ADVANCED REINFORCED CONCRETE

BS 8110-1:1997

Chapter 07 – Lesson 01 Abstract

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F. M. M Abdullah
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

CHAPTER 07 – LESSON 01
INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN OF BEAMS

7.1 INTRODUCTION

Reinforced concrete beam design consists primarily of producing member details which will adequately
resist the ultimate bending moments, shear forces and torsional moments. At the same time
serviceability requirements must be considered to ensure that the member will behave satisfactory under
working loads. There are three basic step involves in design of beams
1. Preliminary analysis and member sizing
2. Detailed analysis and design reinforcement
3. Serviceability calculations
Beam in reinforced concrete structures can be defined according to
1. Cross section
2. Position of reinforcement
3. Support condition

7.2 ABBREVIATIONS

As Area of steel section

Ac Area of concrete section
Asv Area of transverse reinforcement per unit length of beam
Be Total effective width of concrete flange
bf Effective breath of concrete flange, one side of steel beam
M Bending Moment
Mu Moment Capacity
bw Breath of concrete rib
D Depth of steel section
fcu Characteristic cube strength of concrete
fy Characteristic strength of reinforcement
h Overall height of rib
L Length of span

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 1
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

7.3 TYPES OF BEAM ACCORDING TO CROSS SECTION

1. Rectangular beams
2. Flanged “T” beam
3. Flanged “L” beam

Fig 01: Rectangular beam

Fig 02: Flanged “T” and “L” Beam

Fig 03: Notation for Flanged Beam

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 2
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

Positioned of beams
Rectangular beam At supports (Hogging moments at top surface)

Flanged “T” beam At centers, mid spans

Flanged “l” Beam At center spans edges of the slab

When reinforced concrete slabs re cast integrally with the supporting beams they may contribute to the
compressive strength of the beams during flexure. When subject to sagging moments the resulting beam
cross section is either T- section or L- section, where the top surface is in compression. Both types of beam
are referred to as flanged beam. When subjected to hogging moments the top surface is subject to tension
or beam is provided without slab (only the structural beam) hence the beams are designed as rectangular
beam.

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 3
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

7.4 TYPES OF BEAM ACCORDING TO POSITIONED OF REINFORCEMENT

 Singly Reinforcement Beam

Simply reinforced section is the steel reinforcement that is provided only at the tension zone. The form of
section, stress distribution and forces on a section are as
Where K < K’ or when M does not exceed Mu
 Where Mu is known as the ultimate moment of resistance for singly reinforced section.
 The equation above may be used to calculate the area of reinforcement required if the bending
moment is known.
 One important conclusion is that if the bending moment, M applied is less than Mu, the section
requires tension reinforcement in the tension zone. This is called singly reinforced section.

Fig; Singly Reinforced Beam

 Doubly Reinforcement Beam
Doubly reinforced section is the steel reinforcement that is provided only at the tension zone. The form of
section, stress distribution and forces on a section are as
Where K > K’ or when M exceed Mu
Mu = 0.156fcubd2

If the bending moment, M to be carried by the section is greater than Mu, steel reinforcement is to be
provided in the compression zone to resist the resultant moment. The stress-strain distribution and the
forces acting in a doubly reinforced rectangular section is shown in Figure 4.3 below:

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 4
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

Fig; Doubly Reinforced Beam

7.5 TYPES OF BEAM ACCORDING TO SUPPORT CONDITION

1. Simply supported beam

2. Continuous beam
3. Cantilever beam
4. Overhanging beam
5. Fix ended beams etc…

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 5
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

7.6 EFFECTIVE SPANS OF BEAMS

 Simply Supported Beam (Cl 3.4.1.2)

The effective span of simply supported beam may be taken as the smaller of the distance between the
centers of bearing or clear distance between supports plus the effective depth

𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛{𝑙 ′ , (𝑙𝑜 + 𝑑)}

2
𝑊𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡 =
8
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 = {4800, (4500 + 420)}
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 = {4800, (4500 + 420)}
Therefore, select 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 4720 𝑚𝑚

 Continuous Beam (Cl 3.4.1.3)

𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 = centers of supports

The effective span of a continuous member should be taken as the distance between centers of supports.
The centers of action of support at encastre end should be taken to be at half the effective depth from the
face of the support

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 6
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

When beam is supported on a shear wall or large column both ends of the beams are referred as encastre
end

𝑑
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑙𝑜 +
2

 Cantilever Beam (Cl 3.4.1.4)

The effective length of a cantilever beam should be taken as its length to the face of the support plus half
its effective depth

𝑑
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑙𝑜 +
2

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 7
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

7.7 EFFECTIVE WIDTH OF FLANGED BEAM

Effective width of flanged beam

𝑙𝑧⁄
For T-beam: (𝑏𝑤 + 5)
𝑙
For L-beams: (𝑏𝑤 + 𝑧⁄10)

𝑙𝑧 is the distance between points of zero moment (which for a continuous beam, may be taken as 0.7 times
the effective span)
Notes;
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Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 8
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

7.8 INITIAL DESIGN OF A BEAM

The preliminary analysis need only provide the maximum moments and shear forces in order to ascertain
reasonable dimensions. Beam dimension required are
1. Cover to reinforcement
2. Breath (b)
3. Effective depth (d)
4. Overall height (h)

For the effective beam, design h should be approximately (1.5-2.5) times b

ℎ = (1.5 − 2.5)𝑏
Suitable dimensions for “b” and “d£ can be decided by a few trial calculations as follows

 Breath of a beam
𝑉
Shear stress 𝑣 = 𝑏𝑑 and 𝑣 should never exceed 𝑣 < 0.8√𝑓𝑐𝑢 𝑜𝑟 5 𝑁⁄ whichever is lesser. To avoid
𝑚𝑚2
congested shear reinforcement, and for effective design, 𝑣 shall be in about ½ of the maximum allowable
value (Approximately 2 N/mm2)

 Depth of a beam
Deflection criteria
The span to effective depth ratio for span <= 10 should be with the basic values give according the SSE
(UK) design manual (page 16, Table 4)
cantilever 6
Simply supported 12
Continuous 15

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 9
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

7.9 DESIGN OF A BEAM

Consider an unreinforced concrete beam of rectangular cross-section, which is simply supported at the
ends and carries a distributed load, as shown in figure

The beam will deflect due to the bending moments and shear forces induced by the applied loadings.
Resulting in a curved shape as indicated in below figure

Clearly if the ends of the beam are assumed to remain perpendicular to the longitudinal axis, then the
material above this axis must be in compression, whilst that below it must be in tension. Since the strain
in the material is directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis (see Chapter 1, Figure 1.41),
flexural tensile cracking will begin at the extreme bottom fibres and extend towards the neutral axis, as
shown in below Figure

The inverted ‘V’ shape is characteristic of flexural cracking in concrete. In addition to the tensile stresses
caused by flexure, diagonal tensile stresses are induced by the shear forces, as shown in below Figure 5

Since cracks develop in a direction perpendicular to that of the tensile stresses, diagonal shear cracking
appears in regions of high shear stress, as shown in Figure

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 10
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

In addition to cracking caused by directly applied loads cracking can also occur due to factors such as
settlement of the supports, temperature variations and/or shrinkage strains. The cracking caused by
flexure in the unreinforced beam in Figure 5.1 produces tensile failure at a very low value of w. Only 10%
of the compressive strength capacity of the beam is being utilized. The introduction of steel reinforcement
bars in the tension zone of the beam (steel has a very high tensile strength compared to concrete, typically
460 N/mm2) enables the applied load w to be increased considerably until the beam fails by yielding of
the steel in the bottom in tension and crushing of the concrete in the top fibres in compression, as shown
in below Figure. Note that the neutral axis at failure has moved to a position nearer the top of the beam

The amount of reinforcement steel required at any given section is dependent on the value of the
bending moment at that point. The cracking caused by shear in an unreinforced beam is prevented by
providing shear links (also known as stirrups), as shown in below Figure , which ensure that steel
reinforcement is present to resist the diagonal tension

In addition to flexural and shear strength requirements it is necessary to ensure that elements have
sufficient stiffness to avoid excessive cracking or deflection and possess other properties such as
adequate durability and fire resistance. Each of these requirements is considered in detail in further
sections of this chapter.

Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 11
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

ADDITIONAL NOTES

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Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 12
 Chapter 07 – Lesson 01 REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN TO BS 8110-1:1997

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Prepared By:
F. M. M Abdullah
B.Tech (Civil Eng) (Hons) (OUSL), MSc (Structural) (Reading), AMIE(SL)
pg. 13