EEE 107

Lecture 5
Linear Continuous-Wave Modulation

2s1415 Revision 18 March 2015

 Linear CW Modulation
• Modulation
– Systematic alteration of one waveform (carrier) according
to the message (modulating signal)
• Linear CW Modulation
– Amplitude Modulation (AM)
– Message varies the amplitude of the carrier
– Direct frequency translation of the message spectrum
– Upconversion (or downconversion)

2
 Analog Message
• Conventions for the message 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
– 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 is an arbitrary waveform
– Normalized magnitude such that 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 1
– Average power 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 1
– 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 is strictly bandlimited to 𝑊𝑊, i.e. 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 = 0, 𝑓𝑓 > 𝑊𝑊
• 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 is technically a random process
– For convenience, we look at it as if its deterministic
– For more convenience, we consider a sinusoidal 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡

3
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 143.
 Tone Modulation
• Sinusoidal or tone modulation
𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 , 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 ≤ 1
• Multi-tone modulation
𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴1 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓1 𝑡𝑡 + 𝐴𝐴2 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓2 𝑡𝑡 + ⋯ ,

� 𝐴𝐴𝑛𝑛 ≤ 1 → 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 ≤1
𝑛𝑛
– Used to reveal non-linear characteristics of the system

4
Linear Continuous-Wave
Modulation
Bandpass Signals

5
 Bandpass Signals
• Let 𝑣𝑣𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 be a bandpass signal
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓 = 0, 𝑓𝑓 < 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 − 𝑊𝑊, 𝑓𝑓 > 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑊𝑊
𝑣𝑣𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡
– No spectral content outside a band of width 𝑊𝑊
– Amplitude or envelope 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 , phase 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 can vary with 𝑡𝑡
– Note: 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 ≥ 0

6
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 144.
 Quadrature-Carrier Description
• Envelope-phase description
𝑣𝑣𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡
• Quadrature-carrier description
𝑣𝑣𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 cos 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 sin 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡
– In-phase and quadrature components

7
 Lowpass Equivalent Spectrum
• From the quadrature-carrier description,
𝑣𝑣𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
1 𝑗𝑗
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑉𝑉𝑞𝑞 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 − 𝑉𝑉𝑞𝑞 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
2 2
• Lowpass equivalent spectrum
1
𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑗𝑗𝑉𝑉𝑞𝑞 𝑓𝑓
2
= 𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
• Lowpass equivalent signal
1 1
𝑣𝑣𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡
2 2

8
 Lowpass Equivalent Spectrum
• Bandpass spectrum

• Lowpass equivalent spectrum

9
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 144, 146.
Lowpass-Bandpass Transformation
• Lowpass-to-bandpass in time domain
𝑣𝑣𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 = Re 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡+𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡
1
= 2Re 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑡𝑡
2
= 2Re 𝑣𝑣𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡
• Lowpass-to-bandpass in frequency domain
∗
𝑉𝑉𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 −𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
– Hermitian symmetry must be maintained

10
 Bandpass Transmission
• For the system with transfer function 𝐻𝐻𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓 ,
𝑌𝑌𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝐻𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓 𝑋𝑋𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓
• Lowpass equivalent transfer function
𝐻𝐻𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝐻𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
𝑌𝑌𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝐻𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 𝑋𝑋𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓
– Analyze bandpass system using lowpass equivalent
• Note:
𝑦𝑦𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 2Re 𝑦𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑦𝑦𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡 = 2Im 𝑦𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡
𝐴𝐴𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = 2 𝑦𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 , 𝜙𝜙𝑦𝑦 𝑡𝑡 = ∠𝑦𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡

11
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 148.
Linear Continuous-Wave
Modulation
Double-Sideband Amplitude Modulation

12
 AM Signal
• Amplitude Modulated (AM) envelope
𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡
– 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐  Unmodulated carrier amplitude
– 𝜇𝜇  Modulation index
• Complete AM signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 cos 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 sin 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 = 0
– No time-varying phase  No quadrature component
– Note: 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ≫ 𝑊𝑊
13
 Modulation Index
• Can also be expressed as a percentage
• If 𝜇𝜇 ≤ 1 (less than or equal to 100%),
– 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡 does not go negative
• If 𝜇𝜇 = 1 (equal to 100%),
– 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 varies between 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 0 and 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
• If 𝜇𝜇 > 1,
– 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 may go negative  Overmodulation
– Message is not transmitted properly?

14
 AM Signal
• Envelope 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡

• AM signal 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 , 𝜇𝜇 < 1

– 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 extracted through an
envelope detector

• AM signal 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 , 𝜇𝜇 > 1

– Overmodulation
– Not as simple to demodulate
15
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 153.
 AM Spectrum
• Given the AM signal 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ,
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
= 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
1 𝜇𝜇
𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝛿𝛿 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 , 𝑓𝑓 > 0
2 2
– 𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 at 𝑓𝑓 < 0 is the Hermitian image

Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 154.

BW 16
 Average Power
• For the AM signal, the average transmitted power is
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 = 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐2 𝑡𝑡
= 𝐴𝐴2𝑐𝑐 1 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡 2 cos2 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
2 2 2
1 + cos 4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
= 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 + 2𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜇𝜇 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
2
𝐴𝐴2𝑐𝑐
= 1 + 2𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜇𝜇2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑡𝑡
2
𝐴𝐴2𝑐𝑐
+ 1 + 2𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜇𝜇2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑡𝑡 cos 4𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
2
– 2nd term averages to zero since 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ≫ 𝑊𝑊

17
 Average Power
• Continuing on the assumptions:
𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 =0
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥

𝐴𝐴2𝑐𝑐
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 = 1 + 2𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜇𝜇2 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑡𝑡
2
𝐴𝐴2𝑐𝑐
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 = 1 + 𝜇𝜇2 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 + 2𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
2
– Unmodulated carrier power, 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐
– Power per sideband, 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠

18
 Average Power
• Unmodulated carrier power, 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐
𝐴𝐴2𝑐𝑐
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 =
2
• Power per sideband, 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 (there are 2 sidebands)
𝐴𝐴2𝑐𝑐 2
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝜇𝜇 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥
4
• If we keep 𝜇𝜇 ≤ 1 so no overmodulation,
2
1
𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡 ≤ 1 → 𝜇𝜇 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1 → 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ≤ 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐
2
1 1
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 − 2𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ≥ 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 → 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ≤ 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 Good or bad?
2 4

19
 Average Power
• AM signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
1 𝜇𝜇
𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝛿𝛿 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 , 𝑓𝑓 > 0
2 2
– Carrier power 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 is more than half of 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇
– Carrier does not contain information
– More than half of 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 is wasted
• How to make AM more efficient?
– Remove the carrier completely
– Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) modulation

20
Linear Continuous-Wave
Modulation
Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier
Modulation

21
 DSB-SC Modulation
• DSB-SC signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
• DSB-SC spectrum
1
𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 , 𝑓𝑓 > 0
2
– 𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 at 𝑓𝑓 < 0 is the Hermitian image
– Similar to normal AM but no impulse at 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
– Bandwidth is still 2𝑊𝑊

22
 DSB-SC Modulation
• DSB-SC signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡

𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
0, 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 > 0
𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡 = �
±180°, 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 < 0 Phase reversal

Cannot be recovered by
an envelope detector
23
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 155.
 Average Power
• Solving for the average transmitted power,
1 2 1 2
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 = 2𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 , 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥
2 4
• Peak envelope power
𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 → 𝐴𝐴2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝐴𝐴2𝑐𝑐
– Maximum instantaneous power of envelope
• Sideband power to peak envelope power ratio
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥
2 =
𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 4
– Note: For AM 𝜇𝜇 = 1, 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 2𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 so 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 ⁄𝐴𝐴2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 ⁄16
– More efficient but envelope detector not applicable

24
 AM: Example
• Consider a radio transmitter rated for 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 ≤ 3 kW
and 𝐴𝐴2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 ≤ 8 kW.
• 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 is a sinusoid with 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 = 1.
• If modulation is DSB-SC, what is the maximum power
per sideband allowed?
• Compare this with AM at 𝜇𝜇 = 1.

25
 AM: Example
• If modulation is DSB-SC, what is the maximum power
per sideband allowed?
• Solving for 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥
𝐴𝐴2𝑚𝑚 1
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 = =
2 2
• Using the 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 rating
1
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 ≤ 1.5 kW
2
• Using the 𝐴𝐴2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 rating
1 2
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
4

26
 AM: Example
• Compare this with AM.
• Using the 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 rating
𝐴𝐴2𝑐𝑐
𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 =
2
𝐴𝐴2𝑐𝑐 2 𝐴𝐴2𝑐𝑐
𝜇𝜇 = 1 → 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝜇𝜇 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 =
4 8
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 = 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐 + 2𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 6𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇
𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = ≤ 0.5 kW
6

27
 AM: Example
• Compare this with AM.
• Using the 𝐴𝐴2𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 rating
𝑨𝑨𝟐𝟐𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎
𝑷𝑷𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 = 𝑺𝑺𝒙𝒙 ≤ 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐 𝐤𝐤𝐤𝐤
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

28
Linear Continuous-Wave
Modulation
Suppressed-Sideband Amplitude
Modulation

29
 SSB Modulation
• DSB-SC modulation
– No carrier
– Two sidebands
• How to make DSB-SC more efficient?
– Sidebands are just mirror images of each other
– One sideband already contains all the information
– Remove or suppress one sideband
– Single-Sideband (SSB) modulation or Vestigial Sideband
(VSB) modulation

30
 SSB Modulation

BW

BW 31
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 164.
 SSB Modulation
• Bandwidth
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑊𝑊
• Average transmitted power
1 2
𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 = 𝑃𝑃𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥
4
• Frequency representation is obvious
• Time domain representation is not that simple
– Let’s make it easy (for now), use tone modulation

32
 SSB with Tone Modulation
• Tone-modulated DSB-SC signal
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
1
= 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 + 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡 + cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 − 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡
2
• Tone-modulated SSB signal
1
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑚𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝜋 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 ± 𝑓𝑓𝑚𝑚 𝑡𝑡
2
– + for USSB, − for LSSB
– Note: Envelope detection will not work  Why not?

33
 SSB with Arbitrary 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
• Sideband filter is a bandpass system
• Input DSB-SC to sideband filter
𝑥𝑥𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
• Output of sideband filter
𝑦𝑦𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
• Let’s apply the lowpass equivalent

34
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 164.
 SSB with Arbitrary 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
• Recall: Lowpass equivalent
𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 cos 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 sin 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡
1
𝑣𝑣𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑗𝑗𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡
2
• Applying the lowpass equivalent to 𝑥𝑥𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 ,
𝑥𝑥𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝜙𝜙 𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡 = 0
1 1
𝑥𝑥𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑋𝑋𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓
2 2
35
 SSB with Arbitrary 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
• Sideband filter for USSB and LSSB
𝐻𝐻𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝐻𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
1
𝐻𝐻𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 = 1 ± sgn 𝑓𝑓 , 𝑓𝑓 ≤ 𝑊𝑊
2

𝐻𝐻𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑊𝑊

𝐻𝐻𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓 + 𝑊𝑊 − 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓
36
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 166.
 SSB with Arbitrary 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
• Solving for 𝑦𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 ,
𝑌𝑌𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐻𝐻𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 𝑋𝑋𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓
1 1
= 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 ± sgn 𝑓𝑓 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 ± sgn 𝑓𝑓 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓
4 4
• Recall: Hilbert transform, 𝑥𝑥� 𝑡𝑡
𝑋𝑋� 𝑓𝑓 = −𝑗𝑗 sgn 𝑓𝑓 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓

1
𝑌𝑌𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 ± 𝑗𝑗𝑋𝑋� 𝑓𝑓
4
1
𝑦𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 ± 𝑗𝑗𝑥𝑥� 𝑡𝑡
4

37
 SSB with Arbitrary 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡
• Lowpass-to-bandpass transformation
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑦𝑦𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 = 2 Re 𝑦𝑦𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡
1
= 2 Re 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 ± 𝑗𝑗𝑥𝑥� 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐𝑡𝑡
4
1
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ∓ 𝑥𝑥� 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
2
• Recall: Quadrature-carrier description
𝑣𝑣𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑣𝑣𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
1 1
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = ± 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥� 𝑡𝑡
2 2
𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 = 1⁄2 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑥𝑥� 2 𝑡𝑡

38
 SSB: Example
• Is it possible to apply SSB modulation to a
rectangular pulse message?

39
 SSB: Example
• Is it possible to apply SSB modulation to a
rectangular pulse message?
𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜏𝜏
1 1 ∞ 𝑥𝑥 𝜆𝜆
𝑥𝑥� 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 ∗ = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋 −∞ 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜆𝜆
• When 0 < 𝑡𝑡 < 𝜏𝜏⁄2,
1 𝜏𝜏 𝐴𝐴 1 2𝑡𝑡 𝐴𝐴 1 𝜏𝜏 𝐴𝐴
𝑥𝑥� 𝑡𝑡 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋 0 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜆𝜆 𝜋𝜋 0 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜆𝜆 𝜋𝜋 2𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜆𝜆
𝐴𝐴
= ln −𝑡𝑡 − ln 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜏𝜏
𝜋𝜋

40
 SSB: Example
• Is it possible to apply SSB modulation to a
rectangular pulse message?
• When 𝜏𝜏⁄2 < 𝑡𝑡 < 𝜏𝜏,
1 𝜏𝜏 𝐴𝐴 1 2𝑡𝑡−𝜏𝜏 𝐴𝐴 1 𝜏𝜏 𝐴𝐴
𝑥𝑥� 𝑡𝑡 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜋𝜋 0 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜆𝜆 𝜋𝜋 0 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜆𝜆 𝜋𝜋 2𝑡𝑡−𝜏𝜏 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜆𝜆
𝐴𝐴
= ln −𝑡𝑡 − ln 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜏𝜏
𝜋𝜋
• When 𝑡𝑡 < 0 or 𝑡𝑡 > 𝜏𝜏,
1 𝜏𝜏 𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥� 𝑡𝑡 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = ln
𝜋𝜋 0 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜆𝜆 𝜋𝜋 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜏𝜏

41
 SSB: Example
• Is it possible to apply SSB modulation to a
rectangular pulse message?
• SSB signal
1
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 ∓ 𝑥𝑥� 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
2

42
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 123.
 VSB Modulation
• AM and DSB-SC has large BW (2𝑊𝑊)
– Good low frequency response
• SSB has least BW (𝑊𝑊)
– Poor low frequency response in practical systems
• Vestigial Sideband (VSB) Modulation
– One sideband is kept, only trace of other sideband is kept
– Compromise between BW and low frequency response
– Filtered DSB-SC (or AM) signal

43
 VSB Modulation
• Vestigial sideband filter

– Odd symmetry about 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 , where 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 = 1⁄2

– Transition width 2𝛽𝛽 (becomes SSB when 𝛽𝛽 ≪ 𝑊𝑊)
– Transmission bandwidth: 𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑊𝑊 + 𝛽𝛽

44
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 170.
 VSB Modulation
• Vestigial sideband filter
𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 − 𝐻𝐻𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 , 𝑓𝑓 > 0

– Note: 𝐻𝐻𝛽𝛽 −𝑓𝑓 = −𝐻𝐻𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓 and 𝐻𝐻𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓 = 0, 𝑓𝑓 > 𝛽𝛽

45
Carlson. Introduction to Communication Systems. 4th ed. p. 170.
 VSB Modulation
• In the time domain,
1
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑥𝑥𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
2
• The quadrature component, 𝑥𝑥𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡
𝑥𝑥𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥� 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑥𝑥𝛽𝛽 𝑡𝑡
𝛽𝛽
𝑥𝑥𝛽𝛽 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑗𝑗𝑗 � 𝐻𝐻𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
−𝛽𝛽
• Transmitted power
1 2 1 2
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝑆𝑆𝑇𝑇 ≤ 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥
4 2
– Between DSB-SC and SSB

46
 VSB Modulation
• In case you’re interested,
𝑤𝑤 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
𝑊𝑊 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 , 𝑓𝑓 > 0
2
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
𝑋𝑋𝑐𝑐 𝑓𝑓 = 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐻𝐻 𝑓𝑓
2
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
= 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 − 𝐻𝐻𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
2
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
= 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 − 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐻𝐻𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
2 2
SSB This is new
1 Let’s call this 𝑉𝑉 𝑓𝑓
𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑥𝑥� 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
2 𝑐𝑐
47
 VSB Modulation
• For 𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 ,
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
𝑉𝑉 𝑓𝑓 = − 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝐻𝐻𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓 − 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐
2
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
𝑉𝑉𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑓 = − 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 𝐻𝐻𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓
2
𝛽𝛽
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝑣𝑣𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 = − � 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 𝐻𝐻𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑  Purely imaginary
2 −𝛽𝛽
(because of 𝐻𝐻𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓 )
𝑣𝑣 𝑡𝑡 = Re 𝑣𝑣𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝛽𝛽 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
= 2 Re − � 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 𝐻𝐻𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑒𝑒 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
2 −𝛽𝛽
𝛽𝛽
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
=− 𝑗𝑗𝑗 � 𝑋𝑋 𝑓𝑓 𝐻𝐻𝛽𝛽 𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑐𝑐 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
2 −𝛽𝛽
𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐
= − 𝑥𝑥𝛽𝛽 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
2
• Anyway…

48
 VSB Plus Carrier
• AM signal applied to a vestigial sideband filter
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡 cos 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 − 𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡 sin 2𝜋𝜋𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡
• In-phase component
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡
• Quadrature component
𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡
• Envelope
2 1⁄2
2 2 1⁄2 𝜇𝜇𝑥𝑥𝑞𝑞 𝑡𝑡
𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡 = 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑥𝑥𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑐𝑐 1 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡 1+
1 + 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝑡𝑡

49