Shoshonitic- and adakitic magmatism of the Early Paleozoic age in the West-
ern Kunlun orogenic belt, NW China: Implications for the early evolution of
the northwestern Tibetan plateau

Jian Wang, Keiko Hattori, Jianguo Liu, Yue Song, Yongbao Gao, Han
Zhang

PII: S0024-4937(17)30220-7
DOI: doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2017.06.013
Reference: LITHOS 4345

To appear in: LITHOS

Received date: 1 December 2016

Accepted date: 14 June 2017

Please cite this article as: Wang, Jian, Hattori, Keiko, Liu, Jianguo, Song, Yue, Gao,
Yongbao, Zhang, Han, Shoshonitic- and adakitic magmatism of the Early Paleozoic age
in the Western Kunlun orogenic belt, NW China: Implications for the early evolution of
the northwestern Tibetan plateau, LITHOS (2017), doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2017.06.013

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Shoshonitic- and adakitic magmatism of the Early Paleozoic age in the Western Kunlun

orogenic belt, NW China: implications for the early evolution of the northwestern Tibetan

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plateau

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Jian Wang1, Keiko Hattori2, Jianguo Liu1, Yue Song1, Yongbao Gao3, Han Zhang4

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1
College of Earth Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, P. R. China

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2
Dept of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada

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Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Xi’an, Shanxi, 710054, P. R. China

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Yanduzhongshi Geological Analysis Laboratories Ltd., Beijing, 100000, P. R. China
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Abstract
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The Western Kunlun orogenic belt in the northwestern margin of the Tibetan plateau contains two
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magmatic belts; early Paleozoic belt in the northern part of Western Kunlun Terrane (WKT), and early
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Mesozoic belt in the southern part of WKT. Both formed from northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethys. The

early Paleozoic belt contains large Datong and Qiukesu igneous complexes and many smaller plutons. The

Datong complex is mainly composed of dark-colored porphyritic syenite and monzonite with minor

light-colored dykes of granite and monzonite. The dark-colored rocks are characterized by moderate SiO2

(58.2-69.3 wt.%), and high Al2O3 (15.3-17.1wt.%), total alkali (Na2O+K2O=8.07-10.2 wt.%) and ratios of

K2O/Na2O (0.77-1.83). They plot in “shoshonite” field, and show high abundances of LILE including LREE

((La/Yb)n=15.4-26.2; mean 20.2) with pronounced negative anomalies of Nb-Ta-P-Ti in normalized trace

elemental patterns and weak negative anomalies of Eu (δEu=2Eun/(Smn+Gdn)=0.68-0.80). The light-colored

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rocks contain slightly higher concentrations of SiO2 (60.3-72.0 wt.%), similar Al2O3 (14.7-17.6 wt.%), and

slightly lower total alkalis (6.57-9.14 wt.%) than dark-colored rocks. They show adakitic geochemical

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signatures with low Y (5.80-17.2 ppm) and Yb (0.63-1.59 ppm), and high Sr/Y (>40). U-Pb zircon dating

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indicates that shoshonitic rocks and adakitic dykes formed at ~444 Ma to ~443 Ma, and a separate small

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adakitic plug at ~462 Ma. The mean εHf(t) values of zircon range from -1.6 to -0.94 (n=14) with TDM2 of ~1.5

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Ga for shoshonitic rocks and εHf(t) values from -1.8 to +0.72 (n=12) with TDM2 of 1.4 to 1.5 Ga for adakitic

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rocks. Shoshonitic rocks show initial 87Sr/86Sr and εNd(t) of 0.7092 –0.7100 and -3.9 to -3.2, respectively, and

adakitic rocks yield initial 87Sr/86Sr and εNd(t) of 0.7099 –0.7134 and -3.6 to -3.1, respectively. Similar Sr, Nd,
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and Hf isotope compositions for the shoshonitic and adakitic rocks suggest similar ancient rocks as their
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sources.

Combined with the geological development of the area, we propose that a local extension in the WKT
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over the subducting Paleo-Tethys has induced the upwelling of asthenospheric mantle and partial melting in
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the lower crust during mid-Ordovician to early Silurian. The primary shoshonitic melt evolved into the
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parental magmas for the shoshonitic rocks and adakitic rocks through fractional crystallization of hornblende.

Key words: early Paleozoic magmatic belt; shoshonitic and adakitic magmatism; Paleo-Tethys; partial melting

of mafic lower crust.

1. Introduction

Shoshonites are K-rich igneous rocks and reported in many orogenic belts, including the Andes (Kay and

Kay, 1993), Sierra Nevada (Manley et al., 2000), central Mexican volcanic belt (Blatter et al., 2001),
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Carpathians (Seghedi et al., 2004), and Tibet (Turner et al., 1996; Campbell et al., 2014). However, their

sources and tectonic settings have been in discussion. Proposed sources include subcontinental lithospheric

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mantle (Rogers, 1992), metasomatized subarc mantle (e.g., Bloomer et al., 1989; Wyman and Kerrich, 1993;

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Müller and Groves, 1995), and delaminated or thickened lower crust (Wang et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2010).

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Fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation are also considered as possible processes in forming

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shoshonitic compositions (e.g., Meen, 1987; Feeley and Cosca, 2003). The origin of adakitic rocks is also in

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debate. Adakitic melt may be formed by partial melting of young subduction slab (Defant and Drummond,
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1990), partial melting of delaminated or thickened crust in collisional zone (e.g., Chung et al., 2003; Gao et al.,

2004; Wang et al., 2006), and fractional crystallization of water-rich arc magmas (e.g., Richards and Kerrich,
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2007).

The Western Kunlun orogenic belt is a large subduction-accretion belt in the northwestern Tibet and
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located between the Tarim Block to the north and the Kohistan belt in Lhasa Terrane to the south (Fig. 1a).
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There are abundant intermediate to felsic igneous rocks in the Western Kunlun orogenic belt, which contain
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key information related to the evolution of the belt. The information is also important in understanding the

evolution of the northwestern Tibetan plateau as well as Gondwana (e.g., Yin and Harrison, 2000; Yuan et al.,

2002), but little studies have been carried out on these rocks partly because of their remote locations at high

altitudes, over 5000 meters, with no road access to the area. Furthermore, the area has poor rock exposures

with thick cover of “yellow soil” and permanent snow. The Western Kunlun orogenic belt contains two large

NW-SE trending parallel magmatic belts which extend over 300 kilometers between the sutures of Oytag-Kudi

and Mazha-Kangxiwa; the early Paleozoic belt in the north and the early Mesozoic belt in the south (Fig.1b).

The former contains the Datong and Qiukesu igneous complexes, and the latter contains the Muztagata and
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Kongur granitic complexes (Figs.1b, c). Many smaller plutons are also present in the above two magmatic

belts. Previous works show that igneous rocks in early Paleozoic magmatic belt in the area have crystallization

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ages of 435-473 Ma (e.g., Liao et al., 2010; Jia et al., 2013). The Datong igneous complex contains both

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shoshonitic and adakitic rocks. Adakitic rocks occur either as plugs or as dykes of variable width (up to 2 m

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width) cutting the shoshonitic rocks. The close association of shoshonitic and adakitic rocks suggests a genetic

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relationship between the two. This paper presents the petrology, geochronology and geochemistry of the

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shoshonitic and adakitic rocks of the complex, proposes their source, and discusses the tectonic evolution of

the area.
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2. Geological setting and geology of granitoids

2.1. Geological setting

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The Western Kunlun orogenic belt is bounded by the Oytag-Kudi suture to the north and the
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Bangong–Nujiang suture to south (Fig. 1a) and contains three tectonic units separated by two suture zones (e.g.,
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Jiang et al., 2013). These tectonic units and suture zones are, from north to south, Western Kunlun Terrane

(WKT), Mazha–Kangxiwa Suture zone, Taxkorgan–Tianshuihai Terrane, Hongshanhu–Qiaoer Tianshan

Suture zone, and Karakorum Terrane (Figs.1a, b).

The basement of the WKT and Tarim Basin is mainly composed of Paleo- to Meso-Proterozoic

metamorphosed rocks, such as pelitic schists, granitic gneisses, amphibolites and migmatites. The separation of

the WKT and Tarim Block developed by an opening of the Proto-Tethys during the late Neoproterozoic based

on a SHRIMP zircon U–Pb age of 526 ± 2.9 Ma on a gabbro dyke in the Kudi ophiolite (Zhang et al. 2004).

The closure of the Proto-Tethys in early Silurian resulted in the collision of the WKT with Tarim Block (e.g.,
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Matte et al., 1996; Pan, 2000; Mattern and Schneider, 2000). The emplacement of the potassic granites of the

North Kudi pluton (SHRIMP zircon U–Pb age of 408±7; Xiao et al. 2005) and coeval lamprophyre dykes

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(hornblende 40Ar-39Ar age of 405±3 Ma; Zhou and Li, 2000) marks this event (Zhou and Li, 2000; Jiang et al.,

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2002).

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The tectonic setting for the early Paleozoic magmatic belt in the WKT has been in discussion. It was

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suggested that the south-dipping subduction of the Proto-Tethys produced the early Paleozoic magmatic belt in

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the northern part of the WKT (Fig. 1b; Mattern and Schneider, 2000; Jiang et al., 2002; Yuan et al., 2002;
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Zhang et al., 2007; Liao et al., 2010; Jia et al., 2013). On the other hand, others consider that this magmatic

belt formed in response to the north-dipping subduction of the Paleo-Tethys (e.g., Yin and Harrison, 2000;
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Wang et al., 2004; Xiao et al., 2005). Highly metamorphosed sedimentary rocks occur along the

Mazha-Kangxiwa suture zone and they are previously considered Paleoproterozoic “Bulunkuole Group” and
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“Sangzhutage Group”. New studies by Zhang et al (2007) and Yang et al (2010) show the deposition of
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sedimentary rocks in early Paleozoic and Mesozoic era and the metamorphism during the closure and
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subduction of the Paleo-Tethys in early Mesozoic era. The distribution of the rocks suggests the subduction of

north-dipping Paleo-Tethys below the southern margin of the WKT.

2.2. Geology of shoshonitic and adakitic plutons in the Western Kunlun Terrane

A series of granitoids form a NW-SE striking belt parallel to the major suture zones in WKT (Fig. 1b).

The early Paleozoic magmatic belt is composed of many intrusive rocks (Figs.1b, c). Among these intrusions,

the Datong complex is the largest (Fig.1c), which is cut by early Mesozoic plutons. Shoshonitic rocks are the

major constituent (> 70 vol.%) of the complex and composed of quartz alkali-feldspar syenite, syenogranite,

quartz monzodiorite and quartz monzonite. The shoshonitic rocks are massive, and show medium- to
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coarse-grained hypidiomorphic-granular and granitic textures (Figs.2a, b), and consist of plagioclase (20–40

vol.%), K-feldspar (30–50 vol%), quartz (5–25 vol%), biotite (0–10 vol%), hornblende (5–10 vol%) and minor

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clinopyroxene (0–5 vol%), apatite, zircon, titanite and magnetite (Fig.2c). Variably sized dark enclaves are

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common in these shoshonitic rocks (Fig.2a). They are oval in shape with gradational boundaries with the host

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shoshonitic rocks (Fig. 2a) and composed of K-feldspar (50–70 vol.%), hornblende (10–25vol.%), plagioclase

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(5–15vol.%), clinopyroxene (0–5vol.%), quartz (0–5vol.%) and minor biotite (<1vol.%), apatite (<1vol.%)

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and epidote (<1vol.%), with a fine-grained hypidiomorphic-granular texture. Mafic minerals and plagioclase
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are generally euhedral to subhedral, and enclosed in poikilitic K-feldspars. These dark enclaves are

ultrapotassic rocks and classified as syenite or alkali feldspar syenite.

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Adakitic rocks are monzogranite and granite. They form narrow dykes (2-20 cm in width; Fig.2b) within

the Datong complex (<5 vol. %) and small plugs outside the Datong complex. The mineralogy and bulk rock
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compositions are very similar between the two occurrences. They show medium-grained granitic textures and
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consist of plagioclase (20–40 vol.%), K-feldspar (30–60 vol.%), quartz (10–30 vol.%), biotite (0–5 vol.%) and
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hornblende (0–5 vol.%) (Fig.2d). Accessory minerals in adakitic rocks are similar to those in shoshonitic rocks.

Later alteration formed biotite, epidote, chloride and magnetite in both shoshonitic and adakitic rocks.

3. Sampling and analytical methods

A total of thirteen representative samples were selected for zircon separation and whole rock chemical

analyses, including seven shoshonitic rocks (Fig. 2e) and six adakitic rocks (Fig. 2f). These samples were

collected along a narrow N-S trending path, which allows the observation of these shoshonitic and adakitic

rocks in the Datong complex and the contacts with country rocks of Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rocks.
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For the bulk rock composition analysis, rims and weathered parts were removed. The samples were

ground to fine powder in an agate mortar. Major element abundance was determined in fused glass disks using

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a Rigaku RIX 2100 XRF, and trace element abundance was determined using an Agilent 7500a

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inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after digestion of samples with HF-HNO3 mixture in

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steel-jacked Teflon bombs at 190°C for 48 hrs. Both analyses were carried out at the State Key Laboratory of

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Continental Dynamics, Northwest University in Xi’An, China. Repeated analyses of the USGS references of

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BCR-2, BHVO-1 and AGV-1 show the precision and accuracy better than 5% for major elements and 10% for

minor and trace elements.

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Zircon grains were separated from two shoshonitic rock samples (DT111-1 and DT112-1) and two
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adakitic rocks (DT112-2 and DT116-1) using standard heavy liquid and magnetic separation techniques.

Handpicked zircons were mounted in Epoxy resin, and polished. Cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of zircon
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was carried out at the State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics at Northwest University in China, and
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U-Th-Pb analyses were carried out by a laser ablation-multi-collector (LA-MC)-ICP-MS using the Thermo
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Fisher Scientific Neptune instrument at the Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological

Sciences, Beijing. U-Th-Pb isotope ratios were determined relative to the Plesovice and GJ-1 standard zircons,

and their concentrations were calibrated relative to the M127 reference zircon provided by Slama et al. (2008).

The instrumental techniques are similar to those described by Hou et al. (2009). In all analyzed zircon grains,

the common Pb correction was not necessary due to the low signal of 204Pb and high 206Pb/204Pb (>5000). The

analytical data are presented as 2σ on the Concordia plots. Uncertainties in mean ages are quoted at the 95%

confidence level. Off-line raw data selection, integration of background and analyte signals, time-drift

correction and quantitative calibration for U-Pb dating was performed by ICPMS DataCal (Liu et al., 2010).
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Concordia diagrams and weighted mean calculations were made using Isoplot/Ex_ver3 by Ludwig (2003).

In-situ zircon Hf isotope analysis was carried out using a New Wave UP213 laser ablation system,

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attached to a Neptune multi-collector ICP-MS system at the Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy

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of Geological Sciences, Beijing. The laser was focused to a size of 55μm in diameter. Instrumental conditions

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176 176
and data acquisition were described by Hou et al. (2007). The isobaric interferences of Lu and Yb on

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Hf was corrected by counting 175Lu and 173Yb and using the ratios of 176Lu/175Lu =0.02658 and 176Yb/173Yb

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=0.796218. For instrumental mass fractionation correction, Yb isotope ratios were normalized to 172Yb/173Yb

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Hf/177Hf =0.7325 using an exponential law. The mass bias of Lu isotopes
=1.35274 and Hf isotope ratios to
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was assumed to be the same as that of Yb. Detailed procedures are described by Wu et al. (2006) and Hou et al.
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(2007). Zircon GJ-1 was used as the reference, with a weighted mean ratio for Hf/177Hf of 0.282015 ± 28

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(2σ, n=10) during acquisition of the data, very close to a weighted mean Hf/177Hf ratio of
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0.282000±0.000005 (2σ) reported by Morel et al. (2008) using a conventional solution-based analytical
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method.
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For Sr and Nd isotope analyses, approximately 100-150 mg of sample powder was dissolved in 15 ml

Teflon vials with a mixture of HF+HNO3 at 160oC, and Sr and Nd were then separated and purified by

conventional cation-exchange technique. The isotopic compositions of Sr and Nd were measured using a

Finnigan Triton thermal ionization mass spectrometer at the State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits

Research, Nanjing University. Detailed separation and analytical procedures are described by Chen et al. (2002,

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2007). Measured Sr and Nd isotope compositions are normalized to Sr/88Sr of 0.1194 and 146
Nd/144Nd of

0.7219, respectively. During the period of analysis, measurements for the La Jolla and NBS-987 standards

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gave Nd/144Nd of 0.511869±0.000006 (2σ, n=25), and 87
Sr/86Sr of 0.710249±0.000010 (2σ, n= 38),
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respectively. Total analytical blanks were <2×10−10 g for Rb and Sr and <1×10−10 g for Sm and Nd.

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4. Results

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4.1. Bulk-rock geochemistry

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(1) Shoshonitic rocks

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The bulk rock major- and trace- elemental data for the shoshonitic and adakitic rocks are presented in

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Appendix B1. Shoshonitic rocks contain moderate SiO2 contents (58.2–63.2 wt.%) and high alkalis
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(K2O+Na2O= 8.07-10.2wt.%), which plot in the fields of syenite and monzonite in the diagram of SiO2 vs.

(K2O+Na2O) by Middlemost (1994; Fig.3a). This is consistent with the modal abundance of minerals under
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microscope. They are also high in Al2O3 (15.3-16.3 wt.%), CaO (3.61-5.04 wt.%), Fe2O3(t)(4.47-6.43 wt.%),

which are plotted in the metaluminous field in the diagram of A/NK vs. A/CNK by Maniar and Piccoli (1989),
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where A/NK and A/CNK are molar ratios of Al2O3/( Na2O+K2O), and Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O), respectively
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(Fig.4). They show high K2O (3.91-6.58wt.%) with K2O/Na2O ratios (1.14-1.83) and plot in the field of
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“shoshonite series” in a K2O vs. SiO2 diagram (Fig.3b).

They have high abundances of light rare earth element (LREE; 198-444 ppm) with (La/Yb)n of 15.4-26.2

and weak Eu negative anomalies (δEu=2Eun/(Smn+Gdn)) of 0.68–0.80 (Fig.5a). They show high contents of

large ion lithosphile elements (LILE) and low high field strength elements (HFSE) with marked positive Pb

anomalies and negative Nb-Ta with Nb/Ta weight ratio varying from 11.7 to 17.7, P and Ti anomalies in their

trace elemental patterns (Fig.5c).

(2) Adakitic rocks

Adakitic rocks show high SiO2 (66.8-72.0 wt.%) and alkalis (K2O+Na2O= 8.07-10.2 wt.%), and plot in
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the fields of granite and monzonite in the diagram of SiO2 vs. (K2O+Na2O) by Middlemost (1994) (Fig.3a;

Appendix B1), again consistent with the modal abundance of minerals in the field as well as under microscope.

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They contain high Al2O3 (14.7-17.6 wt.%), moderate in K2O/Na2O ratios (0.42-1.06), and low in CaO

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(1.88-2.72 wt.%), MgO (0.25-0.39 wt.%) and Fe2O3(t) (1.51-2.17wt.%) (Appendix B1). The data plot in the

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field of high-K calc-alkaline series in a K2O vs. SiO2 diagram (Fig.3b).

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Overall, the total REE and other trace elements of the adakitic rocks are lower than those of shoshonitic

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rocks (Appendix B1). Adakitic rocks are also enriched in LREE (69.3-117 ppm) with (La/Yb)n ratios of 12-30
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and weak negative Eu anomalies of 0.63-0.94 (Fig.5b). They also show low concentrations of HFSE with the

ratios of Nb/Ta ranging from 12.4 to 15.8, and low P in their trace elemental patterns (Fig.5d). The rocks
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contain low Y (<18 ppm) and Yb (<1.8 ppm), high Sr (>400 ppm) and high Sr/Y ratios (>40), and plot in the

adakite field in the diagram of Sr/Y vs. Y by Defant and Drummond (1990) (Fig.6). There are no notable
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differences in major- and trace- elements for adakitic rocks between two episodes (Appendix B1).
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4.2. U-Pb dating of zircon

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Zircon grains in shoshonitic and adakitic rocks are similar in morphology, size (100 and 200 μm in length),

and internal textures. Cathodoluminescent images show oscillatory zoning (Appendix A1) with variable Th/U

ratios ranging from 0.25 to 0.85 (Appendix B2). High Th/U ratios are consistent with those of igneous zircon

(Williams et al., 1996). The data from the two shoshonitic samples (DT111-1 and DT112-1) plot on the

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Concordia curve and yield a weighted mean Pb/238U age of 434 ± 0.9Ma (n=22, MSWD of 2.6; Fig.7a;

Appendix B2) and 444 ± 0.9Ma (n=22, MSWD of 2.6; Fig.7b; Appendix B2), respectively, indicating that the

shoshonitic rocks crystallized during the Early Silurian. All zircons of sample DT112-2 from an adakitic dyke

yielded Concordia 206Pb/238U age of 443.6±1.4Ma (n=22, MSWD of 2.6; Fig.7c; Appendix B2), whereas U–Pb
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analyses of samples DT116-1 from the adakitic plug plot on the Concordia curve and yield a weighted mean

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Pb/238U age of 462.0±1.0 Ma (n=20, MSWD of 98; Fig.7d; Appendix B2). The U–Pb ages indicate that the

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adakitic rocks crystallized from Middle Ordovician to Early Silurian (462.0–443.6Ma). The similar, but

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slightly older age of zircon grains from adakitic dyke suggest that these zircon grains were likely incorporated

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from hosting shoshonitic rocks during the dyke formation.

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4.3. Hf isotope compositions of zircon

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All data show low Lu /177Hf ratios (lower than 0.002), indicating that a negligible growth of 176
Hf.

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Hf/177Hf values are considered to represent Hf isotopic compositions of zircon at
Therefore, the measured
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the time of their crystallization. Since f Lu/Hf range from -0.98 to -0.88, the two-stage model age of zircon is
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used to calculate the crustal residence time (Wu et al., 2007).

The average εHf(t) values of zircon in different samples range from -1.6 (DT111-1; n=12) to -0.94
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(DT112-1; n=14) for shoshonitic rocks, and from -1.8 (DT112-2; n=12) to +0.72 (DT116-1; n=12) for adakitic
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rocks (Appendixes A1, B3); The calculated two-stage model ages (TDM2) are similar for shoshonitic and
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adakitic rocks; from 1.48 Ga (DT112-1) to 1.51 Ga (DT111-1) for shoshonitic rocks, and from 1.39 Ga

(DT116-1) to 1.53 Ga (DT112-2) for adakitic rocks (Appendix B3).

4.4. Sr and Nd isotopic results

The adakitic rocks have initial 87Sr/86Sr ranging from 0.7099 to 0.7134 and εNd(t) from -3.6 to -3.1, which

overlaps with the shoshonitic rocks (87Sr/86Sr=0.7092−0.7100; εNd(t) = -3.9 to -3.2; Appendix B4). Both

adakitic and shoshonitic rocks display a narrow range of εNd(t) but variable initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (Fig.8). The

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scatter in the initial Sr/86Sr is contributed to alteration because the rocks show the evidence of high
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temperature potassic alteration and because both Rb and Sr are mobile. Nevertheless, calculated initial

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Sr/86Sr ratios for igneous rocks are lower than those of Kunlun metamorphic rocks which were reported by

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Liao et al. (2010) and Jia et al. (2013).

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5. Discussion

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5.1. Definition of shoshonitic rocks

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Shoshonite in sensu stricto refers to high-K (2 >K2O/Na2O> 0.5) trachytic andesite, with SiO2 in the
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range of 52-56 wt.% (Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976). Although shoshonite series was confined to volcanic rocks

(e.g., Joplin, 1968; Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976; Morrison, 1980), the definition expanded by later workers
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(e.g., Müller et al., 1994; Eklund et al., 1998; Campbell et al., 2014) to include intrusive rocks. Available data

of shoshonitic rocks reported by previous workers (e.g., Joplin, 1965; Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976; Keller,
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1974; Morrison, 1980) show that SiO2 contents for shoshonite series vary from 53 wt.% to 70 wt.%.
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Considering that the dark-colored igneous rocks in the Datong complex in this study contain SiO2 between
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58.2 and 69. 3 wt.% and plot in “shoshonite series” in diagram of K2O vs. SiO2 (Fig.3b), we thus consider them

as “shoshonitic rocks”.

5.2. Origin of the shoshonitic rocks

The shoshonitic rocks in Datong complex have high content of K2O (3.91-6.58 wt.%), and are

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characterized by high Sr/86Sr (=0.7092−0.7100), low εNd(t) (= -3.9 to -3.2) and low εHf(t) (= -1.6 to -0.9)

(Appendices B3, B4) which are comparable to the results of previous workers (e.g., Liao et al., 2010). The

isotope data suggest a contribution of old terrigenous materials to the magmas.

The geochemical and isotopic data suggests that the parental magmas were not directly derived from the
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mantle. These shoshonitic rocks show steep negatively sloped REE patterns, with Lan reaching up to 400 times

chondrite (Fig.5a). The degree of REE fractionation would require 1% partial melting of strongly enriched

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garnet-bearing lherzolite (with garnet: spinel ratio of ~ 2:1) using the modeling of La/Sm and Sm/Yb applied

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to shoshonites from western Anatolia by Aldanmaz et al. (2000). Yet the flat heavy REE patterns of these

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shoshonitic rocks suggest no evidence for involvement of garnet. Second, partial melting of normal mantle

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usually cannot produce low εNd(t) and εHf(t) values for our shoshonitic rocks (Appendix B4) unless the mantle

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was highly metasomatized by “melt” from old terrigenous sediments. We discount this possibility because

partial melting of old terrigenous sediments would generate a SiO2-rich melt and produce veins of “hybrid”
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pyroxenite within mantle wedge through reactions with mantle peridotites. Melting of such a “hybridized”
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mantle would not generate a potassic melt.

An alternative explanation is the partial melting of previously enriched lower crust or subcontinental
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lithospheric mantle to form shoshonitic melt, as suggested by Pe-Piper and Piper (2009). This is supported by
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similar isotope compositions of the shoshonitic rocks and basement rocks of the WKT. The basement of WKT
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is mainly composed of metamorphosed igneous and sedimentary rocks of early to middle Proterozoic age, and

they show high 87

Sr/86Sr and low Nd (t=435Ma): 0.7049-0.7152 and -2.7 to +0.3 for metaigneous rocks

(mainly amphibolite) and 0.7513-0.7710 and -15.3 to -8.9 for meta-sedimentary rocks (Jia et al., 2013).

Therefore, ancient amphibolites in lower crust of the WKT are likely the major source for shoshonitic magmas.

This is further supported by the two-stage model ages (TDM2) of zircon Hf isotopic composition (=1.48 to 1.51

Ga; Appendix B3) for the shoshonitic rocks, consistent with the Paleo- to Meso-Proterozoic ages of WKT

lower crust. The values of εHf(t) for shoshonitic rocks are slightly higher than those of Proterozoic rocks at 435

Ma, suggesting the contribution of juvenile lower crust and/or some mantle-derived magmas.
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5.3. Dark enclaves in shoshonitic rocks

Dark enclaves are very common in shoshonitic rocks, but not observed in adakitic rocks. They are

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rounded, fine grained and variably sized (Fig.2a; 2 to 50 cm in diameter). They show moderate SiO2 (55.6-61.9

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wt.%), high K2O (>3 wt.%) and MgO (>3 wt.%), and high K2O/Na2O ratios (>2), and thus are classified as

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ultrapotassic rocks (Liao et al., 2010). The similar compositions between enclaves and shoshonitic rocks

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suggest that they are co-genetic. This is evidenced by similar Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic compositions of the two. Most

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importantly, these enclaves are coeval with shoshonitic rocks (Liao et al., 2010). Considering all the lines of
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evidence, we propose that these dark enclaves likely represent segregated earlier melt of the shoshonitic

magmas.
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5.4. Origin of the adakitic rocks

Commonly proposed origins of adakites are (i) melting of subducted young oceanic lithosphere (e.g.,
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Defant and Drummond, 1990), (ii) melting of thickened lower crust (e.g., Chung et al., 2003; Wang et al., 2006;
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Zhu et al., 2009; Guan et al., 2012; Long et al., 2015), and (iii) fractional crystallization of water-rich arc
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magmas (Richards and Kerrich, 2007). The adakitic rocks in the early Paleozoic magmatic belt of WKT show

two modes of occurrence: 1) separate plugs (up to 2 km in diameter), and 2) dykes in shoshonitic plutons.

Adakites derived from partial melting of “young” (< 45 Ma) and “hot” subducted oceanic slab usually contain

high CaO+Na2O, moderately high SiO2 and low K2O (Defant and Drummond, 1990). Our adakitic rocks show

high SiO2 (60.3–72.0 wt.%), K2O (1.94–4.29 wt.%, mostly between 3.62 and 4.29 wt.%), and Sr (504–970

ppm, mostly between 500 and 750 ppm). They show high initial 87Sr/86Sr (= 0.7099- 0.7134), low εNd(t) (= -3.6

to -3.1) (Fig. 8), and a narrow range of zircon εHf(t) from -1.8 to +0.7 (Appendix B3). These geochemical

features are similar to those of the shoshonitic rocks in the study area, but distinctly different from magmas
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generated in subducted young oceanic crust as documented by Defant and Drummond (1990, 1993), Kay et al.

(1993) and Castillo et al. (1999). Given that partial melting of slabs is commonly accompanied by melting of

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overlying sediments to form an adakitic melt (e.g., Tatsumi, 2001; Wang et al., 2007), Liao et al (2010)

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suggested that the adakitic rocks in the Datong complex formed from melting of terrigenous sediments

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overlying subducting slab and their subsequent reaction with surrounding mantle peridotites during ascent.

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However, this model cannot explain high K contents of the adakitic rocks as we discussed in former section.

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The magmas with adakitic geochemical signature may form from water-rich normal arc magma through
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fractional crystallization (Richards and Kerrich, 2007). We also discount the possibility because their Sr-Nd-Hf

isotopic features are significantly different from those of mantle- and/or juvenile lower crust-derived magmas.
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We suggest that the subduction-related geochemical signature of the adakitic rocks reflects that of the source in

the lower crust because partial melting processes do not fractionate fluid-mobile elements from HFSE. The
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mafic rocks in the lower crust with arc geochemical signature underwent partial melting to produce the
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geochemical and isotope signatures observed in our samples.

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The adakitic rocks in the Datong complex show low εNd(t) and high 87Sr/86Sr values (Fig. 8) (Appendix

B4), suggesting old rocks as the source. The values are similar to the Proterozoic amphibolites in lower crust

of the WKT, suggesting that they are the likely source rocks. Considering the coeval and cospatial

relationships and the very similar geochemical and isotopic features for the shoshonitic with adakitic rocks, it

is reasonable to infer that the parental magmas for these adakitic rocks formed in the same way as those for

shoshonitic rocks. Adakitic rocks are most likely evolved products of shoshonitic magma through fractional

crystallization of mafic minerals because the adakitic rocks contain relatively high SiO2 contents and low

modal abundance of mafic minerals compared to shoshonitic rocks (Appendix B1; Figs.2e, f). To evaluate the
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possible formation of adakitic rocks by fractional crystallization, we simulated the possibly crystallized phases

(hornblende, titanite and zircon) from shoshonitic magma based on the partition coefficients of trace elements

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in minerals and melt, and found that adakitic rocks in the study area can be formed from shoshonitic magma

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mainly through fractional crystallization of hornblende (Fig.9) in the absence of significant plagioclase

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fractionation (which preferentially partitions Sr; Castillo et al., 1999). This is supported by the common

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presence of hornblende phenocryst in shoshonitic rocks (Figs.2c, e), both in the field and under microscope in

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this study. Crystallization of hornblende indicates that magmas were hydrous. Water-rich magmas can produce
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high Sr/Y by suppression of plagioclase crystallization and fractional crystallization of hornblende (Richards

and Kerrich, 2007). This interpretation is further supported by the REE patterns of the adakitic rocks because
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fractionational crystallization of hornblende results in low middle REEs and heavy REEs as observed in Fig.10,

as proposed for the REE patterns of intrusions in Chile and Ecuador by Richards and Kerrich (2007). The REE
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pattern is also similar to the Tibetan adakitic porphyries that have undergone hornblende fractionation (Wang
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et al., 2014; Lu et al., 2015).

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5.5. Geodynamic setting for the early Paleozoic magmatism

5.5.1. Trace element evidence for tectonic environment for the shoshonitic and adakitic rocks

Many shoshonitic rocks occur in continental and island arcs commonly after the cessation of subduction

(Morrison, 1980), and some shoshonites may occur during active subduction (Blatter et al., 2001; Bonev and

Beccaletto, 2007). In the diagrams of K/Yb vs. Ta/Yb (Fig.11a) and Sr/Nd vs. K/Ta (Fig.11b), our shoshonitic

rocks plot in the “low-Ti” type high-K area overlapping with the fields of “Italy LKS (low-K series)” and

“Andes” defined by Rogers (1992). This is consistent with the plot of our rocks in the continental arc field in

the discrimination diagrams of Zr/Al2O3 vs. TiO2/Al2O3 (Fig.12a) and Ce/P2O5 vs. Zr/TiO2 (Fig.12b) by Müller
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et al. (1992). The data suggest that shoshonitic rocks in the study area formed in an active or past subduction

zone. The separate adakitic plug is located to southernmost of the early Paleozoic magmatic belt, close to the

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early Mesozoic magmatic belt (Fig.1c). It emplaced at ～462 Ma (Appendix B2), ca. 20 Ma earlier than that

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of shoshonitic rocks and adakitic dykes of the Daotong complex. The adakitic plug shows very similar trace

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element abundances and Sr-Nd-Hf isotope compositions to adakitic dykes. The data suggests that both were

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derived from the similar source under the same tectonic setting.

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5.5.2. Subduction polarities for the Paleo- and/or Proto-Tethys during the early Paleozoic era
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The geometry of the early Paleozoic subduction zone is another highly debated subject. It is well accepted

that the Paleo-Tethys in Paleozoic era subducted northward. However, it is not certain whether the
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Proto-Tethys existed between the WKT and Tarim Block and what was its subduction polarity during the

Paleozoic? Two prevailing opinions are proposed. Model I suggests that Paleo-Tethys is the only ocean
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between the WKT and Tianshuihai Terrane in the Paleozoic era (e.g., Yin and Harrison, 2000; Wang et al,
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2004). In this model north-dipping subduction of the Paleo-Tethys beneath WKT produced an early Paleozoic
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Andean-type magmatic arc and a back-arc basin. The closure of the back-arc basin formed the Oytag-Kudi

ophiolites. Model II considers two coexisting oceans, Proto-Tethys in the north and Paleo-Tethys in the south,

between the Tianshuihai Terrane and Tarim Block during the entire Paleozoic era (e.g., Mattern and Schneider,

2000; Jiang et al., 2002; Liao et al., 2010; Jia et al., 2013). They suggest that Proto-Tethys existed between the

WKT and Tarim Block from late Neoproterozoic to mid-Silurian, and its south-dipping subduction beneath the

northern margin of WKT produced the early Paleozoic magmatic belt of the study area (Fig.1b). We discount

Model I because the early Paleozoic magmatic belt (473-435 Ma; Liao et al., 2010, Jia et al., 2013) formed

later than the gabbro dykes (~526 Ma) which intruded the Kudi ophiolite suite (Zhang et al., 2004). This
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implies that another ocean (e.g., Proto-Tethys) existed between WKT and Tarim Block to form the Kudi

ophiolite. We discount also Model II because no evidence supports early Paleozoic magmatic belt formed from

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south-dipping subduction of the Proto-Tethys.

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Our new data support two coexisting oceans, Paleo-Tethys in the south and Proto-Tethys in the north

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during the early Paleozoic era. Based on our data and studies of previous workers, we propose that

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north-dipping subduction of Paleo-Tethys below the WKT has produced the early Paleozoic magmatic belt in

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the southern margin of the WKT. The proposed interpretation is supported by the new evidence of
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parametamorphic rocks, south of the Paleozoic magmatic belt. The parametamorphic rocks along the

Mazha-Kangxiwa suture zone are dated to have deposited in Ordovician to Silurian and metamorphosed in
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early Triassic (Zhang et al., 2007; Yang et al., 2010). The protoliths for these rocks are mainly pelagic

sediments and detrial flysh formation deposited in the accretionary prism formed during the subduction of the
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Paleo-Tethys (Han, 2006). In contrast, no such parametamorphic rocks were discovered to the north of the
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early Paleozoic magmatic belt, indicating that northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethys rather than southward
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subduction of the Proto-Tethys. This subduction polarity is further supported by the ages and locations of the

early Paleozoic plutons. They show younging to the north, indicating that the subduction polarity for the

Paleo-Tethys is from south to north during the early Paleozoic era.

5.5.3. The role of mantle-derived melt

Partial melting of the lower crust of the WKT lower crust (old amphibolites and small portions of newly

created juvenile basaltic crust) at the base of crust-mantle boundary and its subsequent evolution thus accounts

for the isotopic and trace-element signature of the shoshonitic and adakitic rocks in the Datong complex.

During the generation of magma of shoshonitic rocks, upwelling of asthenosphere and mantle-derived melt
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were important as the heat source for partial melting in the lower crust. Heating above 950 °C is needed to

produce a shoshonitic melt with SiO2 less than 65 wt.% in amphibolite based on experimental results (e.g.,

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Rapp et al., 1991; Sen and Dunn, 1994).

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5.5.4. Evolution of magmatism in the Western Kunlun Terrane

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The shoshonitic and adakitic rocks in the study area crystallized during 462-443 Ma during the active

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subduction of the north-dipping Paleo-Tethys below the WKT, prior to the collision of WKT with Tarim Block

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(405-408 Ma; Zhou and Li, 2000; Xiao et al., 2005). Although the shoshonitic rocks show a U-Pb zircon age of
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444 to 443 Ma, the earlier adakitic magmatism (～462Ma) is most likely accompanied by the shoshonitic

magmatism. This early adakitic plug is located proximal to voluminous Mesozoic plutons which overlie many
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earlier arc igneous rocks. Therefore, it is possible that the shoshonitic rocks associated with the adakitic rocks

are also covered by the Mesozoic rocks or possibly assimilated by the Mesozoic rocks. This interpretation is
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supported by a wide range of ages from 448 to 473Ma for shoshonitic magmatism in the Datong complex
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(Liao et al., 2010). During the shoshonitic magmatism, Western and Eastern Kunlun belts were still connected,
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and the subduction of the Paleo-Tethys produced the K-rich granites in a local extension in the Eastern Kunlun

orogenic belt at ～430 Ma (Gao et al., 2014). The major K-rich magmatism in the Datong and Qiukesu

complexes in the Western Kunlun orogenic belt occurred also at ～448-435 Ma (e.g., Yuan et al., 2002, 2005;

Liao et al., 2010; Jia et al., 2013; this study). The widespread K-rich magmatism in the entire area thus may

suggest the upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle, as the heat source for the magmatism. We suggest that this

asthenospheric upwelling was allowed by slab break-off of the Paleo-Tethys. This is supported by the general

opinion that the shoshonitic magmatism is commonly related to thermal events in the mantle, particularly

related to slab break-off or lower-crustal delamination (e.g., Kay and Kay, 1993; Aldanmaz et al., 2000;
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Pe-Piper and Piper, 2009). Upwelling of the asthenospheric mantle in a local extension generates

mantle-derived magmas and injection of these magmas provided the heat for partial melt in the WKT lower

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crust. Small coeval basaltic to dioritic intrusions are common in the Datong and Qiukesu complexes, which

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support the activities of mantle-derived magmas. Exposure of gneisses and granulites in the country rocks in

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the area suggests that the Datong complex crystallized at deep crustal levels and dykes intruded also at deep

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crustal levels. This explains the lack of arc volcanic rocks in the area because upper crustal rocks are likely

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eroded.
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5.6. Subduction of the Paleo-Tethys in early Paleozoic and formation of Datong shoshonitic and adakitic

rocks
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The early Paleozoic magmatic belt contains a variety of intrusions. The “North Kudi pluton” consists of

syenogranite and alkali-feldspar granite and is metaluminous to weakly peraluminous and potassic. It shows an
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affinity with A1 subtype granite, and is considered to have been produced by partial melting of the
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Precambrian metamorphic basement during slab break-off of the Proto-Tethys in a post-orogenic regime (Yuan
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et al., 2005; Jia et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2014). The age 405-408 Ma (Zhou and Li, 2000; Xiao et al., 2005) for

North Kudi pluton marked the end of early Paleozoic magmatism of the Proto- and Paleo-Tethys in the study

area. Based on the models proposed by previous researchers and the petrological and geochemical data

presented in this study, together with the temporal and spatial characteristics of the regional magmatism, we

propose a model for the evolution of the Proto- and Paleo-Tethys and the shoshonitic and adakitic magmatisms

of the Datong complex during the early Paleozoic era. We suggest northward subduction of the Paleo-Tethys

produced the early Paleozoic magmatic belt in the southern WKT and coincided with the cessation of

southward subduction of the Proto-Tethys. The closure of Proto-Tethys due to the collision of the WKT with
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Tarim Block formed the Kudi ophiolite suite at the end of Silurian. The evolution of the subduction zones and

associated magmatism are described in three stages below and illustrated in Fig. 13.

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Stage I (pre-526 to 513 Ma) is marked by opening of the Proto-Tethys between the WKT and Tarim

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Block in late Neoproterozoic to early Cambrian, followed by south-dipping subduction of the Proto-Tethys

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beneath northern margin of the WKT. A gabbro dyke of 526±2.9 Ma in the Kudi ophiolite suite provides the

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minimum age for the event (Zhang et al. 2004), and a small granitic pluton (Yierba pluton) of 513±7 Ma near

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the Oytag-Kudi ophiolite belt records this south-dipping subduction of the Proto-Tethys (Liu et al., 2014;
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Fig.13A). The Yierba pluton formed in an active continental margin of the Proto-Tethys (Yuan et al., 2002).

Small chromite deposits formed as cumulates of mafic magmas of the Kudi ophiolite suite. At the same time or
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later in this stage, the Paleo-Tethys likely started to open south of the WKT and quickly widened (Fig.13A).

Stage IIa (513 to 462 Ma) involves the formation of Andean-type arc magmas on the southern part of the
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thick WKT continent over the subducting slab including formation of shoshonitic and adakitic magmas. A
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local extension in or north to the Andean-type magmatic belt triggered the upwelling of the asthenospheric
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mantle, produced basaltic magmas, at ～462 Ma. Underplating of these mafic magmas in the lower crust

provided the heat to melt the ancient lower crust of WKT producing the shoshonitic magma at the base of

crust-mantle boundary and the adakitic magma through fractional crystallization (Fig.13B). Thick sediments

accumulated at trench in Ordovician to Silurian time and accreted along the Mazha-Kangxiwa suture (Fig.

13B).

Stage IIb (462 to 444 Ma) involves the generation of peak episode of shoshonitic magmas and coeval

adakitic dykes in the lower crust. Continuous subduction of the Paleo-Tethys likely resulted in a slab break-off,

which triggered widespread extension allowing upwelling of asthenosphere and generation of voluminous
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mantle-derived basaltic magmas at the base of lower crust of WKT. At ～444 Ma, underplating of basaltic

magma attained a peak, when partial melting of the WKT lower crust and basaltic crust formed the voluminous

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shoshonitic magma for the Datong shoshonitic complex. Further evolution of the shoshonitic magma through

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fractional crystallization of hornblende produced the coeval adakitic dykes (Fig.13C).

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Stage III (444 to 405 Ma) begins with the collision of the WKT with Tarim Block. The northward

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subduction of the Paleo-Tethys ended when the WKT collided with Tarim Block along Oytag-Kudi ophiolite

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belt, which was followed by the emplacement of the post-collisional “North Kudi pluton” (Fig.13D).
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6. Conclusion
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(1) Two suites of rocks, shoshonitic and adakitic rocks, developed in the early Paleozoic magmatic belt in

the WKT. They likely formed in response to the north-dipping subduction of the Paleo-Tethys.
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(2) U-Pb zircon ages of the igneous rocks show ～462 Ma for an adakitic plug and ～444 Ma for
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shoshonitic rocks and adakitic dykes. They represent the oldest reported ages of igneous rocks associated with
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subduction of the Paleo-Tethys.

(3) Shoshonitic and adakitic rocks show many similarities, such as high abundances of LILE and LREE,

and low HFSE and HREE. Similar bulk Sr, Nd and zircon Hf isotope compositions suggest the same sources.

High initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios (> 0.709), low εNd(t) (< -3) and low εHf(t) (< +1) indicate that they had significant

contributions of ancient material.

(4) Shoshonitic rocks and adakitic rocks (both plugs and dykes) formed from partial melting of WKT

lower crust including old amphibolites with minor juvenile crust. Adakitic magmas formed from shoshonitic

magmas through fractional crystallization of hornblende.

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Acknowledgements

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This work was financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China

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(No. 41472051) to J. Wang and a Discovery grant from the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council

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of Canada to K. Hattori. This work was also supported by grants from the China Geological Survey (Nos.

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1212011121088; 12120114044401).

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Figure Captions
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Fig.1. (a) Map showing the locations of Kunlun orogenic belt, Tibetan plateau and major sutures; (b) Sketch

map showing the distribution of granitic belts of different ages in the northwestern Tibetan Plateau
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(modified after Jiang et al., 2013); (c) simplified geological map of the Datong pluton with sampling sites
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on it. In Fig 1a, ①= Oytag-Kudi suture; ②= Mazha-Kangxiwa suture; ③=Hongshanhu–Qiaoertianshan

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suture; ④=Bangong–Nujiang suture; and ⑤=Indus–Yarlung– Zangbo suture. In Fig 1c, the solid circles

with labeled number refer to shoshonitic rocks, and those empty circles with labeled number refer to

adakitic rocks.

Fig.2. (a) Photograph of Datong complex showing shoshonitic rocks containing dark xenoliths. Note no clear

boundary between the dark enclave and surrounding shoshonitic rocks. (b) Photograph of shoshonitic

rocks of the Datong complex with abundant adakitic dykes. (c) Photomicrograph of a syenite-porphyry

(shoshonitic). Note it shows porphyric and hypidiomorphic -granular textures with the phenocryst of

hornblende. (d) Photomicrograph of a monzogranite (adakitic). Note it shows medium-grained granitic

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texture. Qz= Quartz; Mc= Microcline; Ep= Epidote; Amp= amphibole; Pl= plagioclase (Abbreviation of

minerals are after Whitney and Evans, 2010). (e) Photograph of representative shoshonitic rocks (sample

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DT122-6). Note large mafic minerals (phenocryst) are hornblendes. (f) Photograph of representative

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adakitic rocks (sample DT112-2).

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Fig.3. Plots of (a) SiO2 vs. (K2O+Na2O) (after Middlemost, 1994) and (b) K2O vs. SiO2 (after Peccerillo and

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Taylor, 1976) for the shoshonitic and adakitic rocks in early Paleozoic magmatic belt of the Western

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Kunlun orogenic belt
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Fig.4. Plot of A/NK [Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O)] vs. A/CNK [Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O)] (after Maniar and Piccoli,

1989) for the shoshonitic and adakitic rocks in early Paleozoic magmatic belt of the Western Kunlun
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orogenic belt. Symbols are the same as in Fig. 3.

Fig.5. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns (a) and (b) and primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns
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(c) and (d) for the shoshonitic and adakitic-rocks in early Paleozoic magmatic belt of the Western Kunlun
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orogenic belt (Values of Chondrite and primitive mantle are from McDonough and Sun, 1995)
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Fig.6. Plot of Sr/Y vs. Y for the shoshonitic and adakitic-rocks in early Paleozoic magmatic belt of the Western

Kunlun orogenic belt (after Defant and Drummond, 1990)

Fig.7. U-Pb Concordia diagrams of zircons in the shoshonitic (a, b) and adakitic rocks (c, d) from early

Paleozoic magmatic belt of the Western Kunlun orogenic belt

Fig.8. (87Sr/86Sr)i vs. εNd (t) plot of the shoshonitic and adakitic rocks in early Paleozoic magmatic belt of the

Western Kunlun orogen. Data source: Cenozoic subducted oceanic crust-derived adakites are from Defant

and Drummond (1990); lower crust-derived adakites in southern Tibet are from Guan et al. (2012); data

of Qiukesu complex are from Jia et al. (2013); data of Triassic granites in Western Kunlun orogenic belt
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are from Jiang et al. (2013).

Fig.9. Modeled Rayleigh fractionation of hornblende from a medium K calc-alkaline andesite (average

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composition from Gill, 1981) plotted on Sr/Y vs. Y (modified after Richards and Kerrich (2007). Partition

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coefficients are from Rollinson (1993) and Bachman et al. (2005). Note our adakitic rocks roughly

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overlap with the curve of modeled Rayleigh fractionation of hornblende based on partition coefficients by

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Rollinson (1993).

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Fig.10. Chondrite-normalized REE patterns for the adakitic rocks in Datong complex compared with data of
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adakitic rocks from Chile and Ecuador. Data of coeval and cospatial shoshonitic rocks in the study area

are also shown (Values of Chondrite are from McDonough and Sun, 1995). Data of adakitic rocks from
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Chile and Ecuador are from Richards and Kerrich (2007). Note our adakitic rocks display listric-shaped

REE patterns similar to adakitic rocks from Chile and Ecuador, indicating control by hornblende
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fractionation.
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Fig.11. Plots of (a) K/Yb vs. Ta/Yb and (b) Sr/Nd vs. K/Ta for the shoshonitic and adakitic rocks in early
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Paleozoic magmatic belt of the Western Kunlun orogenic belt (modified after Rogers, 1992). The

reference data are from Rogers (1992); HKS and LKS refer to high-K series and low-K series,

respectively.

Fig.12. Plots of (a) Zr/Al2O3 vs. TiO2/Al2O3 and (b) Ce/P2O5 vs. Zr/TiO2 for the shoshonitic and adakitic rocks

in early Paleozoic magmatic arc of the Western Kunlun orogenic belt (after Müller et al., 1992).

WIP=within-plate potassic rocks; CAP=continental arc potassic rocks; PAP= post-collisional arc potassic

rocks; IOP=initial oceanic arc potassic rocks; LOP=late oceanic arc potassic rocks. Symbols are the same

as in Fig. 3.
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Fig.13. Evolution model for the Proto- and Paleo-Tethys and magmatism of the shshonitic and adakitic- rocks

in early Paleozoic magmatic belt of the Western Kunlun orogenic belt. (A) ~526-513Ma, formation of the

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Proto-Tethys between the WKT and Tarim Block, followed by southward subduction of the Proto-Tethys

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oceanic crust beneath the incipient oceanic crust forming the Kudi island arc with the emplacement of the

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Yierba pluton, and by the opening of the Paleo-Tethys on the southern side of WKT at the end of this

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stage; (B) 513-462Ma, metasomatism of mantle wedge by SiO2-rich melt and formation of early separate

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adakitic plug; (C) 462-444Ma, formation of the shoshonitic pluton and its coeval adakitic dykes; (D)
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444-408Ma, collision of WKT with Tarim Block and emplacement of the North Kudi granitic pluton.

TSH=Tianshuihai Terrane, WKT= Western Kunlun Terrane.

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Appendices
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Appendix A1. Cathodoluminescence (CL) images of representative zircons from (a) shoshonitic rocks
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(DT111-1and DT112-1) and (b) adakitic rocks (DT112-2 and DT116-1) rocks. Solid white circles indicate
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the location of LA-ICP-MS U-Pb analyses and the numbers inside the circles refer to spot numbers.

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Numbers labeled near the white circles refer to Pb/238U ages (Ma). Solid yellow circles indicate the

location of LA-MC-ICP-MS Hf analyses and the numbers in circles refer to the εHf (t) values. All εHf (t)

values of zircons were calculated using 444 Ma for shoshonitic (including adakitic dykes) and 462 Ma for

adakitic plugs.

Appendix B1. Major- and trace element abunndance for the shoshonitic and adakitic rocks in early Paleozoic

magmatic belt of the Western Kunlun orogen

Appendix B2. Zircon U-Pb dating of representative shoshonitic and adakitic rocks from early Paleozoic
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magmatic belt of the Western Kunlun orogen

Appendix B3. Zircon Hf isotopic compositions for the shoshonitic and adakitic rocks in early Paleozoic

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magmatic belt of the Western Kunlun orogen

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Appendix B4. Sr-Nd isotopic compositions for the shoshonitic and adakitic rocks in early Paleozoic magmatic

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belt of the Western Kunlun orogen

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Appendix B1
Rock type shoshonitic rocks adakitic rocks
Sample DT111-1 DT112-1 DT113-1 DT122-2 DT122-6 DT123-1 DT123-3 DT112-2 DT122-1 DT123-2 DT123-4 DT116-1 DT124-2
quartz quartz quartz quartz quartz quartz
Rock name
monzonite monzonite monzonite monzonite monzonite monzonite monzonite granite granite monzonite monzonite granite granite

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Occurrence pluton pluton pluton pluton pluton pluton pluton dyke dyke dyke dyke plug plug
Major element (wt.%)

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SiO2 58.16 60.53 63.15 64.35 64.98 69.29 64.97 71.04 72.02 60.34 66.81 69.63 70.36
TiO2 0.77 0.66 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.19 0.41 0.15 0.13 0.75 0.13 0.20 0.19

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Al2O3 16.29 15.89 15.34 15.92 16.26 15.74 17.11 14.81 14.73 15.72 17.6 15.59 15.53
Cr2O3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
a
Fe2O3 6.43 5.97 4.47 3.83 3.35 1.36 3.30 2.17 1.51 6.11 1.66 1.96 1.97

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MnO 0.13 0.11 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.03 0.13 0.04 0.03 0.02
MgO 2.02 2.06 1.88 1.10 0.92 0.39 0.93 0.29 0.26 2.35 0.25 0.36 0.39
CaO 5.04 5.00 3.61 3.67 3.09 1.72 2.90 2.02 1.88 6.74 2.72 2.34 2.40

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Na2O 3.59 3.77 3.74 3.80 4.46 5.10 5.07 4.06 4.34 4.63 4.98 4.46 4.25
K2O 6.58 4.30 4.93 4.81 4.41 4.43 3.91 4.29 4.26 1.94 4.16 4.22 3.62
P2O5 0.29 0.34 0.24 0.18 0.12 0.06 0.14 0.03 0.03 0.39 0.03 0.04 0.05
LOI 0.53 1.00 1.41 0.84 MA 0.66 1.14 0.91 0.62 0.50 0.56 0.84 0.56 0.88
Total 100.15 99.86 99.77 99.38 99.01 99.71 100.02 99.74 99.88 99.83 99.68 99.65 99.97
b
Mg# 0.39 0.41 0.46 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.21 0.26 0.43 0.23 0.27 0.28

Trace element (ppm)

Rb 222 169 202 179 187 84 99 225 106 77 169 147 122
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Sr 925 760 763 812 937 759 889 744 504 565 970 757 719
Y 39 25 24 22 23 26 23 5.8 16 7.4 10 17 15
Zr 300 169 230 219 257 183 261 64 187 154 105 153 178
Nb 29 13 17 17 16 14 15 4.6 8.9 7.1 6.3 8.7 7.5
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Ba 2170 1505 1705 1770 1770 566 1915 1710 1230 1850 3080 1765 2050
La 120 51 74 74 53 50 53 26 21 24 19 30 29
Ce 212 101 136 121 95 98 92 35 38 38 33 55 50
Pr 21 11 14 13 11 12 10 2.9 4.3 4.0 3.6 5.9 5.5
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Nd 76 44 52 43 38 42 35 9.4 14 13 12 22 19

Appendix B1-continued
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Rock type shoshonitic rocks adakitic rocks

Sample DT111-1 DT112-1 DT113-1 DT122-2 DT122-6 DT123-1 DT123-3 DT112-2 DT122-1 DT123-2 DT123-4 DT116-1 DT124-2
quartz quartz quartz quartz quartz quartz
Rock name
monzonite monzonite monzonite monzonite monzonite monzonite monzonite granite granite monzonite monzonite granite granite
Occurrence pluton pluton pluton pluton pluton pluton pluton dyke dyke dyke dyke plug plug
Trace element (ppm)

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Sm 12 7.5 8.3 7.7 6.5 7.7 6.2 1.4 2.5 2.1 2.1 3.8 3.4
Eu 2.2 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.8 1.3 0.39 0.50 0.49 0.55 0.72 0.68

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Gd 8.5 6.1 5.9 5.2 5.2 6.1 5.0 1.2 2.3 1.7 2.0 3.2 2.5
Tb 1.2 0.85 0.81 0.67 0.76 0.87 0.65 0.19 0.39 0.23 0.33 0.49 0.42

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Dy 6.5 4.8 4.5 4.0 4.0 4.7 3.8 1.0 2.4 1.2 1.7 2.9 2.2
Ho 1.4 0.94 0.89 0.73 0.77 0.92 0.74 0.22 0.50 0.25 0.38 0.61 0.46
Er 3.7 2.5 2.3 2.0 2.2 2.5 2.2 0.57 1.5 0.73 0.94 1.7 1.4

SC
Tm 0.55 0.37 0.33 0.30 0.31 0.35 0.34 0.10 0.24 0.09 0.14 0.26 0.23
Yb 3.5 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.1 0.63 1.5 0.64 1.2 1.6 1.5
Lu 0.53 0.35 0.35 0.29 0.36 0.33 0.33 0.11 0.26 0.11 0.18 0.24 0.23
Hf 8.5 4.9 6.1 5.6 6.4 5.1 6.5 1.8 5.3 4.5 2.8 4.2 4.5

NU
Ta 2.4 1.1 1.2 1.0 0.90 1.0 0.90 0.30 0.70 0.50 0.40 0.70 0.50
Th 64 24 33 47 27 21 34 17 7.6 14 9.3 10 10
U 8.7 8.2 6.2 6.9 6.3 5.2 7.6 3.1 2.6 5.2 4.0 2.0 2.7
ΣREE 470 233 304 275 221 229 213 80 88 86 76 128 116
LaN/YbN 24.5 16.0 25.6 26.2 15.7 15.4 18.0 30.1 9.7 26.3 11.8 13.4 14.1
MA
Sr/Y 24.0 30.4 31.9 36.3 40.2 29.5 38.5 128.3 32.3 76.4 95.1 44.0 49.2
Nb/Ta 11.9 11.7 14.5 16.7 17.7 14.0 16.9 15.3 12.7 14.2 15.8 12.4 15.0
δEu 0.68 0.73 0.77 0.76 0.72 0.80 0.71 0.94 0.63 0.80 0.83 0.63 0.71
δCe 1.03 1.04 1.03 0.95 0.97 1.00 0.97 0.99 0.98 0.95 0.98 1.03 0.98
a
ED

Total Fe reported as Fe2O3;

b
Mg#=Mg2+/(Mg2++total Fe).
PT
CE
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Appendix B2
Analysis Concentration (ppm) Ratios Age/Ma
232 238 207 206 207 235 206 238 206 238
Pb Th U Th/U Pb/ Pb ±% Pb/ U ±% Pb/ U ±% Pb/ U
DT111-1 (Shoshonitic rock)
1 98 1234 1125 1.0970 0.0555 0.0005 0.5334 0.0052 0.0697 0.0004 435 ± 3

T
2 34 352 414 0.8510 0.0555 0.0006 0.5324 0.0065 0.0696 0.0004 434 ± 3

P
3 44 318 583 0.5461 0.0559 0.0006 0.5365 0.0056 0.0697 0.0004 434 ± 3
4 29 247 368 0.6704 0.0556 0.0007 0.5342 0.0068 0.0697 0.0004 434 ± 2

RI
5 87 822 1083 0.7590 0.0558 0.0005 0.5329 0.0053 0.0692 0.0004 432 ± 3
6 114 1101 1409 0.7817 0.0556 0.0005 0.5360 0.0052 0.0699 0.0004 436 ± 2

SC
7 93 513 1282 0.4003 0.0555 0.0005 0.5338 0.0052 0.0698 0.0004 435 ± 3
8 116 560 1627 0.3444 0.0559 0.0005 0.5353 0.0051 0.0695 0.0004 433 ± 2
9 62 574 796 0.7209 0.0556 0.0006 0.5325 0.0063 0.0694 0.0004 433 ± 2
10 48 534 576 0.9268 0.0555 0.0009 0.5357 0.0088 0.0700 0.0004 436 ± 2

NU
11 63 565 812 0.6956 0.0555 0.0007 0.5328 0.0065 0.0697 0.0004 434 ± 2
12 16 149 206 0.7263 0.0554 0.0014 0.5313 0.0131 0.0696 0.0004 434 ± 3
13 72 714 957 0.7460 0.0552 0.0005 0.5336 0.0052 0.0701 0.0004 436 ± 3
14 30 417 381 1.0932 0.0554
MA 0.0007 0.5318 0.0067 0.0696 0.0004 434 ± 2
15 78 930 1046 0.8885 0.0555 0.0005 0.5344 0.0053 0.0698 0.0004 435 ± 3
16 18 209 251 0.8343 0.0554 0.0009 0.5314 0.0087 0.0696 0.0004 434 ± 3
17 57 737 778 0.9467 0.0556 0.0005 0.5345 0.0054 0.0697 0.0004 434 ± 2
ED

18 46 914 563 1.6219 0.0551 0.0006 0.5334 0.0059 0.0702 0.0004 437 ± 3
19 79 1233 1035 1.1913 0.0555 0.0006 0.5344 0.0068 0.0698 0.0005 435 ± 3
20 94 1346 1255 1.0726 0.0556 0.0005 0.5358 0.0053 0.0699 0.0004 436 ± 3
21 73 1525 921 1.6559 0.0554 0.0007 0.5320 0.0067 0.0696 0.0004 434 ± 2
PT

22 41 438 567 0.7726 0.0556 0.0006 0.5354 0.0058 0.0698 0.0004 435 ± 2
23 48 543 654 0.8300 0.0554 0.0006 0.5345 0.0062 0.0700 0.0004 436 ± 3
24 45 498 613 0.8127 0.0556 0.0007 0.5367 0.0064 0.0700 0.0004 436 ± 2
CE

25 86 1039 1166 0.8907 0.0554 0.0006 0.5315 0.0069 0.0696 0.0005 434 ± 3
26 47 564 642 0.8794 0.0554 0.0006 0.5320 0.0062 0.0696 0.0004 434 ± 3
27 74 923 990 0.9321 0.0555 0.0005 0.5356 0.0053 0.0700 0.0004 436 ± 3
AC

28 116 1202 1602 0.7503 0.0552 0.0005 0.5328 0.0051 0.0701 0.0004 436 ± 3
29 40 360 559 0.6444 0.0555 0.0007 0.5354 0.0065 0.0700 0.0004 436 ± 3
30 102 1290 1369 0.9421 0.0555 0.0005 0.5354 0.0055 0.0699 0.0005 436 ± 3
DT112-1 (Shoshonitic rock)
1 79 886 982 0.9028 0.0557 0.0005 0.5467 0.0050 0.0712 0.0004 443 ± 2
2 88 805 1141 0.7053 0.0559 0.0005 0.5492 0.0050 0.0712 0.0004 444 ± 3
3 81 859 1038 0.8277 0.0557 0.0005 0.5467 0.0048 0.0712 0.0004 443 ± 2
4 86 903 1091 0.8282 0.0558 0.0005 0.5487 0.0050 0.0713 0.0004 444 ± 3
5 99 1038 1248 0.8321 0.0556 0.0005 0.5448 0.0052 0.0711 0.0004 443 ± 3
6 131 1668 1652 1.0097 0.0559 0.0005 0.5474 0.0057 0.0710 0.0005 442 ± 3
7 56 458 746 0.6142 0.0558 0.0005 0.5484 0.0054 0.0713 0.0004 444 ± 3
8 64 592 837 0.7080 0.0557 0.0005 0.5483 0.0051 0.0714 0.0004 444 ± 3
9 63 757 804 0.9407 0.0557 0.0005 0.5491 0.0054 0.0714 0.0004 445 ± 2
10 62 632 821 0.7701 0.0560 0.0005 0.5497 0.0054 0.0712 0.0004 443 ± 2

Appendix B2-continued-1
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Analysis Concentration (ppm) Ratios Age/Ma

232 238 207 206 207 235 206 238 206 238
Pb Th U Th/U Pb/ Pb ±% Pb/ U ±% Pb/ U ±% Pb/ U
DT112-1 (Shoshonitic rock)
11 66 930 834 1.1153 0.0558 0.0005 0.5491 0.0052 0.0713 0.0004 444 ± 2
12 78 940 974 0.9653 0.0556 0.0006 0.5465 0.0099 0.0712 0.0006 444 ± 4

T
13 81 1001 1045 0.9587 0.0559 0.0005 0.5480 0.0049 0.0712 0.0004 443 ± 2
14 55 628 714 0.8802 0.0558 0.0005 0.5493 0.0052 0.0714 0.0004 444 ± 3

P
15 50 570 652 0.8736 0.0561 0.0006 0.5500 0.0059 0.0711 0.0004 443 ± 2

RI
16 43 478 542 0.8821 0.0558 0.0006 0.5495 0.0060 0.0714 0.0004 444 ± 3
17 89 1051 1093 0.9618 0.0557 0.0005 0.5480 0.0053 0.0713 0.0004 444 ± 2
18 56 560 717 0.7812 0.0559 0.0005 0.5481 0.0056 0.0711 0.0004 443 ± 3

SC
19 63 602 815 0.7388 0.0559 0.0005 0.5475 0.0051 0.0711 0.0004 443 ± 2
20 94 1082 1163 0.9300 0.0557 0.0005 0.5464 0.0050 0.0712 0.0004 443 ± 3
21 48 391 643 0.6080 0.0560 0.0006 0.5504 0.0068 0.0712 0.0004 444 ± 3

NU
22 74 847 939 0.9020 0.0556 0.0009 0.5468 0.0121 0.0713 0.0005 444 ± 3
23 61 601 798 0.7539 0.0557 0.0009 0.5467 0.0151 0.0711 0.0007 443 ± 4
24 74 848 934 0.9082 0.0558 0.0005 0.5502 0.0052 0.0715 0.0004 445 ± 3
25 87 1089 1104 0.9863 0.0556 0.0005 0.5458 0.0048 0.0712 0.0004 444 ± 2
26 80 1038 991 1.0467 0.0557
MA 0.0005 0.5466 0.0052 0.0712 0.0004 443 ± 3
27 95 1190 1214 0.9803 0.0558 0.0005 0.5466 0.0052 0.0711 0.0005 443 ± 3
28 59 628 752 0.8344 0.0558 0.0006 0.5489 0.0062 0.0713 0.0004 444 ± 2
29 55 561 727 0.7712 0.0560 0.0005 0.5504 0.0053 0.0713 0.0004 444 ± 2
30 101 1150 1299 0.8852 0.0559 0.0005 0.5485 0.0048 0.0712 0.0004 443 ± 2
ED

DT116-1 (Adakitic rock)

1 213 1242 2737 0.4537 0.0562 0.0005 0.5747 0.0056 0.0742 0.0005 461 ± 3
2 260 1649 3369 0.4893 0.0562 0.0005 0.5747 0.0053 0.0742 0.0004 461 ± 3
PT

3 64 334 747 0.4473 0.0577 0.0006 0.6624 0.0069 0.0833 0.0005 516 ± 3
4 127 615 1647 0.3737 0.0564 0.0008 0.5768 0.0085 0.0742 0.0004 462 ± 3
5 193 1041 2525 0.4124 0.0563 0.0005 0.5765 0.0059 0.0743 0.0006 462 ± 4
CE

6 71 620 864 0.7176 0.0563 0.0007 0.5773 0.0067 0.0744 0.0004 463 ± 3
7 85 297 1160 0.2564 0.0562 0.0006 0.5748 0.0059 0.0742 0.0005 461 ± 3
8 169 1744 2054 0.8489 0.0561 0.0005 0.5740 0.0055 0.0742 0.0004 461 ± 3
9 133 749 1914 0.3913 0.0556 0.0005 0.5354 0.0053 0.0698 0.0004 435 ± 2
AC

10 57 321 742 0.4323 0.0563 0.0008 0.5781 0.0084 0.0745 0.0006 463 ± 4
11 264 1266 3588 0.3527 0.0562 0.0005 0.5748 0.0055 0.0742 0.0004 461 ± 3
12 283 2862 3421 0.8365 0.0561 0.0005 0.5739 0.0056 0.0742 0.0004 461 ± 3
13 260 2124 3273 0.6490 0.0561 0.0005 0.5733 0.0053 0.0742 0.0004 461 ± 3
14 37 216 474 0.4551 0.0561 0.0013 0.5768 0.0133 0.0746 0.0004 464 ± 2
15 88 734 1096 0.6693 0.0563 0.0006 0.5777 0.0063 0.0744 0.0004 463 ± 2
16 188 1244 2466 0.5046 0.0564 0.0005 0.5763 0.0056 0.0741 0.0004 461 ± 2
17 58 497 722 0.6891 0.0563 0.0006 0.5757 0.0061 0.0741 0.0004 461 ± 3
18 188 2543 2133 1.1923 0.0561 0.0005 0.5742 0.0055 0.0742 0.0004 461 ± 2
19 66 287 876 0.3278 0.0563 0.0007 0.5775 0.0076 0.0744 0.0004 462 ± 3
20 76 568 964 0.5887 0.0562 0.0008 0.5736 0.0088 0.0740 0.0004 460 ± 2
21 190 1757 2580 0.6810 0.0623 0.0006 0.5894 0.0056 0.0686 0.0004 428 ± 2
22 90 432 1173 0.3681 0.0563 0.0008 0.5785 0.0070 0.0745 0.0005 464 ± 3
23 140 939 1776 0.5287 0.0562 0.0006 0.5750 0.0057 0.0741 0.0004 461 ± 3
24 258 2042 3173 0.6436 0.0562 0.0005 0.5753 0.0053 0.0742 0.0004 461 ± 2
25 313 1598 2482 0.6438 0.0673 0.0006 1.0633 0.0098 0.1147 0.0006 700 ± 4

Appendix B2-continued-2
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Analysis Concentration (ppm) Ratios Age/Ma

232 238 207
Pb Th U Th/U Pb/206Pb ±% 207
Pb/235U ±% 206
Pb/238U ±% 206
Pb/238U
DT116-1 (Adakitic rock)
26 218 1173 2860 0.4100 0.0564 0.0005 0.5768 0.0057 0.0742 0.0005 461 ± 3
27 561 5392 7460 0.7227 0.0590 0.0005 0.5510 0.0052 0.0677 0.0004 422 ± 2

T
28 79 371 1049 0.3536 0.0563 0.0005 0.5767 0.0057 0.0743 0.0004 462 ± 3

P
29 34 179 439 0.4079 0.0562 0.0008 0.5765 0.0084 0.0744 0.0004 463 ± 3
30 176 545 2371 0.2300 0.0562 0.0005 0.5764 0.0058 0.0743 0.0004 462 ± 3

RI
DT112-2(Adakitic rock)
1 345 3979 4678 0.8506 0.0557 0.0006 0.5469 0.0086 0.0712 0.0006 443 ± 4

SC
2 994 10346 13583 0.7617 0.0556 0.0007 0.5474 0.0107 0.0714 0.0006 444 ± 4
3 581 5697 8009 0.7114 0.0557 0.0006 0.5482 0.0087 0.0713 0.0007 444 ± 4
4 131 1919 1716 1.1182 0.0558 0.0006 0.5481 0.0088 0.0713 0.0006 444 ± 4

NU
5 523 4759 7265 0.6550 0.0558 0.0006 0.5476 0.0104 0.0712 0.0007 443 ± 5
6 130 1000 1831 0.5459 0.0561 0.0006 0.5503 0.0089 0.0711 0.0006 443 ± 4
7 460 2082 6725 0.3097 0.0556 0.0006 0.5467 0.0086 0.0713 0.0006 444 ± 4
8 282 1081 4145 0.2608 0.0557 0.0006 0.5473 0.0090 0.0712 0.0007 443 ± 5
MA
9 395 3658 5423 0.6746 0.0557 0.0006 0.5462 0.0085 0.0712 0.0006 443 ± 4
10 524 3443 7424 0.4637 0.0559 0.0006 0.5491 0.0084 0.0713 0.0006 444 ± 4
11 902 8702 12362 0.7040 0.0561 0.0006 0.5501 0.0084 0.0712 0.0006 443 ± 4
12 519 3819 7276 0.5249 0.0560 0.0011 0.5508 0.0131 0.0713 0.0007 444 ± 4
ED

13 123 1272 1624 0.7837 0.0558 0.0006 0.5487 0.0087 0.0713 0.0007 444 ± 4
14 86 925 1152 0.8033 0.0559 0.0006 0.5489 0.0089 0.0712 0.0006 443 ± 4
15 95 1159 1249 0.9277 0.0559 0.0006 0.5495 0.0089 0.0713 0.0006 444 ± 4
16 132 689 1454 0.4738 0.0672 0.0007 0.8276 0.0129 0.0893 0.0008 551 ± 5
PT

17 993 10793 13555 0.7962 0.0558 0.0006 0.5464 0.0083 0.0710 0.0006 442 ± 4
18 236 2109 3306 0.6378 0.0560 0.0006 0.5495 0.0085 0.0711 0.0006 443 ± 4
19 309 3377 4213 0.8016 0.0562 0.0006 0.5519 0.0086 0.0712 0.0006 444 ± 4
CE

20 226 2953 3024 0.9765 0.0558 0.0006 0.5492 0.0084 0.0714 0.0006 445 ± 4
21 58 601 800 0.7510 0.0558 0.0006 0.5470 0.0088 0.0712 0.0006 443 ± 4
22 95 912 1331 0.6848 0.0560 0.0006 0.5506 0.0087 0.0713 0.0006 444 ± 4
AC

23 416 2843 6037 0.4709 0.0556 0.0006 0.5465 0.0084 0.0713 0.0006 444 ± 4
24 162 1264 2317 0.5455 0.0559 0.0006 0.5485 0.0086 0.0711 0.0006 443 ± 4
25 84 943 1138 0.8290 0.0559 0.0006 0.5492 0.0089 0.0713 0.0006 444 ± 4
26 525 5681 7072 0.8033 0.0559 0.0006 0.5492 0.0085 0.0713 0.0006 444 ± 4
27 542 6999 7088 0.9874 0.0558 0.0006 0.5479 0.0084 0.0712 0.0006 444 ± 4
28 135 1577 1737 0.9082 0.0557 0.0006 0.5468 0.0085 0.0712 0.0006 444 ± 4
29 867 9295 11317 0.8213 0.0561 0.0006 0.5513 0.0085 0.0712 0.0006 444 ± 4
30 447 1260 6512 0.1935 0.0558 0.0006 0.5483 0.0085 0.0713 0.0006 444 ± 4
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Appendix B3
Spot
Hf(0) Hf(t) 2s
176 177 176 177 176 177 a 176 177 b c
No. t (Ma) Yb/ Hf Lu/ Hf Hf/ Hf Hf/ Hf 2sm TDM2 fLu/Hf
DT111-1(Shoshonitic rock)
1 435 0.035470 0.000961 0.282508 0.282487 0.000023 -10.06 -0.78 0.8 1464 -0.97

T
2 434 0.013436 0.000443 0.282472 0.282452 0.000018 -11.32 -1.91 0.7 1535 -0.99

P
3 434 0.035920 0.000971 0.282505 0.282485 0.000023 -10.14 -0.88 0.8 1470 -0.97
4 434 0.024891 0.000636 0.282485 0.282465 0.000021 -10.87 -1.51 0.7 1510 -0.98

RI
5 432 0.021593 0.000638 0.282509 0.282489 0.000024 -10.00 -0.68 0.9 1456 -0.98
6 436 0.024699 0.000667 0.282467 0.282447 0.000026 -11.48 -2.09 0.9 1548 -0.98

SC
7 435 0.035427 0.001000 0.282486 0.282466 0.000025 -10.84 -1.56 0.9 1514 -0.97
8 433 0.021266 0.000627 0.282489 0.282469 0.000023 -10.73 -1.39 0.8 1501 -0.98
11 436 0.017987 0.000617 0.282452 0.282432 0.000022 -12.04 -2.64 0.8 1582 -0.98

NU
12 434 0.019482 0.000585 0.282472 0.282452 0.000021 -11.33 -1.96 0.7 1538 -0.98
14 434 0.021073 0.000660 0.282480 0.282460 0.000016 -11.03 -1.68 0.6 1521 -0.98
15 434 0.030532 0.000996 0.282483 0.282462 0.000017 -10.95 -1.69 0.6 1521 -0.97
MA
DT112-1(Shoshonitic rock)
1 443 0.054841 0.001341 0.282514 0.282494 0.000024 -9.81 -0.47 0.8 1451 -0.96
2 444 0.041031 0.001249 0.282454 0.282434 0.000024 -11.97 -2.57 0.9 1585 -0.96
3 443 0.033147 0.000905 0.282511 0.282491 0.000023 -9.92 -0.45 0.8 1450 -0.97
ED

4 444 0.050358 0.001358 0.282506 0.282486 0.000031 -10.11 -0.75 1.1 1469 -0.96
5 443 0.047015 0.001258 0.282536 0.282516 0.000030 -9.06 0.31 1.1 1402 -0.96
6 442 0.051134 0.001493 0.282517 0.282497 0.000030 -9.72 -0.44 1.1 1448 -0.96
PT

7 444 0.042292 0.001261 0.282483 0.282463 0.000026 -10.92 -1.53 0.9 1519 -0.96
8 444 0.035211 0.001074 0.282484 0.282464 0.000024 -10.90 -1.45 0.9 1514 -0.97
9 445 0.042422 0.001451 0.282544 0.282524 0.000019 -8.77 0.59 0.7 1385 -0.96
CE

11 444 0.025437 0.000805 0.282494 0.282474 0.000019 -10.53 -1.00 0.7 1485 -0.98
12 443 0.039723 0.001157 0.282489 0.282469 0.000023 -10.71 -1.31 0.8 1504 -0.97
13 444 0.039460 0.001001 0.282477 0.282457 0.000026 -11.13 -1.66 0.9 1527 -0.97
AC

14 444 0.057941 0.001511 0.282525 0.282505 0.000022 -9.45 -0.13 0.8 1430 -0.95
15 443 0.054101 0.001336 0.282464 0.282444 0.000023 -11.61 -2.27 0.8 1564 -0.96
DT116-1(Adakitic rock)
1 461 0.062946 0.0014611 0.282547 0.282527 0.000040 -8.67 1.02 1.4 1370 -0.96
2 461 0.074029 0.0016885 0.282577 0.282557 0.000031 -7.60 2.03 1.1 1307 -0.95
3 462 0.100393 0.0020873 0.282612 0.282592 0.000050 -6.38 3.14 1.8 1237 -0.94
4 462 0.094221 0.0021387 0.282579 0.282559 0.000035 -7.52 1.98 1.2 1310 -0.94
5 463 0.043664 0.0011475 0.282597 0.282577 0.000032 -6.91 2.92 1.1 1252 -0.97
6 461 0.042759 0.0010206 0.282517 0.282497 0.000031 -9.72 0.11 1.1 1428 -0.97
7 461 0.051568 0.0015682 0.282482 0.282462 0.000037 -10.95 -1.29 1.3 1517 -0.95
10 461 0.058750 0.0019946 0.282517 0.282497 0.000018 -9.74 -0.21 0.6 1448 -0.94
12 461 0.041654 0.0013518 0.282468 0.282448 0.000020 -11.48 -1.75 0.7 1546 -0.96
13 462 0.054985 0.0015828 0.282537 0.282517 0.000018 -9.03 0.65 0.7 1395 -0.95
14 464 0.058636 0.0015268 0.282518 0.282498 0.000017 -9.70 0.04 0.6 1435 -0.95
15 461 0.069388 0.001661 0.282518 0.282498 0.000021 -9.68 -0.05 0.7 1438 -0.95 Append
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

ix B3- continued
Spot
No. t (Ma) 176
Yb/177Hf 176
Lu/177Hf 176
Hf/177Hfa 176
Hf/177Hf 2sm Hf(0) Hf(t)b 2 s TDM2c fLu/Hf
DT112-2 (Adakitic rock)
1 443 0.074409 0.0025178 0.282530 0.282510 0.000025 -9.27 -0.27 0.9 1438 -0.92

T
3 444 0.080148 0.0021912 0.282457 0.282437 0.000022 -11.85 -2.74 0.8 1595 -0.93

P
4 443 0.091859 0.0025222 0.282459 0.282439 0.000033 -11.78 -2.78 1.2 1597 -0.92
5 443 0.094503 0.0025618 0.282471 0.282451 0.000033 -11.34 -2.35 1.2 1570 -0.92

RI
6 444 0.037448 0.001114 0.282468 0.282448 0.000021 -11.44 -2.01 0.7 1549 -0.97
8 443 0.111078 0.0037516 0.282553 0.282533 0.000042 -8.46 0.18 1.5 1409 -0.89

SC
9 444 0.120846 0.0040391 0.282504 0.282484 0.000039 -10.20 -1.63 1.4 1525 -0.88
11 444 0.022402 0.0007201 0.282467 0.282447 0.000016 -11.50 -1.95 0.6 1546 -0.98
12 443 0.076763 0.0024263 0.282478 0.282458 0.000022 -11.09 -2.06 0.8 1551 -0.93

NU
13 444 0.097801 0.0028712 0.282450 0.282430 0.000024 -12.11 -3.20 0.9 1624 -0.91
14 445 0.078005 0.0021158 0.282429 0.282409 0.000021 -12.85 -3.69 0.7 1656 -0.94
15 443 0.030724 0.0010251 0.282551 0.282531 0.000020 -8.54 0.90 0.7 1364 -0.97
a
MA
176 177
values after correction of Hf/ Hf;
b
εHf(t) values are calculated based on the U-Pb age of each sample;
c
TDM2= two-stage model age calculated based on average crust (fcc=-0.15).
ED

Note: In calculation of εHf(t) and TDM2, the176Hf/177Hf and 176

Lu/177Hf values of present-day Chondrite and Depleted Mantle are
0.282772, 0.03321 and 0.28325, 0.03842, respectively (Bizzarro et al., 2002; Griffin et al., 2003), and λ= 1.867 x
10-11a-1(Soderlund et al., 2004).
PT
CE
AC
 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Appendix B4
t Nd
87
Sr/86Sr 1sigma 143
Nd/144Nd 1sigma 143
Nd/144Nd (DM)
87 86 87 86 147 144
Sample Rb (ppm) Sr (ppm) (0) (E-6) Rb/ Sr ( Sr/ Sr)i* Sm (ppm) Nd (ppm) (0) ( E-6) εNd (t=0) Sm/ Nd (t) εNd (t)* Ga
Shoshonitic rocks

T
DT122-2 179 812 0.714019 6 0.6381 0.70998 7.69 43.4 0.512179 4 -8.9 0.1071 0.511868 -3.9 1.36

P
DT123-1 84 759 0.711220 8 0.3203 0.70919 7.72 42.3 0.512224 4 -8.1 0.1103 0.511904 -3.2 1.34

RI
Adakitic rocks

DT123-2 77 565 0.712351 5 0.3944 0.70985 2.14 12.2 0.512217 11 -8.2 0.1060 0.511909 -3.1 1.29

SC
DT123-4 169 970 0.714713 6 0.5043 0.71152 2.11 11.5 0.512225 10 -8.1 0.1109 0.511903 -3.2 1.34

DT124-2 122 719 0.716532 8 0.4913 0.71342 3.37 19 0.512193 7 -8.7 0.1072 0.511882 -3.6 1.34

NU
* 0.444 Ga was used for the initial values.

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Hightlights

 This reports shoshonitic and adakitic magmatism of early Paleozoic age in the NW Tibet.

T
 Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic data suggest that both originated from the old lower crust of WKT.

P
 Shoshonitic magma evolved to adakitic magma through fractional crystallization of Hb.

RI
 The magmatism was triggered by north-dipping subduction of the Paleo-Tethys.

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