Name : Septi Rahayu

Nim : 1711230034

Class : PBI 6 B

Chapter 3

Theoretical Basis, Framework for Thinking and Submission of Hypotheses

A. Understanding Theory
The second step in the research process (quantitative) is to look for theories,
concepts, generalizations and results of research that can be used as a theoretical
foundation for conducting research. (Sumadi Suryabrata in Sugiyono, 2010: 52).
Theory is a set of constructs (concepts), definitions and propositions that function
to look at phenomena systematically, through the specification of relationships between
variables, so that they can be useful to explain and predict phenomena. (Neumen in
Sugiyono, 2010: 52).
Theory is a generalization or collection of generalizations that can be used to
explain various phenomena systematically. (Wiliam Wiersma in Sugiyono, 2010: 52).
Sitirahayu Haditono, 1999 states that a theory will gain an important meaning, if
it can more describe, explain and predict existing phenomena. Mark 1963 distinguishes
three kinds of theories. These three theories are related to empirical data. Thus it can be
distinguished, among others:
1. Deductive theory: providing information that starts from a particular speculative
thought or thought in the direction of the data will be explained.
2. Inductive theory: is a way of explaining data from theory. In an extreme form this
positivistic point of view is found in behaviorists.
3. Functional theory: here appears an interaction of influence between data and
theoretical estimates, ie data affect the formation of theory and the formation of
theory re-influences data.

Based on these three views it can be concluded that the theory can be seen as
follows:

1. Theory refers to a group of logically arranged laws. These laws are usually the nature
of deductive relationships. A law shows a relationship between empirical variables
that are steady and predictable in advance.
2. A theory can also be a written summary of a group of laws obtained empirically in a
particular field. Here people start from the data obtained and from the data obtained
comes a theoretical concept (inductive).
 3. A theory can also refer to a way of explaining which generalizes. Here there is
usually a functional relationship between data and theoretical opinions.

Based on the data above, it can generally be concluded that a theory is a general
conceptualization. This conceptualization or understanding system is obtained through a
systematic way. A theory must be tested for its truth, if not, it is not a theory.

Theory is the flow of logic or reasoning, which is a set of concepts, definitions

and proportions that are arranged systematically. In general, theory has three functions,
namely to explain (explanation), predict (prediction), and control (control) a phenomenon
(Sugiyono, 2010).

The concept is a concise opinion formed through the process of general inference
from an event based on the relevant results of observation. Definition is a statement about
the important characteristics of a thing, and is usually more complex than the meaning,
meaning, or understanding of a thing. Whereas propositions are statements which justify
or reject a case.

B. Theories and Focus of Theory

Numan 2003, in (Sugiyono, 2010) stated the level of theory (level of theory) into
three namely, micro, meso, and macro. Micro level theory: small slices of time, space, or
a number of people. The concept is usually not very abstract. Meso level theory: attempts
to link macros and micro levels or to operate at an intermediate level. Example theory:
social organizations and movements, or specific communities. Macro level theory:
concerns the operation of larger aggregates such as social institutions, entire culture
systems, and whole societies. It uses more concepts that are abstract.
Furthermore, the focus of the theory is divided into three, namely substantive
theory, formal theory, and midle range theory. Subtantive theory is developed for a
specific area of social concern, such as deliquent gangs, strikes, diforce, or race relations.
Formal theory is developed for a broad conceptual area in general theory, such as
deviance; socialization, or power. Midle range theory is slightly more abstract than
empirical generalization or specific hypotheses. Midle range theories can be formal or
subtantive. Midle range theory is principally used in sociology to guide empirical inquiry.
The theory used for the formulation of hypotheses to be tested through data
collection is a substantive theory, because this theory is more focused applies to the
object to be examined.

C. Use of Theory in Research

All research is scientific, therefore all researchers must be equipped with theory.
In quantitative research, the theory used must be clear, because the theory here will serve
to clarify the problem to be examined, as a basis for formulating hypotheses, and as a
 reference for developing research instruments. Therefore the theoretical foundation in a
quantitative research proposal must be clear which theory will be used.
Educational theories can be divided into general theories of education and special
theories of education. General theories of education can be divided into educational
philosophies (philosophy of educational science and philosophy of educational practice)
and pedagogic Ausland. Special theories of education can be divided into educational
technology (education management, curriculum development, teaching and learning
models and educational evaluation) and education (macro and micro education).
Redja Mudyaharjo 2002 in (Sugiyono, 2010), argues that, an educational theory is
a system of concepts that are integrated, explaining and predictive of educational events.
A theory has a role as an assumption or point of departure for educational thought, and
there is also a role as a definition or statement that states meaning. The basic assumptions
of education are:
1. Education is actual, meaning education starts from the actual conditions of the
individual who is learning and the learning environment
2. Education is normative, meaning that education is aimed at achieving good things or
good norms
3. education is a process of achieving goals, meaning education in the form of a series of
activities that starts from the actual conditions of the individual who is learning,
aimed at achieving the expected individual.

In relation to research activities, the first theoretical function is used to clarify and
sharpen the scope, or construct of the variables to be examined. The second function of
the theory is to formulate hypotheses and arrange research instruments, because basically
they are predictive statements. Furthermore, the third theoretical function is used
mencandra and discuss the results of research, so that the next is used to provide advice
and problem-solving efforts.

The theoretical basis needs to put forward a description of the theory, and a
framework for thinking, so that further hypotheses and research instruments can be
formulated.

D. Description of Theory
Description of the theory in a study is a systematic proposal about the theory and
research results that are relevant to the variables studied. How many theory groups need
to be stated / described will depend on the number of variables studied. The more
variables studied, the more theories need to be put forward.
The description of the theory contains at least an explanation of the variables
studied through defining and a complete and in-depth description of various references,
so that the scope of the position and predictions of the relationship between the variables
to be studied become clearer and more directed.
 Technically the research results that are relevant to what will be examined can be
seen from the problems studied, research time, research samples, research methods,
analysis and conclusions. For example, researchers who previously conducted research
on the level of sales of motorized vehicles in East Java, and second researchers in West
Java can use references from the first research.

The steps to be able to describe the theory are:

1. Determine the name of the variable under study, and the number of variables.
2. Look for sources of reading (books, dictionaries, encyclopedias, scientific journals,
research reports, theses, theses, dissertations) as much as possible and relevant to
each variable studied.
3. Look at the table of contents for each book and select topics that are relevant to each
variable to be examined. (For references in the form of research reports, see the title
of the study, the problem, the theory used, the place of research, sample data sources,
data collection techniques, analysis, conclusions and suggestions provided).
4. Look for the definition of each variable to be examined at each reading source,
compare between one source with another source, and select the definition that
corresponds to the research to be conducted.
5. Read the entire contents of the book topic in accordance with the variables to be
studied, do the analysis, ponder and make a formula in your own language about the
contents of each data source that is read.
6. Describe theories that have been read from various sources in written form in their
own language. Reading sources cited or used as a basis for describing theories must
be included.

E. Thinking Framework
Uma Sekaran in his book Business Research, 1992 in (Sugiyono, 2010) suggested
that, the framework of thinking is a conceptual model of how theories relate to various
factors that have been identified as important problems.
A good thinking framework will theoretically explain the interrelation between
variables to be studied. So theoretically it is necessary to explain the relationship between
independent and dependent variables. If there is a moderator and intervening variable in
the study, it also needs to be explained, why that variable was included in the study. The
linkages between these variables are then formulated into the form of a research
paradigm. Therefore, in every preparation of the research paradigm must be based on a
framework of thinking (Sugiyono, 2010: 60)
Thinking framework in a study needs to be stated if in the study regarding two or
more variables. If the research only discusses a variable or more independently, then
what the researcher does besides presenting a theoretical description for each variable, is
 also an argument against variations in the magnitude of the variables studied (Sapto
Haryoko, 1999, in Sugiyono, 2010).
Research with regard to two or more variables, hypotheses in the form of
comparisons and relationships are usually formulated. Therefore, in order to formulate
research hypotheses in the form of relationships and comparisons, it is necessary to put
forward a thinking framework.
Suriasumantri 1986, in (Sugiyono, 2010) suggested that a researcher must master
scientific theories as a basis for argumentation in developing a framework that produces a
hypothesis. This framework of thought is a temporary explanation of the symptoms that
are the object of the problem.
The main criterion so that a framework of thought can convince fellow scientists,
is logical paths of thought in constructing a framework of thinking that produces
conclusions in the form of hypotheses. So the framework of thinking is a synthesis of the
relationship between variables compiled from various theories that have been described.
Based on the theories that have been described, then analyzed critically and
systematically, so as to produce a synthesis of the relationships between the variables
studied. Synthesis of the relationship of these variables, then used to formulate a
hypothesis (Sugiyono, 2010: 60-61).

F. Hypothesis
Formulation of research hypotheses is the third step in research, after researchers
have raised the theoretical basis and framework of thinking. But keep in mind that not
every research must formulate a hypothesis. Explorative and descriptive research often
does not need to formulate a hypothesis.
The hypothesis can be interpreted as a temporary answer to the research problem,
until proven through the data collected (Suharsimi Arikunto, 2010: 110).
The hypothesis is a temporary answer to the formulation of the research problem,
where the research problem formulation has been stated in the form of sentence
questions. It was said temporarily, because the answers given were only based on
relevant theories, not yet based on empirical facts obtained through data collection. So
the hypothesis can also be stated as a theoretical answer to the formulation of a research
problem, not yet an empirical answer (Sugiyono, 2010).
Research that formulates hypotheses is research that uses quantitative approaches.
In qualitative research, hypotheses are not formulated, but rather hypotheses can be
found. Furthermore, the hypothesis will be tested by researchers using a quantitative
approach.
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