Received: 23 July 2019 Revised: 21 October 2019 Accepted: 26 October 2019

DOI: 10.1002/gj.3693

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Geochemistry and zircon trace elements composition of the

Miocene ore‐bearing biotite monzogranite porphyry in the
Demingding porphyry Cu‐Mo deposit, Tibet: Petrogenesis and
implication for magma fertility

Zebin Zhang1 | Liqiang Wang2 | Pan Tang3 | Bin Lin2 | Miao Sun1 | Jing Qi1 |

Yixuan Li1 | Zhengkun Yang4

1
China University of Geosciences (Beijing),
School of Earth Sciences and Resources, Demingding is a poorly studied post‐collisional porphyry Cu‐Mo deposit, located in the
Beijing, China
eastern part of the Gangdese porphyry copper belt. In this study, we present LA‐ICP‐
2
MNR Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and
Mineral Assessment, Institute of Mineral MS zircon U‐Pb dating, whole‐rock geochemistry, and zircon trace elemental data for
Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological the mineralization related biotite monzogranite porphyry in Demingding. Zircon U‐Pb
Sciences, Beijing, China 206
3
dating shows that the weighted mean Pb/238U ages of the Miocene biotite
Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental
Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, monzogranite porphyry is 20.36 ± 0.46 Ma (MSWD = 2.6, n = 21). The Miocene biotite
Chengdu, China
monzogranite porphyry is characterized by high SiO2, K2O, and Al2O3 contents and
4
Tibet Huatailong Mining Development Co.
Ltd., Lhasa, Tibet, China
shows adakite‐like signatures. These rocks have high Sr/Y ratios, fractionated REE pat-
terns with low HREE abundances, enrichment in LILE compared with HFSE, and have
Correspondence
Liqiang Wang, MNR Key Laboratory of
(87Sr/86Sr)i values of 0.7059 to 0.7062, εNd(t) values of −2.35 to −1.67 and (-
206
Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment, Institute Pb/204Pb)i ratios of 18.50–18.55. These features are similar to other Miocene
of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of
Geological Sciences, Beijing, China.
adakite‐like intrusions in the Gangdese belt. We propose that the biotite monzogranite
Email: wlq060301@163.com porphyry shares the same petrogenesis with other Miocene ore‐bearing adakite‐like

Funding information
National Key R&D Program of China, Grant/
Award Number: 2018YFC0604106
Handling Editor: L. Tang
intrusions in the Eastern Gangdese belt and was derived from remelting of the
subduction‐modified, eclogitized Tibetan lower crust and mixing with hydrous mafic
magmas from metasomatized Tibetan mantle. The zircons from biotite monzogranite
porphyry have only minimal negative Eu anomalies (EuN/EuN* > 0.3), and exhibit large
ratios of Ce4+/Ce3+(average value of 113), 10,000*(EuN/EuN*)/Y (3.94–8.14, >1),
Ce/Nd (9–58, Average value of 30), (Ce/Nd)/Y (0.008–0.127, >0.003), and low value
of Dy/Yb (0.15–0.24, <0.3), indicating that the biotite monzogranite porphyry is rela-
tively hydrous and oxidized. The biotite monzogranite porphyry, therefore, is believed
to be a relatively fertile intrusion with certain exploration potential.

K E Y W OR D S

Demingding, Gangdese, magma fertility, petrogenesis, porphyry Cu‐Mo deposit

1 | I N T RO D U CT I O N and island arc settings (Cooke, Hollings, & Walsh, 2005; Richards,
2003; Sillitoe, 2010). However, recent studies also indicated that por-
Porphyry Cu (‐Mo‐Au) deposits (PCDs), the world's principal source of phyry Cu‐Mo deposits can be formed in post‐collisional settings, such
Cu and Mo (and substantial Au), mainly occur in the continental margin as the Gangdese porphyry copper belt in southern Tibet, where

Geological Journal. 2019;1–18. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/gj © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1
2 ZHANG
porphyry Cu‐Mo deposits are closely associated with the Eocene and
Miocene adakite‐like porphyries (Hou et al., 2009; Hou, Gao, Qu, Rui,
& Mo, 2004; Tang et al., 2010). Although large amounts of researches
have been conducted on the Miocene adakite‐like porphyries in the
Gangdese belt, the origin of the Miocene adakite‐like porphyries
remains debated. Several genetic models have been proposed to
account for the origin of Miocene adakite‐like porphyries: (i) partial
melting of the thickened subduction‐modified Tibetan lower crust
(Chung et al., 2003; Guo, Wilson, & Liu, 2007; Hou et al., 2004), (ii)
partial melting of the upper mantle source metasomatized by the
slab‐derived melts (Gao et al., 2007, 2010), (iii) melting of subducted
oceanic crust (Qu, Hou, & Li, 2004; Qu, Hou, Zaw, & Li, 2007), (iv)
high‐pressure differentiation of hydrous mafic partial melts from
Tibetan mantle (Lu, Loucks, Fiorentini, Yang, & Hou, 2015), (v) partial
melting of mafic Indian lower crust (Xu, Zhang, Guo, & Yuan, 2010),
and (vi) magma mixing origin (Sun et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018;
Yang, Goldfarb, & Chang, 2016; Yang, Lu, Hou, & Chang, 2015).
Magmas genetically linked to porphyry Cu (Mo) deposits are com-
monly oxidized and hydrous (Shu et al., 2019). Oxidized magmas can
not only extract more Cu (and Mo) from source rocks during melting
(Lee et al., 2012) but also can further assimilate sulfides during ascent
(Sun et al., 2015). Besides, the segregation of metals as magmatic sul-
fide melt is suppressed within oxidized magmas, making metals avail-
able in the ore‐forming hydrothermal fluid. Thus, the redox state of
an intrusion has a significant impact on its fertility (Lu et al., 2016;
Shu et al., 2019). Meanwhile, high magmatic water contents are
another key factor in the fertility of magmas (Loucks, 2014; Lu et al.,
4+ 3+
2016). Recently, it has been proposed that the Ce /Ce , Ce/Nd,
and EuN/EuN* ratios of zircon can be used to quantify magma oxidation
state, for the oxidized cations Ce4+ (0.97 Å) and Eu3+ (1.07 Å) can more
preferentially substitute for Zr4+ (0.84 Å) than the reduced Ce3+ (1.14
2+
Å) and Eu (1.25 Å) in zircon (Ballard, Palin, & Campbell, 2002; Lu
et al., 2016; Shen, Hattori, Pan, Jackson, & Seitmuratova, 2015; Shu
et al., 2019). In addition, the hornblende fractionation and suppression
of plagioclase crystallization in hydrous melts may lead to lower Y and
Yb contents in zircon from hydrous fertile suites. Therefore, zircon
trace element ratios (e.g., (Ce/Nd)/Y, Dy/Yb, and (EuN/EuN*)/Y) are
also proxies for magmatic water content (Lu et al., 2016). Zircon is
resistant to weathering and hydrothermal alteration; therefore, using
magmatic zircon trace element features as indicators of magmatic
redox state, water content, and magma fertility is better than using tra-
ditional ways (whole‐rock or other mineral compositions).
Demingding is a post‐collisional porphyry Cu‐Mo deposit with a
lower research degree, located in the eastern part of the Gangdese
porphyry copper belt (EGB). At present, the ages and origin of mag-
matic rocks in this district have not been studied, and the mineraliza-
tion potential is unknown. In this study, we present zircon U‐Pb age
data, whole‐rock major and trace elements composition, Sr‐Nd‐Pb iso-
topes data and zircon trace elements for the ore‐bearing adakite‐like
biotite monzogranite porphyry from the Demingding Cu‐Mo deposit.
Based on these studies, this paper attempts to constrain the origin
of the biotite monzogranite porphyry and to evaluate the ore‐forming
potential of the biotite monzogranite porphyry.
ET AL.
2 | G E O L O G I C A L S E T T I N G A N D G E O LO GY
OF THE DEMINGDING DEPOSIT
2.1 | Regional geological setting
The Tibetan plateau is composed of several continental blocks (ter-
ranes), which from north to south are Songpan–Ganzi, Qiangtang,
Lhasa, and Himalaya terranes (Figure 1a). The Lhasa terrane is
bounded by the Indus–Yarlung Zangbo suture (IYZS) to the south
and by the Bangong–Nujiang suture (BNS) to the north and can be
subdivided into northern, central, and southern subterranes, separated
by the Shiquan River–Nam Tso Mélange Zone (SNMZ) and Luobadui–
Milashan Fault (LMF), respectively (Figure 1a; Zhu et al., 2011). In the
southern Lhasa subterrane, the sedimentary cover is limited, mainly of
Late Triassic–Cretaceous age (Zhu et al., 2008). The known Mesozoic
volcanic rocks in southern Lhasa subterrane include mafic and silicic
varieties of the Lower Jurassic Yeba Formation (190–175 Ma; Zhu
et al., 2008) and adakite‐like andesitic rocks of the Upper Jurassic–
Lower Cretaceous Sangri Group (Zhu et al., 2011). The pre‐Cretaceous
plutonic rocks in southern Lhasa subterrane occur as small relics of
varying size within the Cretaceous‐early Tertiary Gangdese batholiths
that locally intruded the Jurassic–Cretaceous volcano‐sedimentary
formations (Ji, Wu, Chung, Li, & Liu, 2009; Mo et al., 2007; Wen
et al., 2008; Zhu et al., 2008). The central Lhasa subterrane is covered
with the widespread Permo‐Carboniferous metasedimentary rocks
and Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous volcano‐sedimentary rocks, plus
minor Ordovician, Silurian, and Triassic limestone (Zhu et al., 2011).
The Mesozoic plutonic rocks in central Lhasa subterrane occur as
batholiths of varying size and intrude the Pre‐Ordovician,
Carboniferous–Permian metasedimentary successions and Lower Cre-
taceous volcano‐sedimentary succession. The sedimentary cover in
the northern Lhasa subterrane is mainly Jurassic–Cretaceous with
minor Triassic in age (Pan et al., 2006). Voluminous Mesozoic volcanic
rocks in this subterrane are exposed within the Lower Cretaceous
volcano‐sedimentary sequence, and the Mesozoic plutonic rocks are
mainly confined to the western and eastern parts of this subterrane
and occur generally as huge batholiths intruding the Jurassic–Lower
Cretaceous sedimentary sequences (Zhu et al., 2011).
Northward subduction of the Neotethys Indus–Yarlung Zangbo
ocean plate from the LateTriassic to Late Cretaceous produced volumi-
nous ca. 210 to 60 Ma intrusions of the Gangdese batholith that domi-
nate the southern subterrane (Ji et al., 2009; Zhu et al., 2011), as well as
a small volume of preserved Jurassic to Cretaceous volcanic arc rocks
(e.g., volcanic rocks in Yeba Formation and Sangri Group; Figure 1b;
Zhu et al., 2008; Chu et al., 2006; Yang, Hou, Jiang, Zhang, & Song,
2011). The final closure of the Neotethyan Ocean and collision of India
with Asia are thought to have occurred during the early Cenozoic (~65–
55 Ma; Leech, Singh, Jain, Klemperer, & Manickavasagam, 2005; Mo
et al., 2007; Zhu, Kidd, Rowley, Currie, & Shafique, 2005), which pro-
duced the Himalayan–Tibetan orogeny. Break‐off of the subducting
Neotethyan oceanic slab is suggested to have occurred at ca. 55 Ma
(Ji et al., 2009; Wen et al., 2008), resulting in an igneous “flare up” rep-
resented by eruption of late‐stage Linzizong volcanic rocks (55–45
ZHANG ET AL. 3

FIGURE 1 (a) Tectonic framework of the Tibetan Plateau showing its structures and tectonic belts (after Zhu et al., 2011; Yang et al., 2015). (b)
Geological map of the southern and central Lhasa terrane (after Yang et al., 2015). JSS, Jinsha Suture; BNS, Bangonghu–Nujiang Suture; SNMZ,
Shiquan River–Nam Tso Me´lange Zone; LMF, Luobadui–Milashan Fault; IYS, Indus–Yarlung Zangbo Suture; SL, Southern Lhasa subterrane; CL,
Central Lhasa subterrane; NL, Northern Lhasa subterrane. Miocene porphyry Cu deposits and associated adakite‐like intrusions: ZN, Zhunuo; JR, Jiru;
BR, Bairong; GJ, Gangjiang; CJ, Chongjiang; TG, Tinggong; NM, Nanmu; LKE, Lakang'e; JM, Jiama; BP, Bangpu; XMR, Xiamari; CBZ, Cuibaizi; TBL,
Tangbula. T3, Late Triassic; J, Jurassic; K, Cretaceous [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Ma; Mo et al., 2007) and coeval intrusion (Ji et al., 2009). Following slab
break‐off, there was a short period of magmatic quiescence (45–38 Ma:
Chu et al., 2011; Guan et al., 2012) due to the cessation of further Indian
continental plate subduction because of the loss of slab pull (Chung
et al., 2003). Since the mid‐Oligocene (~26 Ma), post‐collisional
magmatism including small‐volume potassic and ultrapotassic lavas
and massive adakite‐like calc‐alkaline intrusions occurred widespreadly
in the Lhasa terrane (Hou et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2015). Moreover, the
adakite‐like intrusions in the Eastern Gangdese belt are usually associ-
ated with porphyry Cu‐Mo (Au) deposits.
The biotite monzogranite porphyry shows concentric alteration
zones including weak inner potassic alteration, phyllic zones character-
ized by replacement of plagioclase by quartz and sericite, and outer
prophylitic zone. Mineralization characterized by disseminated chalco-
pyrite, pyrite, and molybdenite is mainly hosted within the potassic
and phyllic zones (Figure 3d,e). The quartz porphyry mainly displays
phyllic alteration and silicification, with subeconomic mineralization
characterized by the presence of secondary malachite, azurite, and
minor disseminated chalcopyrite (Figure f). Other rocks such as rhyo-
litic crystal tuff, andesitic dyke, and diabase dyke show no hydrother-
mal alteration or primary sulfides.

2.2 | Geology of deposit

The Demingding deposit is located 180 km east of Lhasa (Figure 1b). A 2.3 | Petrography
series of lithologic units are presented in this district, including the
rhyolitic crystal tuff, andesitic dyke, diabase dyke, quartz porphyry, The mineralization‐related biotite monzogranite porphyry outcrops in
and mineralization related biotite monzogranite porphyry (Figure 2). the east‐northern part of the deposit and is characterized by light
4 ZHANG ET AL.

FIGURE 2 Geological map of the Demingding copper polymetallic deposit (after Tibet Institute of Geology Survey, unpublished data) [Colour
figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

colour and porphyritic texture. This rock contains 20–35% quartz, 25–
35% plagioclase, 25–30% alkali feldspar, 5–15% biotite, and <5%
hornblende, with grain size of 0.5–0.2 cm. Accessory minerals include
apatite, zircon, titanite, and magnetite (Figure 3a–c).
The quartz porphyry shows light colour and contains phenocrysts
of quartz and minor alkali feldspar, with grain size of 0.2–0.4 cm.
The groundmass of quartz porphyry is quartzo‐feldspathic in nature
and contains accessory minerals including zircon, titanite, and apatite
(Figure 3f, g).
The rhyolitic crystal tuff has a tuffaceous texture and is mainly
composed of tuff, 10–20% crystal fragment, and minor lithic and plas-
tic vitric fragment. Its crystal fragment comprises quartz and feldspar,
minor biotite (Figure 3h,i).
3 | SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL
METHODS
Six samples of biotite monzogranite porphyry were collected on the
surface. These samples were initially examined by optical microscopy,
and five unaltered or least altered samples were selected for whole‐
rock geochemistry and/or Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopes analyses (Table 1). One
biotite monzogranite porphyry sample was selected for zircon U‐Pb
dating and trace element composition analyses.
The trace element composition analysis and U‐Pb dating of zircon
were performed by LA‐ICP‐MS at the State Key Laboratory of Geo‐
Processes and Mineral Resources, Science Research Institute, China
University of Geosciences, Beijing. The detailed operating conditions
ZHANG ET AL. 5

FIGURE 3 Photographs and photomicrographs showing petrographic characteristics of biotite monzogranite porphyry, quartz porphyry, and
rhyolitic crystal tuff. (a) Hand‐specimen photograph of biotite monzogranite porphyry showing porphyritic textures, (b and c) polarized light
image of the biotite monzogranite porphyry showing major mineral compositions, (d) reflected light image of biotite monzogranite porphyry
displaying the presence of molybdenite, (e) reflected light image of biotite monzogranite porphyry displaying the presence of chalcopyrite, (f)
hand‐specimen photograph of quartz porphyry displaying the presence of malachite, (g) polarized light image of quartz porphyry showing phyllic
alteration, (f) hand‐specimen photograph of rhyolitic crystal tuff showing tuffaceous texture, and (h) polarized light image of rhyolitic crystal tuff
showing the composition of crystal fragment [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

of the laser ablation system and the ICP‐MS instrument, as well as the
data reduction process, were the same as those described by Hou,
Tian, et al. (2009). An Agilent 7500a quadrupole (Q)‐ICP‐MS and a
Neptune multi‐collector (MC)‐ICP‐MS attached to a 193‐nm excimer
ArF laser–ablation system (GeoLas Plus) were used for the simulta-
neous determination of the zircon U‐Pb ages. The laser spot diameter
was 32 m, and the frequency was 8 Hz. Additionally, He was used as
the carrier gas, and Ar gas was used as the compensating gas. NIST
610 glass was used to optimize the instrument and as an external
standard for the determination of trace elements. The zircon 91,500
was used as an external standard, and the zircon GJ1 was used as
the monitoring sample. Each spot analysis was 100 s and consisted
of approximately 20 s of background acquisition and 50 s of sample
data acquisition; every five analyses were followed by two analyses
of the 91,500 zircon. In situ zircon trace element analyses were
performed on the same zircon grains that had been analysed for U‐
Pb isotopes, and the analysis procedures and conditions are the same
as those for the U‐Pb isotopic analysis. The time‐resolved
spectra were processed offline using ICP‐MS DataCal software (Liu
et al., 2010).
The whole‐rock major and trace element compositions of the bio-
tite monzogranite porphyry were analysed at the Beijing Research
Institute of Uranium Geology. Whole‐rock major element oxide con-
tents were analysed by X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF). Trace
elements and the rare earth and trace elements were determined by
inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP‐MS). The
detailed analytical procedures are similar to those described by Xie
et al. (2018).
The whole‐rock Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopes were analysed at Beijing
Research Institute of Uranium Geology. The Sr and Nd isotope ratios
6 ZHANG ET AL.

TABLE 1 Zircon U‐Pb isotopic data for the biotite monzogranite porphyry at Demingding, southern Tibet

Spot U (10‐6) Th (10‐6) Th/U 207

Pb/206Pb ±1σ 207
Pb/235U ±1σ 206
Pb/238U ±1σ 206
Pb/238U (Ma) ±1σ

DMD‐H‐1 436 355 0.81 0.0551 0.0089 0.0219 0.0028 0.0032 0.0001 20.5 0.7
DMD‐H‐2 489 370 0.76 0.0452 0.0112 0.0182 0.0028 0.0030 0.0002 19.3 1.0
DMD‐H‐3 1049 965 0.92 0.0467 0.0045 0.0186 0.0014 0.0029 0.0001 19.0 0.4
DMD‐H‐4 631 729 1.16 0.0550 0.0069 0.0227 0.0024 0.0032 0.0001 20.7 0.6
DMD‐H‐5 500 383 0.77 0.0541 0.0081 0.0202 0.0025 0.0031 0.0001 19.9 0.6
DMD‐H‐6 231 218 0.94 0.0937 0.0336 0.0232 0.0056 0.0034 0.0002 21.7 1.3
DMD‐H‐7 800 627 0.78 0.0510 0.0053 0.0218 0.0021 0.0031 0.0001 20.2 0.4
DMD‐H‐8 481 461 0.96 0.0586 0.0108 0.0212 0.0028 0.0031 0.0002 19.7 1.1
DMD‐H‐9 578 420 0.73 0.0497 0.0090 0.0190 0.0030 0.0029 0.0001 18.9 0.7
DMD‐H‐10 607 668 1.10 0.0481 0.0074 0.0192 0.0027 0.0031 0.0001 20.1 0.6
DMD‐H‐11 492 415 0.84 0.0469 0.0072 0.0201 0.0026 0.0032 0.0001 20.6 0.6
DMD‐H‐12 614 792 1.29 0.0499 0.0051 0.0225 0.0018 0.0034 0.0001 21.6 0.6
DMD‐H‐13 451 412 0.91 0.0497 0.0078 0.0232 0.0033 0.0033 0.0001 21.3 0.8
DMD‐H‐14 542 729 1.34 0.0552 0.0075 0.0220 0.0024 0.0033 0.0003 21.6 1.8
DMD‐H‐15 881 445 0.51 0.0468 0.0044 0.0194 0.0015 0.0031 0.0001 19.9 0.4
DMD‐H‐16 443 334 0.75 0.0496 0.0095 0.0238 0.0038 0.0034 0.0001 21.9 0.9
DMD‐H‐17 366 366 1.00 0.0520 0.0082 0.0204 0.0024 0.0032 0.0001 20.7 0.9
DMD‐H‐18 614 667 1.09 0.0558 0.0074 0.0211 0.0022 0.0032 0.0001 20.4 0.6
DMD‐H‐19 278 238 0.86 0.0409 0.0084 0.0217 0.0040 0.0037 0.0002 23.6 1.0
DMD‐H‐20 509 573 1.13 0.0470 0.0053 0.0219 0.0020 0.0034 0.0001 21.8 0.6
DMD‐H‐21 589 485 0.82 0.0481 0.0061 0.0212 0.0023 0.0033 0.0001 21.4 0.6

were determined by thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS) and
86
were corrected using Sr/88Sr = 0.1194 and 146
Nd/144Nd = 0.7219,
respectively. The Pb isotope analyses were performed by multi‐
collector (MC)‐ICP‐MS, using Pb isotope standard NBS981 to correct
data. The detailed analytical procedures are consistent with those
described by Wang et al. (2018).
4 | ANALYTICAL RESULTS
4.1 | Zircon U‐Pb ages
The zircons from biotite monzogranite porphyry are generally
colourless, transparent, euhedral to subhedral, and range in size from
100 to 150 um. Their CL images display clear, concentric oscillatory
growth zoning (Figure 4a,b), and the analytical data show Th/U ratios
ranging from 0.51 to 1.34, indicating a magmatic origin (Gao et al.,
2019; Hoskin & Schaltegger, 2003). The result of the LA‐ICP‐MS zir-
con U‐Pb analyses are listed in Table 1 and illustrated in Figure 4a,b.
The biotite monzogranite porphyry yielded a weighted mean
206
Pb/238U age of 20.36 ± 0.46 Ma (MSWD = 2.6, n = 21).
4.2 | Major and trace elements geochemistry
The analysed samples of the biotite monzogranite porphyry are high‐K
calc‐alkaline (Figure 5a), with high SiO2 (66.98–69.84 wt%), Al2O3
(15.17–15.96 wt%) and K2O (3.72–4.06 wt%), and low MgO (0.90–
1.0 wt%), total Fe2O3 (1.62–2.93 wt%) contents (Table 2). They dis-
play enrichment in LREE (La/Yb = 24–44) and weak negative Eu
anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.87–0.95; Figure 6a). They also show adakite‐
like geochemical signatures with high Sr (462–613 ppm) and low Y
(9.25–10.5 ppm) contents (Figure 5c), strong LILE enrichment relative
to HFSE, and significantly negative Ta‐Nb anomalies (Figure 6b). These
characteristics mimic the characteristics of Miocene ore‐bearing
adakite‐like porphyry from the Eastern Gangdese belt in southern
Tibet (e.g., Guo et al., 2007; Hou et al., 2004; Li et al., 2011; Wang
et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2015; Wang, Richards, Hou, Yang, &
DuFrane, 2014; Xu et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2010).
4.3 | Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopes
Sr‐Nd isotopic data for Miocene adakite‐like granitoids have a wide
range in Sr [(87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7047–0.7082] and Nd [εNd(t) = −8.1 to
5.66] isotopic compositions. These Sr‐Nd isotopic data generally fol-
low a mixing trend between juvenile Gangdese lower crust and the
ultrapotassic rocks (Figure 7; Yang et al., 2016). The biotite
monzogranite porphyry has the (87Sr/86Sr)i values ranging from
0.7059 to 0.7062 and εNd(t) values ranging from −2.35 to −1.67
(Table 3) , identical to the existing Sr‐Nd isotopic data for the Miocene
ore‐bearing adakite‐like porphyries from Gangdese porphyry copper
deposits, such as Jiama (εNd(t) = −1.22 to −2.28; (87Sr/86Sr)I =
ZHANG ET AL. 7

FIGURE 4 (a) Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of representative zircons from the biotite monzogranite porphyry, sites of in situ U‐Pb isotope
dating analysis, are marked by yellow circles. (b) LA‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb zircon concordia diagram for the biotite monzogranite porphyry [Colour figure
can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

0.7062–0.7069; Hou et al., 2004) and Chongjiang (εNd(t) = −1.94 to
87 86
1.01; ( Sr/ Sr)I = 0.7050–0.7052; Hou et al., 2004). Moreover, the
biotite monzogranite porphyry also falls on the mixing line on a plot
of εNd(t) vs. (87Sr/86Sr)i (Figure 7).
The samples of the biotite monzogranite porphyry have (206Pb/204Pb)
i ratios of 18.50–18.55, (207Pb/204Pb)i of 15.66–15.69, (208Pb/204Pb)i of
38.69–38.84. These values are also similar to those of the Miocene
adakite‐like porphyries from EGB, and plot between data for the Jurassic
8 ZHANG ET AL.

FIGURE 5 Geochemical classification diagrams for the biotite monzogranite porphyry at Demingding. (a) K2O vs. SiO2 diagram; (b) (Na2O + K2O)
vs. SiO2 diagram; (c) Sr/Y vs. Y diagram; and (d) A/CNK vs. A/NK diagram. Data resource: Miocene adakite‐like intrusions from EGB (Guo et al.,
2007; Hou et al., 2004; Li et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2014, 2015; Xu et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2010) and
ultrapotassic volcanic rocks (Miller et al., 1999; Gao et al., 2007) [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

Gangdese arc magmas and ultrapotassic rocks follow the array defined
by other Miocene adakite‐like porphyries from EGB (Figure 8).
4.4 | Zircon trace element geochemistry
It is common that contamination of small mineral inclusion occurs in
the LA‐ICP‐MS analyses of zircon. The following criteria were used
to exclude contaminated analyses: La > 1 ppm reflects apatite con-
tamination; Ti > 50 sppm reflects contamination by Ti‐(Fe‐) oxides
(Lu et al., 2016). Only data of trace elements for magmatic zircon
free of contamination are plotted and discussed (n = 12). The REE
patterns of magmatic zircons free of contamination from biotite
monzogranite porphyry are presented in Figure 9. These zircons are
characterized by positive Ce anomalies, depletion of light rare earth
elements (LREE) relative to heavy REE and relatively feeble negative
Eu anomalies.
The zircon trace element concentrations and calculated values
including zircon Ce4+/Ce3+, EuN/EuN*, (Ce/Nd)/Y, Ce/Nd, Dy/Yb,
and (EuN/EuN*)/Y ratios are listed in Table S1. The Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios
of zircon are calculated by the method of Ballard et al. (2002). EuN/
EuN* represents the europium anomaly calculated as [Eu]/sqrt([Sm]*
[Gd]), using concentrations already normalized to C1 chondrite
values (Sun & McDonough, 1989). Ce/Nd ratios have been proposed
as a proxy for zircon Ce anomalies (Lu et al., 2016). The zircon trace
element compositions are characterized by minimal negative Eu
anomalies (Eu/Eu* > 0.3, average value of 0.46), high value of Ce4
+
/Ce3+ (average value of 113), 10,000*(EuN/EuN*)/Y (3.94–8.14,
>1), Ce/Nd (9–58, average value of 30), (Ce/Nd)/Y (average
value of 0.045, >0.01),and low value of Dy/Yb (0.15–0.24, <0.3).
ZHANG ET AL. 9

TABLE 2 Major (wt%) and trace element (ppm) data for the biotite monzogranite porphyry (BMP) at Demingding, southern Tibet

Sample DMD‐H1 DMD‐H2 DMD‐H3 DMD‐H4 DMD‐H5

Rock type BMP BMP BMP BMP BMP

SiO2 69.84 66.98 69.3 69.25 66.99
TiO2 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.39
Al2O3 15.96 15.31 15.57 15.59 15.17
TFe2O3 1.62 2.79 1.62 1.69 2.93
MnO 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.03 0.06
MgO 0.99 0.97 0.90 0.91 1.03
CaO 1.68 1.83 1.92 1.75 1.85
Na2O 4.27 4.06 4.34 4.22 4.11
K2O 4.06 3.86 3.74 3.89 3.72
P2O5 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.14 0.15
LOL 0.46 3.07 1.47 1.58 3.05
Sum 99.42 99.43 99.41 99.42 99.43
Mg# 55 41 53 52 41
A/CNK 1.10 1.08 1.06 1.09 1.07
La 29.5 23.1 38.0 29.6 26.6
Ce 52.7 44.3 65.0 57.0 48.0
Pr 5.97 5.08 7.09 6.39 5.2
Nd 22.8 17.6 24.4 22.7 18.2
Sm 3.23 2.85 3.51 3.55 2.83
Eu 0.787 0.760 0.849 0.856 0.731
Gd 2.35 2.16 2.56 2.44 1.97
Tb 0.37 0.34 0.37 0.39 0.31
Dy 1.68 1.76 1.73 1.78 1.48
Ho 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.25
Er 0.84 0.90 0.84 0.87 0.74
Tm 0.14 0.16 0.14 0.15 0.13
Yb 0.90 0.96 0.86 0.96 0.79
Lu 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.12
Be 2.42 2.45 2.52 2.46 2.44
Sc 4.11 3.96 4.04 3.98 4.04
V 39.4 46.3 39.9 39.1 46.2
Cr 74.2 32.2 39.9 31.8 25.4
Co 5.87 6.70 4.80 6.72 6.40
Ni 6.48 6.27 6.42 8.19 6.19
Zn 42.5 36.4 42.0 77.0 35.5
Ga 16.4 17.9 17.0 17.5 17.2
Rb 143 172 138 155 157
Sr 579 462 575 613 504
Y 9.25 9.87 10.50 9.81 9.25
Zr 21.3 36.9 47.5 25.7 36.3
Nb 9.24 9.32 9.66 10.6 8.72
Ba 839 823 684 783 814
Hf 0.86 1.32 1.42 1.13 1.15

(Continues)
10 ZHANG ET AL.

TABLE 2 (Continued)

Sample DMD‐H1 DMD‐H2 DMD‐H3 DMD‐H4 DMD‐H5

Ta 0.84 0.85 0.81 1.01 0.68
Pb 61.3 40.1 46.2 47.6 38.4
Th 20 18.4 22 23.3 16.8
U 2.36 2.58 2.55 2.5 2.12
Cu 2246 241 2143 2632 119
Eu/Eu* 0.87 0.94 0.87 0.89 0.95
La/Yb 33 24 44 31 34
Sr/Y 63 47 55 62 54

Note. A/CNK calculated as molecular Al2O3/(Na2O + K2O + CaO). TFe2O3 = Total iron measured as Fe2O3. LOI = loss on ignition. Major elements are
recalculated on anhydrous basis. Mg# = molar ratio of 100 × Mg2+/(Mg2+ + total Fe2+)], Eu/Eu* = 2 × [Eu]/([Sm] + [Gd]), using concentrations normalized
to chondrite (Sun & McDonough, 1989).

FIGURE 6 (a) Chondrite‐normalized REE patterns and (b) primitive‐mantle‐normalized trace element patterns for the biotite monzogranite
porphyry. Chondrite and primitive mantle values are from Sun and McDonough. (1989). Data sources are as in Figure 5 [Colour figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

5 | DISCUSSION it was formed in the Miocene. This age is similar with previous U‐Pb
zircon ages of Miocene ore‐bearing adakite‐like rocks from the

5.1 | Alteration effects
The whole‐rock geochemistry data of biotite monzogranite are listed
in Table 2. The Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopic compositions of the biotite
monzogranite are listed in Table 3. The biotite monzogranite porphyry
samples for analyses are relatively fresh, and most of their major ele-
ments, trace elements, and Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotope do not show evident cor-
relations with LOI, indicating that their elements and isotopes have
not been affected by alteration and could be used to discuss the origin
of these rocks.
Gangdese porphyry copper deposits, such as Jiama (15.7 ± 0.1 Ma
to 15.0 ± 0.4 Ma; Zheng et al., 2016), Qulong (17.6 ± 0.7 Ma to
16.2 ± 0.3 Ma; Zhao et al., 2016), Tinggong (16.0 ± 0.8 Ma; Li et al.,
2011), Nanmu (15.0 ± 1.0 Ma; Wu, Zheng, & Sun, 2016), Bairong
(14.8 ± 0.5 Ma to 14.2 ± 0.9 Ma; Li et al., 2011), and Chongjiang
(15.6 ± 0.5 Ma to 14.0 ± 0.2 Ma; Hou et al., 2004).
5.3 | Petrogenesis of the biotite monzogranite
porphyry

The Demingding biotite monzogranite porphyry is characterized by

5.2 | Age of the biotite monzogranite porphyry
The Demingding biotite monzogranite porphyry has weighted mean
206
Pb/238U ages of 20.36 ± 0.46 Ma (MSWD = 2.6), indicating that
high abundances of SiO2, K2O, and Al2O3, low contents of Fe2O3,
and compatible trace elements, adakite‐like signatures, strongly frac-
tionated REE patterns with low HREE abundances, enrichment in LILE
compared with HFSE, negative Ta‐Nb anomalies. Geochemical
ZHANG ET AL. 11

FIGURE 7 Diagram of εNd(t) vs. (87Sr/86Sr)i

for the biotite monzogranite porphyry at
Demingding, Tibet. Gangdese batholith
granitoids are proxies for juvenile Gangdese
lower crust (Ji et al., 2009). Sample QL02‐13
represents juvenile Gangdese lower crust and
sample TE118/93 from Miller et al. (1999)
represents ultrapotassic mafic magma. The
gray dashed curve represents a magma mixing
model between juvenile Gangdese lower crust
and ultrapotassic mafic magma (Yang et al.,
2016). Data sources are as in Figure 5 [Colour
figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.
com]

TABLE 3 Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopic data for the biotite monzogranite porphyry (BMP) at Demingding, southern Tibet

Rock TDM
Sample type 87
Rb/86Sr 87
Sr/86Sr ±2σ 147
Sm/144Nd 143
Nd/144Nd ±2σ (87Sr/86Sr)i (143Nd/144Nd)i εNd(t) (Ma)

DMD‐H1 BMP 0.7362 0.706275 18 0.0856 0.512534 7 0.7060621 0.512523 ‐1.7 735
DMD‐H2 BMP 1.1098 0.706495 16 0.0979 0.512523 8 0.7061741 0.512510 ‐2.0 827
DMD‐H3 BMP 0.7154 0.706113 15 0.0870 0.512538 4 0.7059061 0.512526 ‐1.7 737
DMD‐H4 BMP 0.7538 0.706181 16 0.0945 0.512504 8 0.7059630 0.512491 ‐2.3 828
DMD‐H5 BMP 0.9286 0.706456 21 0.0940 0.512520 6 0.7061875 0.512507 ‐2.0 804
208
Sample Rock type Pb/204Pb ±2σ 207
Pb/204Pb ±2σ 206
Pb/204Pb ±2σ (208Pb/204Pb)i (207Pb/204Pb)i (206Pb/204Pb)i
DMD‐H1 BMP 38.883 0.006 15.656 0.002 18.585 0.003 38.745201 15.65357884 18.535311
DMD‐H2 BMP 38.894 0.004 15.659 0.002 18.587 0.002 38.693204 15.65479806 18.500941
DMD‐H3 BMP 38.920 0.005 15.666 0.002 18.602 0.002 38.711617 15.66239527 18.528172
DMD‐H4 BMP 38.929 0.004 15.665 0.001 18.596 0.002 38.709662 15.66148215 18.524053
DMD‐H5 BMP 39.042 0.004 15.696 0.002 18.631 0.002 38.843319 15.69224891 18.554344

Note. Initial 143Nd/144Nd, 87Sr/86Sr, 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 206Pb/204Pb ratios were corrected for an age (t) = 20.36 Ma for the biotite monzogranite
porphyry samples.

characters of the Demingding biotite porphyry are similar to those of
other Miocene ore‐bearing adakite‐like porphyries from the Eastern
Gangdese belt in southern Tibet (e.g., Guo et al., 2007; Hou et al.,
2004; Li et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2014, 2015; Xu
et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2009; Zhou et al., 2010). Thus, the biotite
monzogranite porphyry may have a similar origin with Miocene ore‐
bearing adakite‐like porphyries.
Generally, many studies argue that the adakite‐like signatures (e.g.,
high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios) and low HREE abundances are related to
features in the source, such as the presence of residual garnet and
the absence of plagioclase in the magma source (Martin, 1999). How-
ever, high‐pressure (HPFC: involving garnet and amphibole, Macpher-
son, Dreher, & Thirlwall, 2006; Richards & Kerrich, 2007) and low‐
pressure fractionation (LPFC: involving olivine + clinopyroxene +
12
FIGURE 8 Diagrams of (a) 206 204
Pb/ Pb vs. 207 204
Pb/ Pb and (b)
208
Pb/204Pb vs. 206Pb/204Pb for the biotite monzogranite porphyry
at Demingding, Tibet. Pb isotopic compositions of subduction‐
modified, juvenile Gangdese belt lower crust are represented by
Jurassic Gangdese arc magmas (Qu et al., 2007). Data resources:
Miocene adakite‐like intrusions from EGB (Gao et al., 2007; Guo et al.,
2007; Hou et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2015) and ultrapotassic volcanic
rocks (Yang et al., 2015 and references therein) [Colour figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]
plagioclase + amphibole + titanomagnetite, Castillo, Janney, &
Solidum, 1999) of hydrous basaltic magma also can generate such sig-
nature. La content deceases, and Sr/Y and Dy/Yb ratios rapidly
increase with increasing SiO2 content during HPFC (Macpherson
et al., 2006). Ba and La contents decrease, and Dy/Yb ratios increase
with increasing SiO2 content during LPFC (Castillo et al., 1999; Li
et al., 2011). The biotite monzogranite porphyry and other ore‐bearing
Miocene adakite‐like intrusions do not show these trends (LPFC and
HPFC; Figure 10a–d), indicating that the adakite‐like signatures were
inherited from the magma source rather than achieved by magma evo-
lution (Li et al., 2011).
ZHANG ET AL.
Several genetic models have been proposed to account for the ori-
gin of Miocene adakite‐like porphyries in Eastern Gangdese belt: (i)
partial melting of the thickened subduction‐modified Tibetan lower
crust (Chung et al., 2003; Guo et al., 2007; Hou et al., 2004); (ii) partial
melting of the upper mantle source metasomatized by the slab‐
derived melts (Gao et al., 2007, 2010); (iii) melting of subducted oce-
anic crust (Qu et al., 2004, 2007); (iv) high‐pressure differentiation of
hydrous mafic partial melts from Tibetan mantle (Lu et al., 2015); (v)
partial melting of mafic Indian lower crust (Xu et al., 2010); and (vi)
magma mixing origin (Sun et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2018; Yang
et al., 2015, 2016). As discussed below, we favour the last model for
the genesis of Miocene biotite monzogranite porphyry at Demingding.
Compared with slab‐melting adakite‐like magma (Martin, 1999),
biotite monzogranite porphyry and most other Miocene adakite‐like
intrusions from EGB show higher K2O contents, lower contents of
MgO, Mg#, Ni, and Cr (Figures 5 and 11), and higher (87Sr/86Sr)i and
low εNd(t) (Figure 7). Moreover, the cessation of Neotethyan oceanic
subduction (prior to 50 Ma; Mo et al., 2007; Zhu et al., 2005) is much
earlier than the emplacement age of Miocene adakite‐like rocks (20.36
± 0.46 Ma). And the Neotethyan oceanic slab is thought to have been
broken‐off during the early Eocene (50–45 Ma); the detached slab is
believed to have sunk into the deep mantle during the late Eocene
(DeCelles, Robinson, & Zandt, 2002; Kohn & Parkinson, 2002; Wen
et al., 2008). The biotite monzogranite porphyry is, therefore, unlikely
to generate through partial melting of subducted oceanic crust (Qu
et al., 2004, 2007).
On the basis of the high Mg# values of some Gangdese adakite‐like
intrusions and positive correlations between Mg# and K2O and
strongly incompatible elements (e.g., Sr), Gao et al. (2007, 2010) pro-
posed that Gangdese adakite‐like rocks could have been generated
by partial melting of upper mantle metasomatized by slab‐derived
melts. However, most Miocene adakite‐like intrusions in Eastern
Gangdese belt have low MgO (generally <2%), Cr (mostly <20 ppm),
and Ni (mostly <20 ppm) contents and low Mg# values (mostly <50;
Figure 11). Besides, some researchers have discovered several Creta-
ceous adakite rocks close to Indus–Yarlung Zangbo suture. However,
the lithospheric mantle beneath Demingding occurs ~80 km north of
Indus–Yarlung Zangbo suture. Thus, the lithospheric mantle is unlikely
to have been metasomatized by Cretaceous slab‐derived adakite
melts, for the suggestion that the Neotethyan oceanic crust beneath
the Gangdese belt northwards subducted at a very steep angle in early
Cretaceous times (Zhu et al., 2009). Therefore, it is impossible that
Gangdese adakite‐like rocks including biotite monzogranite porphyry
have been generated by partial melting of upper mantle
metasomatized by slab‐derived melts.
Furthermore, the Miocene adakite‐like intrusions including the bio-
tite monzogranite porphyry samples have juvenile isotopic features
(high εNd(t) and low (87Sr/86Sr)i), which rules out the possibility that
these adakite‐like intrusions are derived from underthrusting ancient
Indian continental crust (e.g., Xu et al., 2010) or delaminated ancient
lower crust.
The Miocene adakite‐like magmas have widely been considered to
be a product of dehydration melting of subduction‐modified, juvenile
ZHANG ET AL. 13

FIGURE 9 C1 chondrite‐normalized REE

pattern for zircons from biotite monzogranite
porphyry at Demingding, Tibet; normalization
values are from Sun and McDonough. (1989)

FIGURE 10 Diagrams of (a) Sr/Y vs SiO2; (b) La vs SiO2; (c) Ba vs SiO2; (d) Dy/Yb vs SiO2 for the Miocene adakite‐like porphyries from the
Eastern Gangdese belt. HPFC, high‐pressure fractionation crystallization; LPFC, low‐pressure fractionation crystallization [Colour figure can be
viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

eclogitized lower crust (e.g., Chung et al., 2003; Guo et al., 2007; Li et al., would be dry and barren, and the dehydration melting of mafic lower
2011; Hou et al., 2004, 2013; Hou, Duan, et al., 2015). However, crust would not produce Gangdese ore‐bearing adakite‐like magmas
magmas derived from or equilibrated with garnet‐bearing lower crust with high H2O contents and high Mg# (>50; Lu et al., 2015). Thus, Lu
14 ZHANG ET AL.

FIGURE 11 Diagrams of (a) Mg# vs. SiO2; (b) MgO vs. SiO2; (c) Ni vs. SiO2; and (d) Cr vs. SiO2. Fields of subducted oceanic crust‐derived
adakites, thick lower crust‐derived adakite‐like rocks and delaminated lower crust‐derived adakite‐like rocks are after Wang et al. (2006).
Legend as in Figure 6 [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]

et al. (2015) suggested that Gangdese Miocene adakite‐like magmas are
formed through fractional crystallization from hydrous mafic parental
magmas that are derived from metasomatized Tibetan mantle.
Nevertheless, this fractionation crystallization model requires a
large volume of mafic magma, which is inconsistent with the shortage
of mafic magmas emplaced contemporaneously with the adakite‐like
rocks in the Eastern Gangdese belt (Yang et al., 2016). Moreover,
mafic rocks (e.g., ultrapotassic rocks) from metasomatized Tibetan
mantle have higher K2O, REE, and HFSE contents than the Miocene
adakite‐like magmas (Figures 5 and 6). This indicates that these Mio-
cene adakite‐like magmas (including biotite monzogranite porphyry)
are unlikely to be produced by fractional crystallization of the mafic
rocks from metasomatized Tibetan mantle, because a silicic magma
with higher K2O, REE, and HFSE would be produced during this
process.
We thought that a magma mixing model is more reasonable for the
genesis of Miocene adakite‐like rocks (including biotite monzogranite
porphyry) depending on the following reasons: (1) Lu et al. (2015)
argued that dehydration melting of mafic lower crust would not gener-
ate adakite‐like magmas with the high H2O contents (>10 wt%) and
high Mg# (>50) in the Eastern Gangdese belt. Partial melting of mafic
lower crust alone can only produce melts with Mg# < 50 (Sun et al.,
2018). However, the adakite‐like intrusions such as Demingding biotite
monzogranite porphyry have the feature of high Mg# (>50; Figure 11),
indicating that the input of mafic melts (high Mg#) from mantle may
play an important role in the formation of these adakite‐like intrusions.
(2) The basement in southern Lhasa terrane is mostly composed of oce-
anic arc basement of late Palaeozoic age (Chu et al., 2011; Ji et al.,
2009) and only a minor amount of Precambrian basement (Zheng
et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2013;Yang et al., 2016). So the only melting of
southern Lhasa terrane would produce isotope depleted magmas with
relatively minor Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopic variation. However, this is inconsis-
tent with the highly variable Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotope composition of the East-
ern Gangdese adakite‐like rocks (Figures 7 and 8), indicating mixing
between two end‐members having different isotope composition. (3)
As shown in the plots of εNd(t) vs. (87Sr/86Sr)i, samples for most of
the Miocene adakite‐like intrusions (including the biotite monzogranite
porphyry) plot along a mixing curve defined by the ultrapotassic rocks
from metasomatized Tibetan mantle (Miller, Schuster, Klotzli, Frank, &
Purtscheller, 1999) and the Gangdese batholith granitoids representing
ZHANG ET AL. 15

the adakite‐like melt derived from subduction‐modified lower crust

(Figure 7; Yang et al., 2015). In addition, data for Miocene adakite‐like
rocks plot between data for the ultrapotassic rocks and data for Juras-
sic Gangdese arc magmas (a proxy for juvenile Gangdese lower crust;
206
Qu et al., 2007) in the plots of Pb/204Pb vs. 207
Pb/204Pb and
208 204 206 204
Pb/ Pb vs. Pb/ Pb (Figure 8). This indicates a magma mixing
model between adakite‐like melt derived from the subduction‐
modified lower crust and ultrapotassic melt from metasomatized
Tibetan mantle. (4) Some Miocene adakite‐like rocks in the Eastern
Gangdese belt have mafic enclaves derived from metasomatized
Tibetan mantle (e.g., Dabu: Wu et al., 2014; Wolong: Guan et al.,
2012; Chongmuda: Zheng et al., 2012; and Jiama: Zhang et al., 2019),
indicating that the mafic magmas from metasomatized Tibetan mantle
provide an important contribution for the generation of Miocene
adakite‐like rocks (Yang et al., 2016). (5) Water solubility in mafic
magmas from metasomatized Tibetan mantle is rather high (e.g.,
~10.7 wt% at 500 MPa; Behrens et al., 2009). When these mafic
magmas mix with adakite‐like magmas from subduction‐modified
lower crust, they could add plenty of water to the adakite‐like magmas
and significantly increase H2O contents of adakite‐like magmas.
In summary, we argue that the Miocene biotite monzogranite por-
phyry at Demingding shares the same genetic model with other Mio-
cene ore‐bearing adakite‐like intrusions in Eastern Gangdese belt. At
first, during the Neotethyan ocean subduction (prior to 50 Ma; Mo
et al., 2007; Zhu et al., 2005), the juvenile subduction‐modified lower
crust formed by the basaltic melts derived from the metasomatized
mantle wedge. Then, during post‐collisional period (26–12 Ma), post‐
collisional lithospheric thinning and asthenospheric upwelling were
led to partial melting of metasomatized Tibetan lithospheric mantle,
producing ultrapotassic magmas. The underplating of these mafic FIGURE 12 Cartoon showing a petrogenetic model for the ore‐
forming adakite‐like porphyries in Eastern southern Tibet (including
melts from metasomatized Tibetan mantle beneath thickened lower
Demingding biotite monzogranite porphyry). (a) During the
crust (>45 km) would cause melting of the subduction‐modified lower Neotethyan ocean subduction, juvenile lower crust formed by basaltic
crust within the garnet stability field, which would result in generation melts derived from the metasomatized mantle wedge. (b) During post‐
of Miocene adakite‐like magmas with mixing with hydrous mafic collisional period, melting of the subduction modified thickened lower
magmas from metasomatized Tibetan mantle in a lower crustal MASH crust triggered by underplating of ultrapotassic magma from
metasomatized Tibetan mantle, forming Miocene ore‐bearing adakite‐
zone and/or upper crustal magma chamber (Figure 12). This process
like magmas with mixing with mafic magmas from metasomatized
would transfer H2O and/or some metals from the mafic magmas to
Tibetan mantle [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.
the adakite‐like magma (Yang et al., 2015, 2016; Sun et al., 2018; com]
Zhang et al., 2019).
Dilles et al. (2015) that Eu/Eu* > 0.4 in zircon can fingerprint ore‐
5.4 | Implication for magma fertility and exploration forming intrusions at El Salvador, Chile, Yanacocha, Peru, and
Yerington, Nevada. Lu et al. (2016) proposed that Eu/Eu* (>0.3),
The zircon Ce4+/Ce3+, EuN/EuN*, Ce/Nd, (Eu/Eu*)/Y, (Ce/Nd)/Y, and 10,000* (Eu/Eu*)/Y (>1) ratios in zircon are mostly effective, and
Dy/Yb ratios have been used as proxies for magma oxidation state (Ce/Nd)/Y (>0.01) and Dy/Yb (<0.3) ratios are moderately useful as
and water content, which are the key factors affecting the Cu ore‐ the fertility indicators. Shen et al. (2015) presented that higher zircon
forming potential of porphyry intrusions (Ballard et al., 2002; Candela, Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios are recorded from deposits with larger Cu tonnages,
1992; Chiaradia, Ulianov, Kouzmanov, & Beate, 2012; Dilles et al., and the zircon Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios of approximately 120 can separate
2015; Loucks, 2014; Lu et al., 2016, 2017; Shu et al., 2019). Therefore, those intrusions associated with large to intermediate porphyry
we can use zircon trace elemental signatures as ore fertility indicators. deposits and those associated with small deposits.
Ballard et al. (2002) demonstrated that ore‐forming arc magmas in The zircons from biotite monzogranite porphyry have only minimal
the Chuquicamata‐El Abra porphyry copper belt of northern Chile are negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* > 0.3, average for Eu/Eu* ratio of 0.46;
characterized by high Ce4+/Ce3+ ratios and small negative EuN/EuN* Table S1) and exhibit high value of Ce4+/Ce3+ (average value of 113),
anomalies in zircon. This is consistent with the conclusion drawn by 10,000* (Eu/Eu*)/Y (3.94–8.14, >1), Ce/Nd (9–58, average value of
16
30), (Ce/Nd)/Y (average value of 0.045, >0.01), and low value of
Dy/Yb (0.15–0.24, <0.3). These features indicate that the biotite
monzogranite porphyry is relatively hydrous and oxidized, which is in
favourable for Cu (Mo)‐mineralization (Loucks, 2014; Lu et al., 2016,
2017). Thus, we suggest that the biotite monzogranite porphyry is a
relatively fertile intrusion with certain exploration potential.
6 | C O N CL U S I O N S
A comprehensive synthesis of geochronological, whole‐rock geochem-
ical, and zircon trace elemental data of biotite monzogranite porphyry
in Demingding leads to the following conclusions:
1. The Miocene biotite monzogranite porphyry in Demingding shares
the same petrogenesis with other Miocene ore‐bearing adakite‐
like intrusions in the Eastern Gangdese belt and was likely formed
by remelting of the subduction‐modified, eclogitized Tibetan lower
crust and mixing with hydrous mafic magmas from metasomatized
Tibetan mantle.
2. Zircon trace elemental signatures indicate that the biotite
monzogranite porphyry is of high oxidation state and water con-
tent. Therefore, it is relatively fertile and endowed with certain
exploration potential.
ACKNOWLEDGEMEN TS
This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China
(grant number 2018YFC0604106); the Public Science and Technology
Research Funds Projects, Ministry of Land Resources of the People's
Republic of China (project nos. 201511017 and 201511022‐05); the
Basic Research Fund of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
(grant no. YYWF201608); the National Natural Science Foundation
of China (grant no. 41402178); and the Geological Survey project
(grant no. DD20160026). The authors would like to thank two anony-
mous reviewers for their constructive comments and input. We con-
firm that the manuscript has been read and approved by all named
authors and that there are no other persons who satisfied the criteria
for authorship but are not listed. We further confirm that the order of
authors listed in the manuscript has been approved by all of us.
ORCID
Zebin Zhang https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8874-8280
Pan Tang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4631-7292
RE FE R ENC E S
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SUPPORTING INFORMATION
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Supporting Information section at the end of the article.
How to cite this article: Zhang Z, Wang L, Tang P, et al. Geo-
chemistry and zircon trace elements composition of the Mio-
cene ore‐bearing biotite monzogranite porphyry in the
Demingding porphyry Cu‐Mo deposit, Tibet: Petrogenesis
and implication for magma fertility. Geological Journal.
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