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A Hole in the Black Hole

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 Open Journal of Mathematics and Physics | Volume 2, Article 78, 2020 | ISSN: 2674-5747
https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/js7rf | published: 7 Feb 2020 | https://ojmp.wordpress.com DA
[microresearch]
Diamond Open Access

A hole in the black hole

Open Physics Collaboration∗†
February 27, 2020

Abstract
Supposedly, matter falls inside the black hole whenever it
reaches its event horizon. The Planck scale, however, imposes
a limit on how much matter can occupy the center of a black hole.
It is shown here that the density of matter exceeds Planck density
in the singularity, and as a result, spacetime tears apart.
After the black hole is formed, matter flows from its center
to its border due to a topological force, namely, the increase
on the tear of spacetime due to its limit until it reaches back
to the event horizon, generating the firewall phenomenon.
We conclude that there is no spacetime inside black holes.
We propose a solution to the black hole information paradox.

keywords: black hole information paradox, singularity, firewall, entropy, topology, quantum gravity

Introduction
1. Black holes are controversial astronomical objects [1] exhibiting such a
strong gravitational field that nothing–not even light–can escape from
inside it [2].

∗ All authors with their affiliations appear at the end of this paper.
† Corresponding author: mplobo@uft.edu.br | Join the Open Physics Collaboration

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 2. A black hole is formed when the density of matter exceeds the amount
supported by spacetime.

3. It is believed that at or near the event horizon, there are high-energy

quanta, known as the black hole firewall [3].

4. At the center of the black hole, there is a singularity, i.e., a mathematical

infinite.

5. Neither quantum mechanics nor general relativity can actually account

for what is going on inside those extreme objects.

6. However, both theories are robust, and they will guide us in the
processes described here.

7. The main motivation for this work is that the entropy of a black hole
is area-dependent which might give us a clue that all matter lies within
its surface.

Limits of the Planck scale

8. The Planck scale provides us with the limits of space and time according
to the quantum theories.

9. The Planck density is given by

Mp
ρp = 3
∼ 1094 g/cm3,
lp
√ √
̵ ̵
where Mp = hc/G is the Planck mass, and lp = hG/c 3 is the Planck

length.

10. A stellar black hole has typically a mass M ∼ 1034 g, volume ∼ 106 cm3,
which gives a density of ∼ 1028 g/cm3.

11. If all this mass is to be attracted to the minimal Planck length, lp ∼

10−33 cm, the density of the stellar black hole at the Planck volume

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 becomes ∼ 10133 g/cm3, which exceeds by far the limit on the density
of spacetime.

12. We conjecture that (11) causes spacetime to tear apart inside the
black hole, starting at its singularity.

13. The line element for the proper time in the Schwarzschild metric is

2 2M 2 dr2 2 2
dτ = (1 − ) dt − − r dφ . (1)
r (1 − 2M
r )

14. In the singularity, r = 0, dτ /dt → ∞, which can be interpreted as being

the end of time for all external observers, considering that dt → 0.

15. In addition, since mass “slows” time from an outsider perspective, the
maximum mass density ultimately vanishes time.

16. Another evidence for our claim is that the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy
of the black hole [4, 5],
kB A
Sbh = 2 ,
4lp
depends solely on the area of the black hole (A), and not in its “volume”.

17. kB is the Boltzmann’s constant.

18. The black-hole entropy is the maximal entropy of spacetime [6].

19. The black hole entropy (16) is related to the microstates (microscopic
configurations) of a physical system, and it depends exclusively on the
area of its event horizon; therefore, it is natural to think that after
the black hole is formed, all matter lies within its surface, namely, the
event horizon.

20. The term A/lp2 in the entropy Sbh represents the total number of Planck
cells (A/lp2) within the surface of the event horizon of the black hole.

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 The birth of a black hole and the tear of space-
time
21. We believe that the following steps take place during the birth of a
black hole.

22. Let’s define g-hole to be the tridimensional hole formed due to the
void of spacetime inside the black hole.

23. g stands for genus from topology.

24. Step 1. The star becomes maximally compacted, i.e., it reaches the
Planck density.

25. Step 2. Spacetime tears apart in the singularity.

26. Step 3. The mass previously in the singularity remains coupled with
space and goes to the border of the g-hole.

27. Step 4. The new incoming mass reaching the surface of the g-hole
surpasses the Planck density limit, and the radius of the g-hole increases
in size.

28. Step 5. The process continues so on and so forth until it reaches an

equilibrium, namely, the event horizon.

29. We are considering that spacetime has finite “elasticity”.

Discussion
30. The singularity attracts huge amounts of mass and energy, so it exceeds
the maximum amount supported by spacetime.

31. The result is that the fabric of spacetime tears apart.

32. Matter and energy are still bounded with space and time.

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33. Particles previously in the singularity move forward to the border of
the hole.

34. Again, the limit is reached; the hole increases; and the process continues
so on and so forth.

35. It summarily ends with all matter and energy occupying the surface of
the black hole, resulting in the firewall phenomenon [3].

36. One can think on the fabric of spacetime as a rubber band.

37. It will eventually tear apart when the star reaches the Planck density,
typically with a radius of ∼ 10−20 cm for M ∼ 1034 g.

38. The topological force originated from the puncture of spacetime

pushes all matter to the event horizon like an accelerated small big
bang in reverse.

39. Therefore, from the premise that spacetime elasticity is finite, we can
conclude that there is NO spacetime inside the black holes.

40. We anticipate our essay to be a starting point for a complete under-

standing of black holes since everything there is to exist lies within
the event horizon, avoiding for example, the black hole information
paradox [7].

41. In this scenario, no information is lost whatsoever.

42. The discovery of black holes radically affected our understanding of

general relativity.

43. The verification–both mathematical and observational (directly or

indirectly)–for this conjecture might shed light on the quantum nature
of gravity.

44. Additionally, at the singularity of a black hole, the entanglement of

spacetime undergoes a sudden death due to its strong gravity [8], i.e.,

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 entanglement breaks down, and therefore, spacetime tears apart [9]; the
hole (void of spacetime) increases, reaching the event horizon, resulting
in the firewall phenomenon, and having no information lost in the
black hole.

45. The results proposed here state that there is no spacetime inside black
holes.

46. There are at least three huge evidence for this claim, namely, Bekenstein-
Hawking entropy, the firewall phenomenon, and the spacetime infor-
mation threshold, i.e., the limit of information that spacetime can
hold.

The role of the singularity

47. The singularity (at r = 0) exists only during the black hole formation.

48. After the black hole is formed, there is no singularity since there is no
spacetime in its interior.

Final Remarks
49. In summary, spacetime tears apart at its center, on its very formation,
causing matter to move forward to its border.

50. This is a “topological force” in nature, and it is somehow related to

topological changes [10].

51. There are a number of topologies that can be defined in a mathematical

space.

52. The birth of a black hole implies a change in the original topology of
the underlying spacetime.

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53. Changing a topology means changing the collection of open sets; this,
in turn, changes which functions are continuous and which subsets are
compact or connected [11].

54. According to our conjecture, the black hole has the topology of a
hollow sphere.

55. We dubbed (54) the Hollow Black Holes [12].

56. The change in the topology of spacetime that originates the black
hole from the inside (singularity) to the outside (event horizon) is in
accordance with the holographic principle [6, 13], which makes the
information correspondence from a volume to a lower-dimensional
boundary.

57. This work is a foundational investigation and it agrees with Stephen

Hawking’s proposal that “the information is stored not in the interior
of the black hole as one might expect, but in its boundary, the event
horizon,” presented at the KTH Institute of Technology in Stockholm
[14].

58. Regarding that all of the black hole mass is in the event horizon, the
physics of the black holes will reach new levels of inquiries, discoveries,
and understanding.

59. Analogies between black holes and bidimensional materials might shed
light to quantum gravity.

60. Some suggestions include to search on topological changes [10], both

in applied and pure mathematical approach, in order to understand
this topological mechanism more profoundly.

61. Other interesting questions arise, such as, what is the impact of this
result in the black hole evaporation?

62. What is the “width” of the firewall?

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Open Invitation
Review, add content, and co-author this paper [15, 16]. Join the Open
Physics Collaboration. Send your contribution to mplobo@uft.edu.br.

Ethical conduct of research

This original work was pre-registered under the OSF Preprints [17],
please cite it accordingly [18]. This will ensure that researches are con-
ducted with integrity and intellectual honesty at all times and by all
means.

References
[1] Curiel, Erik. “The many definitions of a black hole.” Nature Astronomy
3.1 (2019): 27.

[2] Wald, Robert M. General relativity. Chicago, University of Chicago

Press, 1984, 504 p (1984).

[3] Almheiri, Ahmed, et al. “Black holes: complementarity or firewalls?.”

Journal of High Energy Physics 2013.2 (2013): 62.

[4] Wald, Robert M. Quantum field theory in curved spacetime and black
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[5] Carlip, Steve. “Black hole thermodynamics.” International Journal of

Modern Physics D 23.11 (2014): 1430023.

[6] Bousso, Raphael. “The holographic principle.” Reviews of Modern

Physics 74.3 (2002): 825.

[7] Mathur, Samir D. “The information paradox: a pedagogical introduc-

tion.” Classical and Quantum Gravity 26.22 (2009): 224001.

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[8] Doukas, Jason, et al. “Entanglement and discord: Accelerated obser-
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[9] Van Raamsdonk, Mark. “Building up spacetime with quantum entan-

glement.” General Relativity and Gravitation 42.10 (2010): 2323-2329.

[10] Borde, Arvind. “Regular black holes and topology change.” Physical
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[11] Munkres, James. Topology. Pearson Education, 2014.

[12] Lobo, Matheus P. “Hollow Black Holes.” OSF Preprints, 12 Aug.

2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/rewub

[13] Susskind, Leonard. “The world as a hologram.” Journal of Mathe-

matical Physics 36.11 (1995): 6377-6396.

[14] Hawking, Stephen W. “Information preservation and weather fore-

casting for black holes.” arXiv preprint arXiv:1401.5761 (2014).

[15] Lobo, Matheus P. “Microarticles.” OSF Preprints, 28 Oct. 2019.

https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/ejrct

[16] Lobo, Matheus P. “Simple Guidelines for Authors: Open Jour-

nal of Mathematics and Physics.” OSF Preprints, 15 Nov. 2019.
https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/fk836

[17] COS. Open Science Framework. https://osf.io

[18] Lobo, Matheus P. “A Hole in the Black Hole.” OSF Preprints, 18

Apr. 2019. https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/js7rf

The Open Physics Collaboration

Matheus Pereira Lobo (lead author, mplobo@uft.edu.br),1,2
Tiago Sousa Moraes,3 Jonas Gomes da Silva,1 Ronaldo Silva Rêgo4

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1 FederalUniversity of Tocantins (Brazil); 2Universidade Aberta (UAb, Por-
tugal); 3Open Physics Collaboration; 4Universidade Estadual da Região
Tocantina do Maranhão

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