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Disinfection is usually synonymous with distribution system. For this reason, the Health
chlorination. That is because chlorine addition is Division requires that chlorination be added when
by far the most common form of disinfection used UV light is used.
today. In this section, the main emphasis will be on
chlorination: how it works, safety, types of chlorine, The third means of disinfection is by far the most
basic chemistry of chlorine and an introduction to commonly used: chemical treatment. This includes
CT values. iodine, ozone and, of course, chlorine.
Powdered chlorine is stable, losing only 3-5% of its NaOCI + H2O HOCI + Na(OH)
strength per year. This means that a water system (sodium hypochlorite) (water) (hypochlorous acid) (sodium hydroxide)
can stock powdered chlorine for longer periods of All three forms of chlorine produce hypochlorous
time than liquid chlorine. In terms of effectiveness, acid (HOCl) when added to water. Hypochlorous
there is no difference between using liquid or acid is a weak acid but a strong disinfecting agent.
powdered chlorine. The amount of hypochlorous acid depends on the
pH and temperature of the water.
Safety and maintenance tips
1. For hypochlorinators: Under normal water conditions, hypochlorous acid
a. Always add chlorine chemical will also chemically react and break down into a
(concentrated liquid or powder) to water, hypochlorite ion (OCl-):
Chlorination Calculations
One of the common questions pertaining to the
introduction of chlorine into a system is how much
Both sides of the equation must match; if you use CF= unknown
ppm for the system chlorine dose (CS), then the feed QF= 10 gpd
concentration (CF) must also be in ppm. Likewise, CS= 0.4 ppm
both the feed flow (QF) and the system flow (QS) QS= 100 gpm (1440 gpm / 1 gpd) = 144,000 gpd
Therefore,
Therefore,
Conditions Affecting Contact Time Using the equation above, the contact time for this
There are two main factors which affect available system for this day is:
contact time: storage capacity and system flow rate. T10S = 50 × (100/120)
Although flow through a treatment plant usually T10S = 41.67 minutes
remains fairly constant, clearwells and reservoirs can
alter the flow rate through the system. Other systems may not have the capability to perform
even one tracer study, in which case theoretical
Ideally, tracer studies should be performed for four numbers must be used (see the table in the baffling
different flow rates. One at average flow, two greater section) that are generally much more conservative.
7. Contact time: The amount of time the 3. Introduction to Water Treatment, Volume 2,
chlorine is in contact with the water before American Water Works Association, 6666
the first customer (usually expressed in Quincy Ave., Denver, Colorado 80235
minutes). Contact time should not be 4. Assessing Unfiltered Water Supplies, David E.
confused with CT. Contact time is one of the Leland and Paul A. Berg, American Water
components used to compute CT. Works Association Journal, January 1988.
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 6 PH = 6.5 PH = 7.0
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 7.5 PH = 8.0 PH = 8.5
0.4 40 79 119 158 198 237 46 92 139 185 231 277 55 110 165 219 274 329
0.6 40 80 120 159 199 239 48 95 143 191 238 286 57 114 171 228 285 342
0.8 41 82 123 164 205 246 49 98 148 197 246 295 59 118 177 236 295 354
1 42 84 127 169 211 253 51 101 I52 203 253 304 61 122 183 243 304 365
1.2 43 86 130 173 216 259 52 104 157 209 261 313 63 125 188 251 313 376
1.4 44 89 133 177 222 266 54 107 161 214 268 321 65 129 194 258 323 387
1.6 46 91 137 182 228 273 55 110 165 219 274 329 66 132 199 265 331 397
1.8 47 93 140 186 233 279 56 113 169 225 282 338 68 136 204 271 339 407
2 48 95 143 191 238 286 58 II5 173 231 288 346 70 139 209 278 348 417
2.2 50 99 149 198 248 297 59 118 177 235 294 353 71 142 213 284 355 426
2.4 50 99 149 199 248 98 60 120 181 241 301 361 73 145 218 90 363 435
2.6 51 101 152 203 253 304 61 123 184 245 307 368 74 148 222 296 370 444
2.8 52 103 I55 207 258 310 63 125 188 250 313 375 75 151 226 301 377 452
3 53 105 I58 211 263 316 64 127 191 255 318 382 77 153 230 307 383 460
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 9.0
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 6 PH = 6.5 PH = 7.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 I.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 7.5 PH = 8.0 PH = 8.5
0.4 28 55 83 111 138 166 33 66 99 132 165 198 39 79 118 157 197 236
0.6 29 57 86 114 143 171 34 68 102 136 170 204 41 81 122 163 203 244
0.8 29 58 88 117 146 175 35 70 105 140 175 210 42 84 126 168 210 252
1 30 60 90 119 149 179 36 72 108 144 180 216 43 87 130 173 217 260
1.2 31 61 92 122 153 183 37 74 111 147 184 221 45 89 134 178 223 267
1.4 31 62 94 125 156 187 38 76 114 151 189 227 46 91 137 183 228 274
1.6 32 64 96 128 160 192 39 77 116 155 193 232 47 94 141 187 234 281
1.8 33 65 98 131 163 196 40 79 119 159 198 238 48 96 144 191 239 287
2 33 67 100 133 167 200 41 81 122 162 203 243 49 98 147 196 245 294
2.2 34 68 102 136 170 204 41 83 124 165 207 248 50 100 150 200 250 300
2.4 35 70 105 139 174 209 42 84 127 169 211 253 51 102 153 204 255 306
2.6 36 71 107 142 178 213 43 86 129 172 215 258 52 104 156 208 260 312
2.8 36 72 109 145 181 217 44 88 132 175 219 263 53 106 159 212 265 318
3 37 74 111 147 184 221 45 89 134 179 223 268 54 108 162 216 270 324
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 9.0
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 6 PH = 6.5 PH = 7.0
0.4 12 24 37 49 61 73 15 29 44 59 73 88 17 35 52 69 87 104
0.6 13 25 38 50 63 75 15 30 45 60 75 90 18 36 54 71 89 107
0.8 13 26 39 52 65 78 15 31 46 61 77 92 18 37 55 73 92 110
1 13 26 40 53 66 79 16 31 47 63 78 94 19 37 56 75 93 112
1.2 13 27 40 53 67 80 16 32 48 63 79 95 19 38 57 76 95 114
1.4 14 27 41 55 68 82 16 33 49 65 82 98 19 39 58 77 97 116
1.6 14 28 42 55 69 83 17 33 50 66 83 99 20 40 60 79 99 119
1.8 14 29 43 57 72 86 17 34 51 67 84 101 20 41 61 81 102 122
2 15 29 44 58 73 87 17 35 52 69 87 104 21 41 62 83 103 124
2.2 15 30 45 59 74 89 18 35 53 70 88 105 21 42 64 85 106 127
2.4 15 30 45 60 75 90 18 36 54 71 89 107 22 43 65 86 108 129
2.6 15 31 46 61 77 92 18 37 55 73 92 110 22 44 66 87 109 131
2.8 16 31 47 62 78 93 19 37 56 74 93 111 22 45 67 89 112 134
3 16 32 48 63 79 95 19 38 57 75 94 113 23 46 69 91 114 137
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 7.5 PH = 8.0 PH = 8.5
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 9.0
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 6 PH = 6.5 PH = 7.0
0.4 8 16 25 33 41 49 10 20 30 39 49 59 12 23 35 47 58 70
0.6 8 17 25 33 42 50 10 20 30 40 50 60 12 24 36 48 60 72
0.8 9 17 26 35 43 52 10 20 31 41 51 61 12 24 37 49 61 73
1 9 18 27 35 44 53 11 21 32 42 53 63 13 25 38 50 63 75
1.2 9 18 27 36 45 54 11 21 32 43 53 64 13 25 38 51 63 76
1.4 9 18 28 37 46 55 11 22 33 43 54 65 13 26 39 52 65 78
1.6 9 19 28 37 47 56 11 22 33 44 55 66 13 26 40 53 66 79
1.8 10 19 29 38 48 57 11 23 34 45 57 68 14 27 41 54 68 81
2 10 19 29 39 49 58 12 23 35 46 58 69 14 28 42 55 69 83
2.2 10 20 30 39 50 59 12 23 35 47 58 70 14 28 43 57 71 85
2.4 10 20 30 40 51 60 12 24 36 48 60 72 14 29 43 57 72 86
2.6 10 20 31 41 51 61 12 24 37 49 61 73 15 29 44 59 73 88
2.8 10 21 31 41 52 62 12 25 37 49 62 74 15 30 45 59 74 89
3 11 21 32 42 53 63 13 25 38 51 63 76 15 30 46 61 76 91
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 7.5 PH = 8.0 PH = 8.5
0.4 14 28 42 55 69 83 17 33 50 66 83 99 20 39 59 79 98 118
0.6 14 29 43 57 72 86 17 34 51 68 85 102 20 41 61 81 102 122
0.8 15 29 44 59 73 88 18 35 53 70 88 105 21 42 63 84 105 126
1 15 30 45 60 75 90 18 36 54 72 90 108 22 43 65 87 108 130
1.2 15 31 46 61 77 92 19 37 56 74 93 111 22 45 67 89 112 134
1.4 16 31 47 63 78 94 19 38 57 76 95 114 23 46 69 91 114 137
1.6 16 32 48 64 80 96 19 39 58 77 97 116 24 47 71 94 118 141
1.8 16 33 49 65 82 98 20 40 60 79 99 119 24 48 72 96 120 144
2 17 33 50 67 83 100 20 41 61 81 102 122 25 49 74 98 123 147
2.2 17 34 51 68 85 102 21 41 62 83 103 124 25 50 75 100 125 150
2.4 18 35 53 70 88 105 21 42 64 85 106 127 26 51 M 102 128 153
2.6 18 36 54 71 89 107 22 43 65 86 108 129 26 52 78 104 130 156
2.8 18 36 55 73 91 109 22 44 66 88 110 132 27 53 80 106 133 159
3 19 37 56 74 93 111 22 45 67 89 112 134 27 54 81 108 135 162
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 9.0
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 6 PH = 6.5 PH = 7.0
0.4 6 12 18 24 30 36 7 15 22 29 37 44 9 17 26 35 43 52
0.6 6 13 19 25 32 38 8 15 23 30 38 45 9 18 27 36 45 54
0.8 7 13 20 26 33 39 8 15 23 31 38 46 9 18 28 37 46 55
1 7 13 20 26 33 39 8 16 24 31 39 47 9 19 28 37 47 56
1.2 7 13 20 27 33 40 8 16 24 32 40 48 10 19 29 38 48 57
1.4 7 14 21 27 34 41 8 16 25 33 41 49 10 19 29 39 48 58
1.6 7 14 21 28 35 42 8 17 25 33 42 50 10 20 30 39 49 59
1.8 7 14 22 29 36 43 9 17 26 34 43 51 10 20 31 41 51 61
2 7 15 22 29 37 44 9 17 26 35 43 52 10 21 31 41 52 62
2.2 8 15 22 29 37 44 9 18 27 35 44 53 11 21 32 42 53 63
2.4 8 15 23 30 38 45 9 18 27 36 45 54 11 22 33 43 54 65
2.6 8 15 23 31 38 46 9 18 28 37 46 55 11 22 33 44 55 66
2.8 8 16 24 31 39 47 9 19 28 37 47 56 11 22 34 45 56 67
3 8 16 24 31 39 47 10 19 29 38 48 57 11 23 34 45 57 68
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 7.5 PH = 8.0 PH = 8.5
0.4 10 21 31 41 52 62 12 25 37 49 62 74 15 30 45 59 74 89
0.6 11 21 32 43 53 64 13 26 39 51 64 77 15 31 46 61 77 92
0.8 11 22 33 44 55 66 13 26 40 53 66 79 16 32 48 63 79 95
1 11 22 34 45 56 67 14 27 41 54 68 81 16 33 49 65 82 98
1.2 12 23 35 46 58 69 14 28 42 55 69 83 17 33 50 67 83 100
1.4 12 23 35 47 58 70 14 28 43 57 71 85 17 34 52 69 86 103
1.6 12 24 36 48 60 72 15 29 44 58 73 87 18 35 53 70 88 105
1.8 12 25 37 49 62 74 15 30 45 59 74 89 18 36 54 72 90 108
2 13 25 38 50 63 75 15 30 46 61 76 91 18 37 55 73 92 110
2.2 13 26 39 51 64 77 16 31 47 62 78 93 19 38 57 75 94 113
2.4 13 26 39 52 65 78 16 32 48 63 79 95 19 38 58 77 96 115
2.6 13 27 40 53 67 80 16 32 49 65 81 97 20 39 59 78 98 117
2.8 14 27 41 54 68 81 17 33 50 66 83 99 20 40 60 79 99 119
3 14 28 42 55 69 83 17 34 51 67 84 101 20 41 61 81 102 122
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 9.0
0.4 18 35 53 70 88 105
0.6 18 36 55 73 91 109
0.8 19 38 57 75 94 113 Note: CT = CT for 3-log inactivation, or 99.9% removal
1 20 39 59 78 98 117
1.2 20 40 60 80 100 120
1.4 21 41 62 82 103 123
1.6 21 42 63 84 105 126
1.8 22 43 65 86 108 129
2 22 44 66 88 110 132
2.2 23 45 68 90 113 135
2.4 23 46 69 92 115 138
2.6 24 47 71 94 118 141
2.8 24 48 72 95 119 143
3 24 49 73 97 122 146
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 6 PH = 6.5 PH = 7.0
0.4 4 8 12 16 20 24 5 10 15 19 24 29 6 12 18 23 29 35
0.6 4 8 13 17 21 25 5 10 15 20 25 30 6 12 18 24 30 36
0.8 4 9 13 17 22 26 5 10 16 21 26 31 6 12 19 25 31 37
1 4 9 13 17 22 26 5 10 16 21 26 31 6 12 19 25 31 37
12 5 9 14 18 23 27 5 11 16 21 27 32 6 13 19 25 32 38
1.4 5 9 14 18 23 27 6 11 17 22 28 33 7 13 20 26 33 39
1.6 5 9 14 19 23 28 6 11 17 22 28 33 7 13 20 27 33 40
1.8 5 10 15 19 24 29 6 11 17 23 28 34 7 14 21 27 34 41
2 5 10 15 19 24 29 6 12 18 23 29 35 7 14 21 27 34 41
2.2 5 10 15 20 25 30 6 12 18 23 29 35 7 14 21 28 35 42
2.4 5 10 15 20 25 30 6 12 18 24 30 36 7 14 22 29 36 43
2.6 5 10 16 21 26 31 6 12 19 25 31 37 7 15 22 29 37 44
2.8 5 10 16 21 26 31 6 12 19 25 31 37 8 15 23 30 38 45
3 5 11 16 2 27 32 6 13 19 25 32 38 8 15 23 31 38 46
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 7.5 PH = 8.0 PH = 8.5
0.4 7 14 21 28 35 42 8 17 25 33 42 50 10 20 30 39 49 59
0.6 7 14 22 29 36 43 9 17 26 34 43 51 10 20 31 41 51 61
0.8 7 15 22 29 37 44 9 18 27 35 44 53 11 21 32 42 53 63
1 8 15 23 30 38 45 9 18 27 36 45 54 11 22 33 43 54 65
1.2 8 15 23 31 38 46 9 18 28 37 46 55 11 22 34 45 56 67
1.4 8 16 24 31 39 47 10 19 29 38 48 57 12 23 35 46 58 69
1.6 8 16 24 32 40 48 10 19 29 39 48 58 12 23 35 47 58 70
1.8 8 16 25 33 41 49 10 20 30 40 50 60 12 24 36 48 60 72
2 8 17 25 33 42 50 10 20 31 41 51 61 12 25 37 49 62 74
2.2 9 17 26 34 43 51 10 21 31 41 52 62 13 25 38 50 63 75
2.4 9 17 26 35 43 52 11 21 32 42 53 63 13 26 39 51 64 77
2.6 9 18 27 35 44 53 11 22 33 43 54 65 13 26 39 52 65 78
2.8 9 18 27 36 45 54 11 22 33 44 55 66 13 27 40 53 67 80
3 9 18 28 37 46 55 11 22 34 45 56 67 14 27 41 54 68 81
Chlorine
Concentration PH < 9.0
0.4 12 23 35 47 58 70
0.6 12 24 37 49 61 73
0.8 13 25 38 50 63 75 Note: CT = CT for 3-log inactivation, or 99.9% removal
1 13 26 39 52 65 78
1.2 13 27 40 53 67 80
1.4 14 27 41 55 68 82
1.6 14 28 42 56 70 84
1.8 14 29 43 57 72 86
2 15 29 44 59 73 88
2.2 15 30 45 60 75 90
2.4 15 31 46 61 77 92
2.6 16 31 47 63 78 94
2.8 16 32 48 64 80 96
3 16 32 49 65 81 97