.3 'Alutec Ask seic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

4 TRIPLA OLOKLHRWMATA 13
4.1 TÔpoc triploÔ oloklhr¸matoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.2 Allag  metablht¸n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3 'Alutec Ask seic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

i
ii PERIEQŸOMENA

5 EPIKAMPULIA OLOKLHRWMATA 15
5.1 M koc kampÔlhc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2 EÐdh epikampÔliwn oloklhrwmˆtwn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2.1 EpikampÔlio olokl rwma a' tÔpou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2.2 EpikampÔlio olokl rwma b' tÔpou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.2.3 Je¸rhma Green . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.2.4 Upologismìc embadoÔ epifˆneiac me th bo jeia tou jewr matoc Green 16
5.2.5 AnexarthsÐa tou epikampÔliou oloklhr¸matoc apì thn kampÔlh . . 16
5.3 'Alutec Ask seic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

6 EPIEPIFANEIA OLOKLHRWMATA 19
6.1 Embadìn epifˆneiac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2 EÐdh epiepifˆneiwn oloklhrwmˆtwn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2.1 Epiepifˆneio olokl rwma a' tÔpou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.2.2 Epiepifˆneio olokl rwma b' tÔpou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
6.3 Jewr mata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.3.1 Je¸rhma Gauss-Ostrogradsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.3.2 Efarmog  ston upologismì ìgkou stereoÔ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.3.3 Je¸rhma Stokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
6.3.4 AnexarthsÐa tou epikampÔliou oloklhr¸matoc apì thn kampÔlh . . 20
6.4 'Alutec Ask seic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

7 EFARMOGES OLOKLHRWMATWN 23
7.1 Mˆza stereoÔ s¸matoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.1.1 Mˆza sth mÐa dˆstash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.1.2 Mˆza stic dÔo diastˆseic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.1.3 Mˆza stic treÐc diastˆseic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
7.1.4 Kèntro mˆzac stereoÔ s¸matoc stic treic diastˆseic . . . . . . . . 23
7.1.5 Rop  adraneÐac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.1.6 Dunamikˆ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
7.2 'Alutec Ask seic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Kefˆlaio 1
KAMPULES

1.1 Qarakthristikˆ stoiqeÐa kampul¸n

Parametrik  parˆstash kampÔlhc

~r = ~r(x, y, z) = x~i + y~j + z~k = x(t)~i + y(t)~j + z(t)~k (1.1)

MÐa kampÔlh mporeÐ na parastajeÐ kai wc tom  dÔo epifanei¸n

Φ1 (x, y, z) = 0, Φ2 (x, y, z) = 0
µ ¶
∂(Φ1 , Φ2 )
J= 6= 0 (1.2)
∂(y, z) P
~r = x~i + y(x)~j + z(x)~k (1.3)

To m koc tou tìxou miac kampÔlhc dÐnetai apì to olokl rwma

Z b¯ ¯ Z bp
¯ d~r ¯
s= ¯ ¯ dt = ẋ(t)2 + ẏ(t)2 + ż(t)2 dt (1.4)
¯ dt ¯
a a

1.1.1 Fusik  anaparˆstash kampÔlhc

Z t¯ ¯ ¯ ¯
¯ d~r ¯ ∗ ds(t) ¯¯ d~r(t) ¯¯
s(t) = ¯ ¯
¯ ∗ ¯ dt ⇒ dt = ¯ dt ¯
a dt

~r = ~r(s) = x(s)~i + y(s)~j + z(s)~k (1.5)

¯ ¯
dt 1 ¯ d~r ¯
= ¯ d~r ¯ , ¯ ¯=1 (1.6)
ds ¯ ¯ ¯ ds ¯
dt

1.1.2 Efaptomènh kai kˆjeto epÐpedo kampÔlhc -MonadiaÐo

efaptìmeno diˆnusma
d~
r
~t = ¯ dt ¯ (1.7)
¯ d~r ¯
dt

1
2 KAMPULES

Sthn fusik  anaparˆstash

d~r
d~r ~t = d~r = ¯ dt ¯
~r = ~r(s) ⇒ ~t = , (1.8)
ds ds ¯ d~r ¯
dt

1.1.3 Dianusmatik  exÐswsh efaptomènhc kampÔlhc

~r − ~r(P ) = λ~t (1.9)

1.1.4 ExÐswsh kˆjetou epipèdou

(~r − ~r(P ))~t = 0 (1.10)

1.1.5 Kampulìthta
~ 2
~r = ~r(s), ~k = ~k(s) = dt = d~r (1.11)
ds ds2
H kampulìthta eÐnai k =| ~k(s) | kai h aktÐna kampulìthtac eÐnai ρ = 1/k .
H pr¸th kˆjetoc orÐzetai wc
~k(s)
~n(s) = (1.12)
k
To kèntro kampulìthtac dÐnetai apì th sqèsh

~ = ~r + ρ~n(s)
R (1.13)

1.1.6 SunodeÔon trÐedro

~b = ~t × ~n (1.14)

eggÔtato epÐpedo

~ − ~r)~b = 0
(R (1.15)

kˆjeto epÐpedo

~ − ~r)~t = 0
(R (1.16)

eujeiopoioÔn epÐpedo

~ − ~r)~n = 0
(R (1.17)
1.1 Qarakthristikˆ stoiqeÐa kampul¸n 3

Strèyh

d~b
τ =− · ~n (1.18)
ds

TÔpoi gia kampulìthta kai strèyh

˙
| ~r˙ × ~r¨ | ~r˙ · | ~r¨ × ~r¨ |
k= τ= (1.19)
| ~r˙ |3 | ~r˙ × ~r¨ |2

TÔpoi Serret-Frenet
    
~t˙ 0 k 0 ~t
 ˙  
 ~n  = −k 0 τ  ~n 
~b˙ 0 −τ 0 ~b
4 KAMPULES

1.2 'Alutec Ask seic

1. Na deiqjeÐ ìti h sunˆrthsh t = θ2 /(θ2 + 1)| 0 < θ < ∞ eÐnai mÐa epitrept  allag 
paramètrou kai ìti to pedÐo tim¸n thc eÐnai eÐnai to diˆsthma I = (0, 1).

2. Na brejoÔn mÐa   perissìterec parametrikèc parastˆseic thc kampÔlhc

x2 + y 2 = 1, x + y + z = 1.

3. Na brejeÐ h parametrik  parˆstash thc kampÔlhc

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, z = 1.

4. Na brejoÔn oi exis¸seic thc efaptomènhc kai tou kˆjetou epipèdou thc kampÔlhc

x = t − συνt, y = 3tηµ2t, z = 1 + 3συνt

sto shmeÐo t = π/2.

5. Na upologisteÐ to m koc tou tìxou pou perigrˆfetai apì thn parametrik  parˆstash

r̄ = aσυνtī + aηµtj̄ + btk̄, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π

6. Na brejoÔn ta monadiaÐa dianÔsmata t̄, n̄, b̄ thc kampÔlhc

r̄ = (3t − t3 )ī + 3t2 j̄ + (3t + t3 )k̄

sto shmeÐo t = 1.

7. DÐnetai h kampÔlh

2
r̄ = tī + t2 j̄ + t3 k̄ −∞<t<∞
3
Sto shmeÐo t = 1 na brejoÔn: (i) h kampulìthta k , (ii) h strèyh τ kai (iii) oi exis¸-
seic tou eggutˆtou, tou kajètou kai tou eujeiopoioÔntoc epipèdou thc kampÔlhc.

8. H troqiˆ kinoÔmenou ulikoÔ shmeÐou sto epÐpedo èqei exÐswsh

r̄ = 2συν2tī + 3συνtj̄

ìpou t o qrìnoc i) na deiqteÐ ìti to ulikì shmeÐo kineÐtai pˆnw sthn parabol  4y 2 −
9x − 18 = 0 kai ii) na brejeÐ h epitˆqunsh tou stic jèseic stic opoÐec h taqÔthta
tou eÐnai mhdèn.
Kefˆlaio 2
EPIFANEIES

2.1 Qarakthristikˆ stoiqeÐa epifanei¸n

H parametrik  parˆstash miac epifˆneiac dÐnetai apì th sqèsh

~r = ~r(u, v) = x(u, v)~i + y(u, v)~j + z(u, v)~k (2.1)

MÐa epifˆneia, sthn algebrik  thc anaparˆstash, dÐnetai epÐshc apì th sqèsh

z = z[u(x, y), v(x, y)] or Φ(x, y, z) = 0 (2.2)

DÔo efaptìmena diˆnusmata se èna shmeÐo P miac epifˆneiac dÐnontai apì tic sqèseic

∂~r
~ru = = xu~i + yu~j + zu~k (2.3)
∂u

∂~r
~rv = = xv~i + yv~j + zv~k (2.4)
∂v
An ~ru × ~rv 6= 0 tìte to P eÐnai èna omalì shmeÐo thc epifˆneiac kai ta dianÔsmata ~ru kai
~rv eÐnai grammikˆ anexˆrthta
To kˆjeto dÐanusma sto P eÐnai

~ru × ~rv
~η = (2.5)
| ~ru × ~rv |

H exÐswsh tou efaptìmenou epipèdou sto P eÐnai

~ = ~r + λ~ru + µ~rv
R or ~ − ~r)~η = 0
(R (2.6)

Eˆn h epifˆneia dÐnetai sthn agebrik  thc morf  Φ(x, y, z) = 0 tìte

~
∇Φ
~η = (2.7)
~ |
| ∇Φ

5
6 EPIFANEIES

2.1.1 Pr¸th jemeli¸dhc tetragwnik  morf 

Ean diaforÐsoume th sqèsh ~r = ~r(u, v) tìte lambˆnoume
³ ´ ³ ´
d~r = dx~i + dy~j + dz~k = xu~i + yu~j + zu~k du + xv~i + yv~j + zv~k dv (2.8)

  telikˆ
d~r = ~ru du + ~rv dv (2.9)
'Eqoume epÐshc
Z t¯ ¯
¯ d~r ¯ ∗
s(t) = ¯ ¯ dt ⇒ ds =| d~r |⇒ ds2 = d~rd~r (2.10)
¯ ∗¯
a dt
ˆra lambˆnoume
ds2 = ~ru~ru du2 + 2~ru~rv dudv + ~rv ~rv dv 2 (2.11)
ìpou
~²1 = ~ru , ~²2 = ~rv , gij = ~²i~²j , i, j = 1, 2 (2.12)
EpÐshc grˆfoume
ds2 = g11 du2 + 2g12 dudv + g22 dv 2 (2.13)

M koc tìxou epifˆneiac

Z b¯ ¯ Z b " µ ¶2 µ ¶2 #1/2
¯ d~r ¯ du du dv dv
s= ¯ ¯ dt = g11 + 2g12 + g22 dt (2.14)
¯ dt ¯ dt dv dt dt
a a

2.1.2 Stoiqei¸dec embadìn epifˆneiac

'Otan h epifˆneia dÐnetai sthn algebrik  thc morf  Φ(x, y, z) = 0   z = f (x, y) tìte to
stoiqei¸dec embadìn thc epifˆneia dσ ja eÐnai antÐstoiqa
s µ ¶2 µ ¶2
dxdy ∂f ∂f
dσ = ∂Φ dσ = 1 + + dxdy (2.15)
~ |
/ | ∇Φ ∂x ∂y
∂z

'Otan h epifˆneia dÐnetai sthn dianusmatik  thc morf  tìte, dhlad  ~r = ~r(u, v), tìte
√ 2 1/2
dσ = gdudv, g = (g11 g22 − g12 ) (2.16)

2.2 Diˆforec parametrikèc parastˆseic epifanei¸n

2.2.1 SfaÐra

~r = ~r(θ, φ) = a cos φ sin θ~i + a sin φ sin θ~j + a cos θ~k (2.17)

∂~r
~²1 = = a cos φ cos θ~i + a sin φ cos θ~j − a sin θ~k
∂θ
∂~r
~²2 = = −a sin φ sin θ~i + a cos φ sin θ~j (2.18)
∂φ
2.2 Diˆforec parametrikèc parastˆseic epifanei¸n 7

g11 = ~²1 · ~²1 = a2 , g22 = ~²2 · ~²2 = a2 sin2 θ, g12 = g21 = 0, g = a2 sin θ (2.19)
dσ = a2 sin θ dθ dφ (2.20)

2.2.2 k¸noc
1 ~
~r = ~r(ρ, θ) = ρ cos θ~i + ρ sin θ~j + ρk (2.21)
tan a

∂~r 1 ~
~²1 = = cos θ~i + sin θ~j + k
∂ρ tan a
∂~r
~²2 = = −ρ sin θ~i + ρ cos θ~j (2.22)
∂θ
1 ρ
g11 = ~²1 · ~²1 = , g22 = ~²2 · ~²2 = ρ2 , g12 = g21 = 0, g= (2.23)
sin2 a sin a
ρ
dσ = dρ dθ (2.24)
sin a

2.2.3 kÔlindroc

~r = ~r(θ, z) = a cos θ~i + a sin θ~j + z~k (2.25)

∂~r
~²1 = = −a sin θ~i + a cos θ~j
∂θ
∂~r ~
~²2 = =k (2.26)
∂z

g11 = ~²1 · ~²1 = a2 , g22 = ~²2 · ~²2 = 1, g12 = g21 = 0, g=a (2.27)

dσ = a dθ dz (2.28)

2.2.4 Paraboloeidèc thc morf c z = x2 + y2

~r = ~r(ρ, θ) = ρ cos θ~i + ρ sin θ~j + ρ2~k (2.29)

∂~r
~²1 = = cos θ~i + sin θ~j + 2ρ~k
∂ρ
∂~r
~²2 = = −ρ sin θ~i + ρ cos θ~j (2.30)
∂θ
p
g11 = ~²1 ·~²1 = 1+4ρ2 , g22 = ~²2 ·~²2 = ρ2 , g12 = g21 = 0, g=ρ 1 + 4ρ2 (2.31)
p
dσ = ρ 1 + 4ρ2 dρ dθ (2.32)
8 EPIFANEIES

2.2.5 Tìroc

~r = ~r(θ, φ) = (a + b cos θ) cos φ~i + (a + b cos θ) sin φ~j + b sin θ~k (2.33)

∂~r
~²1 = = −b sin θ cos φ~i − b sin θ sin φ~j + b cos θ~k
∂θ
∂~r
~²2 = = −(a + b cos θ) sin φ~i + (a + b cos θ) cos φ~j (2.34)
∂φ

g11 = ~²1 · ~²1 = b2 , g22 = ~²2 · ~²2 = (a + b cos θ)2 (2.35)

g12 = g21 = 0, g = b(a + b cos θ)

dσ = b(a + b cos θ) dφ dθ (2.36)

2.3 Kampulìgrammec suntetagmènec ston q¸ro

2.3.1 Orjog¸niec kartesianèc suntetagmènec
To diˆnusma jèshc eÐnai
~r(x, y, z) = x~i + y~j + z~k (2.37)
kai o stoiqei¸dhc ìgkoc
dV = dxdydz (2.38)

2.3.2 Kulindrikèc suntetagmènec

To diˆnusma jèshc eÐnai

~r(ρ, θ, z) = ρ cos θ~i + ρ sin θ~j + z~k (2.39)

kai o stoiqei¸dhc ìgkoc

dV = ρdρdθdz (2.40)

2.3.3 Sfairikèc suntetagmènec

To diˆnusma jèshc eÐnai

~r(r, θ, φ) = r cos φ sin θ~i + r sin φ sin θ~j + r cos θ~k (2.41)

kai o stoiqei¸deic ìgkoc

dV = r2 sin θdrdθdφ (2.42)
2.4 'Alutec Ask seic 9

2.4 'Alutec Ask seic

1. Na apodeiqjeÐ h sqèsh (2.8) tou biblÐou, dhlad  na deÐxete ìti

∂(u, v)
r̄u0 0 × r̄v0 0 = (r̄u × r̄v ) ·
∂(u0 , v 0 )

2. Na brejeÐ h exÐswsh tou efaptomènou epipèdou kai thc kˆjethc eujeÐac thc epifˆneiac

r̄ = r̄(u, v) = (u + v)ī + (u − v)j̄ + uv k̄

sto shmeÐo (u = 1, v = 1).

3. Na brejeÐ h exÐswsh tou efaptomènou epipèdou kai thc kˆjethc eujeÐac twn parakˆtw
epifanei¸n:
(a) z = xy sto shmeÐo (2, 3, 6)
(b) 4z = x2 − y 2 sto shmeÐo (3, 1, 2)

4. Na upologisteÐ h èkfrash thc pr¸thc jemeli¸douc tetragwnik c morf c ds2 kai tou
stoiqeÐou
p embadoÔ dσ twn parakˆtw epifanei¸n a) x2 + y 2 = a2 (kÔlindroc) b)z =
a x2 + y 2 (k¸noc) g) x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 (sfaÐra) d) z = a(x2 + y 2 ) (paraboloeidèc).

5. Na upologistoÔn h pr¸th jemeli¸dhc tetragwnik  morf  kai to embadikì stoiqeÐo

miac epifˆneiac me exÐswsh z = z(x, y). 'Epeita na upologistoÔn ta parapˆnw posˆ
gia thn epifˆneia
2z = αx2 + 2βxy + γy 2
10 EPIFANEIES
Kefˆlaio 3
DIPLA OLOKLHRWMATA

3.1 TÔpoc diploÔ oloklhr¸matoc

Z Z
I= f (x, y) dx dy (3.1)
D
Trìpoc upologismoÔ diploÔ oloklhr¸matoc
Z Z Z ÃZ !
x=b y=y2 (x)
I= f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y)dy dx (3.2)
D x=a y=y1 (x)

  me parìmoio trìpo
Z Z Z ÃZ !
y=b x=x2 (y)
I= f (x, y) dx dy = f (x, y)dx dy (3.3)
D y=a x=x1 (y)

3.2 Allag  metablht¸n

¯ ¯
¯ ∂(x, y) ¯
x = x(u, v), y = y(u, v), dxdy = ¯ ¯ ¯ dudv
∂(u, v) ¯
Z Z Z Z ¯ ¯
¯ ∂(x, y) ¯
I= f (x, y) dx dy = f [x(u, v), y(u, v)] ¯¯ ¯ dudv (3.4)
D G ∂(u, v) ¯

11
12 DIPLA OLOKLHRWMATA

3.3 'Alutec Ask seic

1. Na upologisteÐ to diplì olokl rwma
Z Z
I= (x2 − y)dxdy (3.5)
D

ìpou D = {(x, y)²R2 / − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, −x2 ≤ y ≤ x2 }.

2. Na upologisteÐ me dipl  olokl rwsh o ìgkoc tou stereoÔ pou perikleÐetai apì tic
epifˆneiec

x2 + y 2 = a2 , y + z = b, z = 0, a > 0, b > 0.

3. Na upologisteÐ to embadìn tou epipèdou qwrÐou pou perikleÐetai apì tic parabolèc
y 2 = 2p1 x, y 2 = 2p2 x, (0 < p1 < p2 ) kai tic uperbolèc xy = a1 , xy = a2 , (0 < a1 <
a2 ).
RR
4. Na upologisteÐ to olokl rwma D
dxdy ìpou D eÐnai o tìpoc pou perikleÐetai apì
tic kampÔlec x + y = b , x + y = a2 y = x, y = 0 (x > 0, b > a).
2 2 2 2 2

5. Na upologisteÐ, me th bo jeia diploÔ oloklhr¸matoc, o ìgkoc tou stereoÔ pou

perat¸netai apì tic epifˆneiec

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4, x2 + y 2 = 3z
Kefˆlaio 4
TRIPLA OLOKLHRWMATA

4.1 TÔpoc triploÔ oloklhr¸matoc

Z Z Z
I= f (x, y, z) dx dy dz (4.1)
V
Trìpoc upologismoÔ triploÔ oloklhr¸matoc
Z Z Z Z "Z ÃZ !#
x=b y=y2 (x) z=z2 (x,y)
I= f (x, y) dx dy dz = dy dz dx (4.2)
V x=a y=y1 (x) z=z1 (x,y)

Me parìmoio trìpo ekteloÔme thn seirˆ twn oloklhrwmˆtwn ìtan o tìpoc olokl rwshc
èqei diaforetik  morf .

4.2 Allag  metablht¸n

x = x(u1 , u2 , u3 ), y = y(u1 , u2 , u3 ), z = z(u1 , u2 , u3 )

¯ ¯
¯ ∂(x, y, z) ¯
dxdydz = ¯¯ ¯ du1 du2 du3 (4.3)
∂(u1 , u2 , u3 ) ¯
Z Z Z
I = f (x, y, z) dx dy dz
D
Z Z Z ¯ ¯
¯ ∂(x, y, z) ¯
= ¯
f [x(u1 , u2 , u3 ), y(u1 , u2 , u3 ), z(u1 , u2 , u3 ] ¯ ¯ du1 du2 du3
∂(u 1 , u 2 , u 3 ) ¯
G

13
14 TRIPLA OLOKLHRWMATA

4.3 'Alutec Ask seic

1. Na brejeÐ me th bo jeia triploÔ oloklhr¸matoc o ìgkoc tou stereoÔ to opoÐo
orÐzetai apì ton parabolikì kÔlindro z = 4 − x2 kai ta epÐpeda x = 0, y = 0, y = 6.

2. Na brejeÐ me tripl  olokl rwsh o ìgkoc tou stereoÔ pou orÐzetai apì to paraboloei-
dèc z = x2 + y 2 kai to epÐpedo z = 2x.

3. Na brejeÐ me tripl  olokl rwsh o ìgkoc tou stereoÔ pou perikleÐetai apì tic
epifˆneiec z = 4 − x2 − y 2 kai z = 0.
Kefˆlaio 5
EPIKAMPULIA
OLOKLHRWMATA

5.1 M koc kampÔlhc

To m koc tìxou kampÔlhc dÐnetai apì to olokl rwma
Z b¯ ¯ Z bp
¯ d~r ¯
s= ¯ ¯ ẋ(t)2 + ẏ(t)2 + ż(t)2 dt (5.1)
¯ dt ¯ dt =
a a

5.2 EÐdh epikampÔliwn oloklhrwmˆtwn

5.2.1 EpikampÔlio olokl rwma a' tÔpou
To epikampÔlio olokl rwma a' tÔpou, ìtan h kampÔlh dÐnetai sthn fusik  thc anaparˆs-
tash eÐnai
Z
I = f (x, y, z)ds, x = x(s), y = y(s), z = z(s)
c
Z l
I = f [x(s), y(s), z(s)]ds (5.2)
s=0

'Otan kampÔlh dÐnetai sthn parametrik  thc morf  ja eÐnai

x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t) (5.3)
p
ds = ẋ(t)2 + ẏ(t)2 + ż(t)2 dt
Z b p
I = f [x(t), y(t), z(t)] ẋ(t)2 + ẏ(t)2 + ż(t)2 dt
t=a

5.2.2 EpikampÔlio olokl rwma b' tÔpou

JewroÔme thn dianusmatik  sunˆrthsh

F~ = F~ (x, y, z) = P (x, y, z)~i + Q(x, y, z)~j + R(x, y, z)~k (5.4)

kai to diaforikì tou dianÔsmatoc jèshc

d~r = dx~i + dy~j + dz~k (5.5)

15
16 EPIKAMPULIA OLOKLHRWMATA

To epikampÔlio olokl rwma b' tÔpou orÐzetai

Z Z
~
I = F · d~r = P dx + Qdy + Rdz (5.6)
c c

kai upologÐzetai wc exeÐc

Z b
I= [P (t)ẋ(t) + Q(t)ẏ(t) + R(t)ż(t)] dt (5.7)
t=a

5.2.3 Je¸rhma Green

I Z Z µ ¶
∂Q ∂P
P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = − dxdy (5.8)
D ∂x ∂y

5.2.4 Upologismìc embadoÔ epifˆneiac me th bo jeia tou

jewr matoc Green
I Z Z I
1
F~ = −y~i + x~j ⇒ xdy − ydx = 2 dxdy = 2σ ⇒ σ = xdy − ydx (5.9)
D 2

5.2.5 AnexarthsÐa tou epikampÔliou oloklhr¸matoc apì

thn kampÔlh
Je¸rhma: Eˆn oi sunart seic P (x, y) kai Q(x, y) pou eÐnai suneqeÐc kai èqoun suneqeÐc
merikèc parag¸gouc ∂P∂y
kai ∂Q
∂x
, ston aplˆ sunektikì tìpo D pou apì thn apl  kleist 
kampÔlh c tìte oi parakˆtw tessèrec sunj kec eÐnai isodÔnamec metaxÔ touc

1. IsqÔei I
P dx + Qdy = 0 (5.10)
c

2. To olokl rwma
Z B
P dx + Qdy (5.11)
A(c)

eÐnai anexˆrthto apì th kampÔlh olokl rwshc c pou sundèei ta shmeÐa A kai B tou
tìpou D

3. H parˆstash P dx + Qdy eÐnai olikì diaforikì miac monìtimhc sunˆrthshc U (x, y)

pou orÐzetai ston D

4. H sunj kh
∂P ∂Q
= (5.12)
∂y ∂x
isqÔei pantoÔ ston D.
5.3 'Alutec Ask seic 17

5.3 'Alutec Ask seic

1. Na upologisjeÐ to èrgo pou parˆgei h dÔnamh

F̄ = ex ī + ez j̄ + xyz k̄

pou metatopÐzei to shmeÐo efarmog c thc apì to shmeÐo A(1, 0, 0) sto shmeÐo B(0, 1, 1)
(a) katˆ m koc tou eujÔgrammou tm matoc AB
(b) katˆ m koc thc kampÔlhc 2x + y 2 + z 2 = 2, y = z .

2. Na upologisjeÐ to olokl rwma
I
−ydx + xdy
c x2 + y 2

(a) katˆ m koc thc perimètrou tou trig¸nou ABG me korufèc ta shmeÐa A(1, 1),
B(1, −1) kai G(3, 0).
(b) katˆ m koc thc perifèreiac x2 + y 2 = a2
(g) katˆ m koc thc perifèreiac tou kÔklou x2 + y 2 + 4x + 3 = 0.

3. Na deiqjeÐ ìti to olokl rwma

Z
I= (6xy 2 − y 3 )dx + (6x2 y − 3xy 2 )dy
AB

eÐnai anexˆrthto tou drìmou pou en¸nei ta shmeÐa A(1, 2) kai B(3, 4) kai sth sunèqeia
na brejeÐ h tim  tou.

4. Na upologisteÐ h diaforˆ I1 − I2 twn oloklhrwmˆtwn

Z
I1 = (x + y)2 dx − (x − y)2 dy
¯
AB
Z
I2 = (x + y)2 dx − (x − y)2 dy
ˆ
AB
¯ to eujÔgrammo tm ma kai AB
ìpou A(0, 0), B(1, 1), AB ˆ to tìxo thc kampÔlhc y = x2
pou en¸nei ta A kai B .
18 EPIKAMPULIA OLOKLHRWMATA
Kefˆlaio 6
EPIEPIFANEIA
OLOKLHRWMATA

6.1 Embadìn epifˆneiac

Z Z
dxdy
σ=± , Φ(x, y, z) = 0 (6.1)
D
∂Φ
/ ~ |
| 5Φ
∂z
Z Z p
∂f ∂f
σ= 1 + p2 + q 2 dxdy, p= , q= , z = f (x, y) (6.2)
D ∂x ∂y
Z Z
√
σ= g dudv, ~r = ~r(u, v) (6.3)
G

6.2 EÐdh epiepifˆneiwn oloklhrwmˆtwn

6.2.1 Epiepifˆneio olokl rwma a' tÔpou
I) 'Otan h epifˆneia dÐnetai sth morf  z = z(x, y)
Z Z Z Z p
I= f (x, y, z) dσ = f (x, y, z(x, y)) 1 + p2 + q 2 dxdy, z = z(x, y) (6.4)
S D

II) 'Otan h epifˆneia dÐnetai sth morf  ~r = ~r(u, v)

Z Z Z Z ³ ´√
I= f (x, y, z) dσ = f x(u, v), y(u, v), z(u, v) g dudv, ~r = ~r(u, v)
S G
(6.5)

6.2.2 Epiepifˆneio olokl rwma b' tÔpou

JewroÔme thn parakˆtw dianusmatik  sunˆrthsh

F~ = F~ (x, y, z) = P (x, y, z)~i + Q(x, y, z)~j + R(x, y, z)~k (6.6)

I)
Z Z Z Z ~ Z Z
∇Φ
I= F~ · ~ndσ = ~
F· dσ = f (x, y, z)dσ (6.7)
S S ~ |
| ∇Φ S

19
20 EPIEPIFANEIA OLOKLHRWMATA

To parapˆnw olokl rwma upologÐzetai ìpwc èna epiepifˆneio olokl rwma a' tÔpou

II)
Z Z Z Z Z Z
I=± P (x(y, z), y, z)dydz± Q(x, y(x, x), z)dzdx± R(x, y, z(x, y))dydx
Dyz Dzx Dxy
(6.8)

III) Z Z
√
I= (P cos a + Q cos β + R cos γ) g du dv, ~r = ~r(u, v) (6.9)
G

6.3 Jewr mata
6.3.1 Je¸rhma Gauss-Ostrogradsky
Z Z Z ZZ
div F dxdydz = ° F~ · ~ndσ
~ (6.10)
V
S
Z Z Z µ ¶ ZZ
∂P ∂Q ∂R
+ + dxdydz = ° P dxdy + Qdzdx + Rdxdy (6.11)
V ∂x ∂y ∂z
S

6.3.2 Efarmog  ston upologismì ìgkou stereoÔ

Z Z Z ZZ
1
P = x, Q = y, R = z ⇒ V = dxdydz = ° xdzdy + ydzdx + zdxdy (6.12)
V 3
S

6.3.3 Je¸rhma Stokes

I Z Z
F~ · d~r =
rotF~ · ~ndσ (6.13)
c S
I Z Z µ ¶ µ ¶ µ ¶
∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P
P dx + Qdy + Rdz = − dydz + − dxdz + − dydx
c S ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

6.3.4 AnexarthsÐa tou epikampÔliou oloklhr¸matoc apì

thn kampÔlh
Je¸rhma: Eˆn oi sunart seic P (x, y, z), Q(x, y, z) kai R(x, y, z) pou eÐnai suneqeÐc kai
èqoun suneqeÐc merikèc parag¸gouc ∂P
∂y
kai ∂Q
∂x
, ston kleistì kai peratwmèno aplˆ sunek-
tikì tìpo V tìte oi parakˆtw tessèrec sunj kec eÐnai isodÔnamec metaxÔ touc

1. IsqÔei I
P dx + Qdy + Rdz = 0 (6.14)
c
gia kˆje kleist  kampÔlh tou tìpou V .
6.3 Jewr mata 21

2. To olokl rwma
Z B
P dx + Qdy + Rdz (6.15)
A
eÐnai anexˆrthto apì th kampÔlh olokl rwshc c pou sundèei ta shmeÐa A kai B tou
tìpou V .

3. H parˆstash P dx + Qdy + Rdz eÐnai olikì diaforikì miac monìtimhc sunˆrthshc

U (x, y, z) pou orÐzetai ston V

4. Oi sunj kec
∂Q ∂P ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂R
= , = , = (6.16)
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
 
rotF~ = ~0 (6.17)
isqÔoun pantoÔ ston D.
22 EPIEPIFANEIA OLOKLHRWMATA

6.4 'Alutec Ask seic

1. Na upologisteÐ h ro  tou dianusmatikoÔ pedÐou

F (x, y, z) = y~j + z~k

dia tou tm matoc S thc epifˆneiac tou paraboloeidoÔc z = 4 − x2 − y 2 pou brÐsketai

proc ta jetikˆ z .

2. Na upologisteÐ to epifaneiakì olokl rwma

Z Z
3xy 2 dydz + y 3 dzdx + 6x2 zdxdy
S

ìpou S h epifˆneia tou kulÐndrou (h sunolik , dhlad  parˆpleurh kai bˆseic)

x2 + y 2 = a 2 , z = 0, z = β, α, β > 0

3. Na upologisteÐ to epikampÔlio olokl rwma

Z
x2 y 3 dx + dy + zdz
c

ìpou c eÐnai o kÔkloc x2 + y 2 = R2 , z = 0, me th qr sh tou tÔpou tou Stokes,

afoÔ
p lhfjeÐ san epifˆneia S , pou pernˆei apì ton kÔklo c, to hmisfaÐrio z =
R − x2 − y 2 .
2

4. Na epalhjeujeÐ o tÔpoc tou Stokes gia th dianusmatik  sunˆrthsh

F = (x + y)~i + (2x − z)~j + (y + z)~k

pˆnw sto trÐgwno ABG, ìpou A(2, 0, 0), B(0, 3, 0), Γ(0, 0, 6).
Kefˆlaio 7
EFARMOGES
OLOKLHRWMATWN

7.1 Mˆza stereoÔ s¸matoc

JewroÔme ìti h sunˆrthsh thc katanom c thc puknìthtac λ eÐnai sunˆrthsh mìno thc
jèsh, dhlad  λ = λ(x, y, z)

7.1.1 Mˆza sth mÐa dˆstash

Z Z
m= λ(P )ds = λ(x, y, z)ds (7.1)
c c

7.1.2 Mˆza stic dÔo diastˆseic

Z Z Z Z
m= λ(P )dσ = λ(x, y, z)dσ (7.2)
S S

7.1.3 Mˆza stic treÐc diastˆseic

Z Z Z Z Z Z
m= λ(P )dV = λ(x, y, z)dxdydz (7.3)
V V

7.1.4 Kèntro mˆzac stereoÔ s¸matoc stic treic diastˆseic

Oi suntetagmènec tou kèntrou mˆzac G enoc s¸matoc dÐnontai apì tic sqèseic
Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z Z
1 1 1
xG = xλ(P )dV, yG = yλ(P )dV, zG = zλ(P )dV
m V m V m V
(7.4)
Sthn perÐptwsh pou h mˆza tou s¸matoc eÐnai periorismènh se mÐa epifˆneia S   katˆ
m koc mia kampÔlhc c oi parapˆnw sqèseic tropopoioÔntai katˆllhla. 'Etsi sthn pr¸th

23
24 EFARMOGES OLOKLHRWMATWN

perÐptwsh ja èqoume gia tic suntetagmènec tou kèntrou mˆzac

Z Z Z Z Z Z
1 1 1
xG = xλ(x, y, z)dσ, yG = yλ(x, y, z)dσ, zG = zλ(x, y, z)dσ
m S m S m S
(7.5)
en¸ sth deÔterh perÐptwsh ja èqoume
Z Z Z
1 1 1
xG = xλ(x, y, z)ds, yG = yλ(x, y, z)ds, zG = zλ(x, y, z)ds (7.6)
m c m c m c

7.1.5 Rop  adraneÐac

Z Z Z Z Z Z
2
Io = r λ(P )dV, Ix = (y 2 + z 2 )λ(P )dV (7.7)
Z ZV Z V Z Z Z

Iy = (z 2 + x2 )λ(P )dV, Iz = (y 2 + x2 )λ(P )dV (7.8)

V V

Sthn perÐptwsh t¸ra pou h mˆza tou s¸matoc eÐnai sugkentrwmènh se mÐa epifˆneia S kai
h epifaneiak  puknìthta thc eÐnai λ(x, y, z) tìte o upologismìc thc rop c adraneÐac ja
gÐnetai mèsa apì èna epiepeifˆneio olokl rwma thc morf c
Z Z Z Z
2
I= r dm = r2 λ(x, y, z)dσ (7.9)
S S

Epiplèon, sthn perÐptwsh pou h mˆza tou s¸matoc eÐnai sugkentrwmènh katˆ m koc miac
kampÔlhc c me grammik  puknìthta ρ(x, y, z) tìte o upologismìc thc rop c adraneÐac ja
gÐnetai mèsa apì èna epikampÔlio olokl rwma thc morf c
Z Z
I = r dm = r2 λ(x, y, z)ds
2
(7.10)
c c

7.1.6 Dunamikˆ
To dunamikì anˆ monˆda mˆzac tou pedÐou barÔthtac, pou ofeÐletai sto s¸ma Σ, se èna
shmeÐo Q tou q¸rou dÐnetai apì ton tÔpo
Z Z Z
Gλ(~r)
V (R) = − dV, (7.11)
V ~ |
| ~r − R

~ kai ~r eÐnai antÐstoiqa ta dianÔsmata jèshc twn shmeÐwn Q kai P .

ìpou R
To dunamikì Coulomb miac suneqoÔc katanom c hlektrikoÔ fortÐou dÐnetai apì ton
tÔpo Z Z Z
1 λ(~r)
V (R) = dV (7.12)
4π²0 V | ~r − R~ |
7.2 'Alutec Ask seic 25

7.2 'Alutec Ask seic

1. DÐnetai omogen c kuklikìc dÐskoc me aktÐna a. Na upologisjeÐ h rop  adraneÐac tou
a) wc proc to kèntro tou kai b) wc proc mÐa diˆmetro tou.

2. Na upologisjoÔn oi suntetagmènec tou kèntrou mˆzac kai oi ropèc adraneÐac (I0 , Ix , Iy , Iz )

thc omogenoÔc puramÐdac me puknìthta λ =staj., pou peribˆlletai apì ta epÐpeda
x = 0, y = 0, x/a + y/b + z/c = 1.

3. Na upologistoÔn oi suntetagmènec tou kèntrou mˆzac omogenoÔc kuklikoÔ k¸nou

me aktÐna a kai Ôyoc h.

4. Na brejeÐ h mˆza kwnikoÔ kelÔfouc z 2 = 3(x2 + y 2 ) epifaneiak c puknìthtac ρ =

x2 + y 2 , pou perikleÐetai metaxÔ twn epipèdwn z = 0 kai z = 3.