METHODS OF PCB LAYOUT

 Direct Transfer – by using marker to create connections in pcb

 Electronics Symbol Transfer sheet - uses electronic symbols
 Press-n-Peel Film – sticker paper
Etching – the process of removing excess copper and leaving the traces of electronic
connections of tracks.
METHODS OF PCB DESIGN TRANSFER
 Silk Screen Printing – manual labor
 Photo engraving – using CAD/ 3D Model
 PCB Milling - is the process of removing areas of copper from a sheet of printed circuit
board material to recreate the pads, signal traces and structures according to patterns from
a digital circuit board plan known as a layout file.
STATIC ELECTRICITY – defined as the transfer of electric charge from one object to another
by actual contact by means of a spark that bridges an air gap between the object.
Devices used to prevent static electricity
 Anti-static Hat
 Anti-static Pouch or bag
 Anti-static tube
ELECTRONIC DIAGRAM – like a road map of electronic circuit
Types of Electronic Diagram
 Block Diagram – uses flow lines and modular aspects.
a) 220V Power supply
b) Transformer
c) Rectifier
d) Filter
e) Regulator
f) Load
 Schematic Diagram
a) Electronic Symbols – is a pictogram used to represent various electrical and electronic
devices or functions, such as wires, batteries, resistors, and transistors, in a schematic
diagram of an electrical or electronic circuit.
b) Legends - descriptions
c) Interconnections – connections of electronic symbol
 Picture Diagram
a) 2D – length, height
b) 3D – length, width, height
MOTOR – muscle of the robot, the main foundation of the robot

MOTOR SPECIFICATIONS
1. Voltage requirement – allowable supply voltage
2. Torque – for exerted
3. Current requirement – electrons needs to move
4. Speed – rpm, how fast is the rotational aspect
FOUR TYPES OF MOTOR
1. AC MOTOR – Squirrel cage, used for large industrial process
2. DC MOTOR – Main stay of robotics, has polarity, commonly used type of motor in
robotics.
3. STEPPER MOTOR - A stepper motor or step motor or stepping motor is a brushless
DC electric motor that divides a full rotation into a number of equal steps.
4. SERVO MOTOR – Operating in closed loop system and programmable.
ADVANTAGES OF AC MOTOR
 Simple design
 Low cost
 High reliability
 Spare parts are always available
DISADVANTAGES OF AC MOTOR
 Expensive speed control
 Inability to work at low speed
 Positioning control problem
MOUNTING STYLES OF MOTOR
 Foot mount - A foot mounted motor has feet that the weight of the motor rests upon.
These feet are commonly bolted to the mounting surface to prevent movement of the
motor during acceleration and deceleration.
 C-Face - A "C-Face" motor is a common American mechanical standard designed with a
rugged flange on the face of the motor for mounting purposes. The weight of the motor is
supported by the flange, which is most commonly attached to a gearbox. The flange is
strong enough to cantilever the motor.
 Large Flange – uses cantilever
 Customized mount – depends upon the user
ADVANTAGES OF DC MOTOR (Characteristics)
 Efficient
 Easy speed control
 Easy torque control
 Flexible Voltage Requirement
TWO TYPES OF STEPPER MOTOR
1. Unipolar – 6 or 5 wires
2. Bipolar – 4 wires, can be reversed biased
STEPPING MODES
1. Full step – 200steps per revolution
2. Half Step – 0.8degress/step
PHASES OF STEPPER MOTOR
1. 2 Phase Stepper Motor – 50 teeth, 8 poles (4 poles per phase), 200 steps/rotation
(1.8`/step)
2. 3 Phase Stepper Motor – two coils energized together simultaneously, Lower reluctance
(smoother rotation), higher damping capability
3. 4 Phase Stepper Motor – most common, very efficient, 40% torque in half step, half
winding (separate phase, 2 phase at a time)
4. 5 Phase Stepper Motor – 50 teeth, 10 poles (2 poles/phase), 500 steps/rotation
Additional Information about stepper motor
- Controlled by pulse (1,7`-3.75`movement/pulse)
- Transistors as motor drivers
- IC (ULN 2803) – can be attached directly to computer
- Higher steps smoother operation
- Phase pair of coil lines
- Unipolar is harder to control than bipolar
ADVANTAGES OF STEPPER MOTOR
 Rotation can be controlled easily
 More accurate position control (3%-4%)
 Full torque in each step
 Reliable
 Open loops control
 Excellent low speed control
DISADVANTAGES OF STEPPER MOTOR
 Hard to control in high speeds
 Resonance may occur if not controlled properly (vibration)
PARTS OF SERVO MOTOR
 Control Circuit (speed control) – activates/ control the rotational movement
 Potentiometer (feedback mechanism/position sensor)
 Motor – convert mechanical energy to electrical energy
 Gear (reducing speed)
ADVANTAGES OF SERVO MOTOR
 Powerful for its size
 Easily controlled by micro controller
 Can provide precise position
 Standard size (easy mounting)
DISADVANTAGES OF SERVO MOTOR
 Expensive
 Internal gears often wear down
 Noisy operation
TYPES OF BATTERY
1. Lead Acid – used for different motors, drives large amount of energy.
2. Alkaline – composed of alkaline manganese dioxide, levels up work up to 80% longer
than zinc
3. Nickel Cadmium – most popular rechargeable battery
4. Nickel Metal Oxide – upgraded version of nickel cadmium, stores energy longer times,
most affordable battery.
5. Fuel Cell
6. Lithium-Ion – last for more than 5 years. Used in mobile phones and gadgets.
7. Zinc – heavy or called general purpose battery, composed of carbon zinc.
8. Carbon Zinc – non-rechargeable battery used for different application for small devices.
BATTERY SPECIFICATIONS
 Voltage Rating (Volts) – maximum amount of voltage presence in battery
 Capacity Rating (Amp/hr) – range from minimum to maximum that battery can store.
 Recharge Rate – number of amperes to be loaded into the battery.
 Minimal Voltage Rating – function of the voltages, it has allowances voltages in battery
 Internal Resistance – resistance connected in series connection to prevent spikes.
Additional information
 Voltage – forces that pushes the flow of electron
 Ampere – particles that flow of electrons
 Zener Diode – limits the flow of current until it reaches breakdown voltage
 Diode – allows to flow current in one direction
 Open Circuit – it reverts to the input process
 Closed Circuit – the process continues even if there is a problem at the start of the circuit