INTRODUCTION

The introduction of the study of any thesis or research work is the part which introduces
the reader to the topic investigated. Therefore, it is in this part that the writer should try to arouse
the interest of the reader and convince them that the research is worth reading.
In writing the introduction of the study, the researcher should consider the following:
 Describe the problem situation globally, nationally, and locally, specifically the trends
and issues in the field.
 Cite legal bases of the study
 Link the situation to the existing body of knowledge. Cite statistics and authoritative
sources to support the idea.
 State the contribution of the study
 Make a clinching statement that will relate the introduction to the proposed research
problem.
THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 Theory – is and organized body of concepts synthesized from studies, related facts or
observation which serve as an accepted explanation for the existence of truth of
something.
 Framework – is a fundamental structure which supports and gives shape to the general
body.
 Theoretical framework – is defined by See, et.al. as the logical presentation of theory.
 Theoretical framework – if theories are directly referred to.
 Conceptual framework – if the study is based on concepts.
 Theoretical model – the schematic diagram of the theoretical framework is labeled.
OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK
Schematic framework –shows the interrelationship among variables of the research. The
independent, dependent, and intervening variables, etc. are discussed and plotted using basic
shapes and arrows that indicate flow of direction, interaction, interdependence and
interrelationships.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
1. The general problem should have the following characteristics:
 It results from a felt need.
 It must reflect a noteworthy contribution to knowledge
 It must be within the researcher`s competence and interest
 It must be within the resources of the investigator with reference to time, money and
workability.
2. The general problem should be stated in such a way that it is not answerable by yes or no,
when and where.
 3. Each sub-problem should be as extensive in coverage as the others along mutually
exclusive dimensions (no overlapping).
4. The sub-problems should be arranged in logical order from factual to analytical.
5. Sub-problems on the background, expected conclusions, implications and
recommendations of the research should be excluded.

 Hypotheses – are the intelligent tentative answers to the problems; the operationalization
of the research theory; must be stated in positive terms. Explanatory Problems do not
need hypotheses, only decision-making problems.
 Assumptions – are premises which serve as the starting points of the study.
THREE TYPES OF ASSUMPTIONS:
1. Universal Assumptions
Ex. a. Breast milk is the best food for infants.
b. Cigarette smoking is dangerous to health.
2. Study Assumptions
a. Nursing care influences the recovery of patients
b. Parallel play in toddlers promotes social and moral development.
3. Theory or research-based Assumptions
a. Rewards and recognition greatly affect the performance of workers.
b. Growth and development in infants are influenced by extent of material-infant
bonding, breastfeeding and a loving atmosphere.
In writing the assumptions of the study, take note of the following:
1. Assumptions need out to be proven.
2. Assumptions are generally enumerated.
3. No explanations have to be given for any of these assumptions.
4. And remember that you cannot assume something that you are trying to prove.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
The scope and delimitation of the study aligns and focuses the research in the desired and
expected perspective.
1. Indicate the geographical coverage.
2. Indicate the time frame or time limit.
3. Indicate the variables included.
4. Indicate the unit of analysis.
SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY
 The merits of the findings of the study are evaluated.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
 Conceptual definition –gives the term`s universal meaning
 Operational definition –specifies how it is manipulated by the researcher or how it is
measured.
 Enumeration – is done as the term appears in text/title, not alphabetically as a glossary.
 Terms – are grouped as concepts and constructs.
 Related Literature – as a class refers to books, periodicals, magazines, newspapers,
legal reports and other published materials containing facts, laws
 Related Studies – refer to theses, dissertations and research studies.
General Guidelines in Citing Related Literature and Studies
1. The materials must be as recent as possible.
2. Materials must be objective and unbiased as possible.
3. Materials must be relevant to the study.
4. Materials must not be too few and not too many.
The literature reviewed should be evaluated considering the ff. factors:
1. Formulation of the research hypotheses.
2. Existence of biases.
3. Possible presence of effects related to research situation
4. Overlooking of important variables
5. Critical evaluation of measurement techniques
6. Critical evaluation of statistical analysis

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research design
 constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. It aids the
researcher in the allocation of his limited resources by posing crucial choices.
 Is the plan and structure of the investigations conceived so as to obtain answers to
research questions.
 Is synonymous with the term of methods or research.
The most popular classifications of research method:
1. Historical
2. Descriptive
a. Qualitative (i.e., case study, ethnographic research)
b. Quantitative (survey, cross-sectional, longitudinal such as trend studies, cohort studies,
panel studies)
3. Correlational
4. Ex-post facto
 5. Evaluation
6. Experimental
7. Exploratory
DATA
 Are collection of numbers, quantities, facts, or record used as bases for drawing
conclusions.
 Are what the research is searching for and which are subjected to analysis using statistical
procedures, and interpretation, so that inferences.
SOURCES OF DATA
1. Primary data – gathered from primary sources
a. Individual Person
b. Organized group or organizations, association, frat, schools, community.
c. Established practices such as marriage, religious rites, legal system, economic system
2. Secondary data – gathered from secondary sources
a. Books including dictionaries, encyclopedia, almanacs
b. Articles published in journals, magazine, newspapers
c. unpublished theses and dissertations
d. Monographs, manuscripts
c. All other second-hand sources
Different tools or Research techniques used in Generating data
1. Questionnaire – survey form
2. Interviews
3. Observation
4. Documents/record