1.

Ïåðåâiðèòè, ùî íàñòóïíi ôîðìóëè (àêñiîìè ïðîïîçèöiîíàëüíîãî ÷èñëåííÿ Ìåíäåëüñîíà) ¹ òàâòî-

ëîãiÿìè
1.1 A → (B → A)
Áóäó¹ìî òàáëèöþ iñòèííîñòi

A B B → A A → (B → A)
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1
1.2 (A → (B → C)) → ((A → B) → (A → C))
Âðàõîâóþ÷è, ùî [X → Y ] = 0 òîäi òà òiëüêè òîäi êîëè X = 1 òà Y = 0, äîâîäèìî òâåðäæåííÿ âiä
ïðîòèëåæíîãî.
(
[A → (B → C)] = 1
[(A → (B → C)) → ((A → B) → (A → C))] = 0 ⇔
[(A → B) → (A → C)] = 0

 [A → (B → C)] = 1
[A → (B → C)] = 1

 ( (
 
[A → B] = 1 [1 → (B → 0)] = 1 B=0
⇔ [A → B] = 1 ⇔ ⇒ ⇒
  A=1 [1 → B] = 1 B=1
[A → C] = 0
 


C=0

1.3 (¬B → ¬A) → ((¬B → A) → B)

Áóäó¹ìî òàáëèöþ iñòèííîñòi

A B (¬B → ¬A) → ((¬B → A) → B)

0 0 (1 → 1) → ((1 → 0) → 0) = 1
0 1 (0 → 1) → ((0 → 0) → 1) = 1
1 0 (1 → 0) → ((1 → 1) → 0) = 1
1 1 (0 → 0) → ((0 → 1) → 1) = 1

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 2. Ïîáóäóâàòè äîâåäåííÿ òåîðåì ÷èñëåííÿ âèñëîâëþâàíü

Ïðîïîçèöiîíàëüíå ÷èñëåííÿ Ìåíäåëüñîíà ìiñòü ¹äèíå ïðàâèëî âèâåäåííÿ - modus ponens (implication
elimination):
A A→B
.
B
òà 3 ñõåìè àêñiîì:

A1 A → (B → A) (implication creation),
A2 (A → (B → C)) → ((A → B) → (A → C)) (implication distribution),
A3 (¬B → ¬A) → ((¬B → A) → B) (contradiction realization).
Âèêîðèñòîâó¹òüñÿ òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨: ßêùî A1 , . . . , An , B ` C , òî A1 , . . . , An ` B → C .

2.0 Äîïîìiæíi ðåçóëüòàòè:

2.0.1 ` F → F
(1) (F → ((F → F ) → F )) → ((F → (F → F )) → (F → F )) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 2;
(2) F → ((F → F ) → F ) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 1;
(3) (F → (F → F )) → (F → F ) - (1), (2), modus ponens;
(4) F → (F → F ) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 1;
(5) F → F - (4), (3), modus ponens;
2.0.2 ` ¬¬F → F
(1) ¬¬F - ãiïîòåçà;
(2) ¬¬F → (¬F → ¬¬F ) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 1;
(3) ¬F → ¬¬F - (1), (2), modus ponens;
(4) (¬F → ¬¬F ) → ((¬F → ¬F ) → F ) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 3;
(5) (¬F → ¬F ) → F - (3), (4), modus ponens;
(6) ¬F → ¬F - 2.0.1;
(7) F - (6), (5), modus ponens;
(8) ¬¬F ` F - (1)-(7);
(9) ` ¬¬F → F - (8), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨.
2.0.3 ` F → ¬¬F
(1) F - ãiïîòåçà;
(2) ¬¬¬F → ¬F - 2.0.2;
(3) (¬¬¬F → ¬F ) → ((¬¬¬F → F ) → ¬¬F ) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 3;
(4) (¬¬¬F → F ) → ¬¬F - (2), (3), modus ponens;
(5) F → (¬¬¬F → F ) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 1;
(6) ¬¬¬F → F - (1), (5), modus ponens;
(7) ¬¬F - (6), (4), modus ponens;
(8) F ` ¬¬F - (1)-(7);
(9) ` F → ¬¬F - (8), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨.

2
2.2 ` (F → G) → ((G → H) → (F → H))
(1) F → G - ãiïîòåçà;
(2) G → H - ãiïîòåçà;
(3) (G → H) → (F → (G → H)) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 1;
(4) F → (G → H) - (2), (3), modus ponens;
(5) (F → (G → H)) → ((F → G) → (F → H)) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 2;
(6) (F → G) → (F → H) - (4), (5), modus ponens;
(7) F → H - (1), (6), modus ponens;
(8) F → G, G → H ` F → H - (1)-(7);
(9) F → G ` (G → H) → (F → H) - (8), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨;
(10) ` (F → G) → ((G → H) → (F → H)) - (9), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨.
2.3 ` ¬F → (F → G)
(1) ¬F - ãiïîòåçà;
(2) F - ãiïîòåçà;
(3) F → (¬G → F ) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 1;
(4) ¬F → (¬G → ¬F ) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 1;
(5) ¬G → F - (2), (3), modus ponens;
(6) ¬G → ¬F - (1), (4), modus ponens;
(7) (¬G → ¬F ) → ((¬G → F ) → G) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 3;
(8) (¬G → F ) → G - (6), (7), modus ponens;
(9) G - (5), (8), modus ponens;
(10) ¬F, F ` G - (1)-(9);
(10) ¬F ` F → G - (10), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨.
(11) ` ¬F → (F → G) - (11), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨.
2.4 ` (¬G → ¬F ) → (F → G)
(1) ¬G → ¬F - ãiïîòåçà;
(2) F - ãiïîòåçà;
(3) (¬G → ¬F ) → ((¬G → F ) → G) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 3;
(4) F → (¬G → F ) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 1;
(5) ¬G → F - (2), (4), modus ponens;
(6) (¬G → F ) → G - (1), (3), modus ponens;
(7) G - (5), (6), modus ponens;
(8) ¬G → ¬F, F ` G - (1)-(6);
(9) ¬G → ¬F ` F → G - (8), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨;
(8) ` (¬G → ¬F ) → (F → G) - (9), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨.
2.5 ` (F → G) → (¬G → ¬F )
2.5.1 ` (F → G) → (¬¬F → ¬¬G)
(1) F → G - ãiïîòåçà;
(2) ¬¬F - ãiïîòåçà;
(3) ¬¬F → F - 2.0.2;
(4) G → ¬¬G - 2.0.3;
(5) F - (2), (3), modus ponens;
(6) G - (5), (1), modus ponens;
(7) ¬¬G - (6), (4), modus ponens;
(8) F → G, ¬¬F ` ¬¬G) - (1)-(7);
(9) F → G ` ¬¬F → ¬¬G) - (8), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨;
(10) ` (F → G) → (¬¬F → ¬¬G) - (9), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨.

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2.5.2 ` (F → G) → (¬G → ¬F )
(1) F → G - ãiïîòåçà;
(2) ` (F → G) → (¬¬F → ¬¬G) - 2.5.1;
(3) ¬¬F → ¬¬G - (1), (2), modus ponens;
(4) (¬¬F → ¬¬G) → (¬G → ¬F ) - 2.4;
(5) ¬G → ¬F - (3), (4), modus ponens;
(6) (F → G) ` (¬G → ¬F ) - (1)-(5);
(7) ` (F → G) → (¬G → ¬F ) - (6), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨.
2.1 ` (F → ¬F ) → ¬F
(1) F → ¬F - ãiïîòåçà;
(2) (F → ¬F ) → (¬¬F → ¬F ) - 2.5;
(3) ¬¬F → ¬F - (1), (2), modus ponens;
(4) ¬¬F → ¬¬F - 2.0.1;
(5) (¬¬F → ¬¬F ) → ((¬¬F → ¬F ) → ¬F ) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 3;
(6) (¬¬F → ¬F ) → ¬F - (4), (5), modus ponens;
(7) ¬F - (3), (6), modus ponens;
(8) F → ¬F ` ¬F - (1)-(7);
(9) ` (F → ¬F ) → ¬F - (8), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨.
2.6 ` F → (¬G → ¬(F → G))
2.6.1 F ` (F → G) → G
(1) F - ãiïîòåçà;
(2) F → G - ãiïîòåçà;
(3) G - (1), (2), modus ponens;
(4) F, F → G ` G - (1)-(3);
(5) F ` (F → G) → G - (4), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨.
2.6.2 ` F → (¬G → ¬(F → G))
(1) F - ãiïîòåçà;
(2) (F → G) → G - (1), 2.6.1;
(3) ((F → G) → G) → (¬G → ¬(F → G)) - 2.5;
(4) ¬G → ¬(F → G) - (2), (3), modus ponens;
(5) ` F ` ¬G → ¬(F → G) - (1)-(4);
(6) ` F → (¬G → ¬(F → G)) - (5), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨.
2.7 ` (F → G) → ((¬F → G) → G)
(1) F → G - ãiïîòåçà;
(2) ¬F → G - ãiïîòåçà;
(3) (F → G) → (¬G → ¬F ) - 2.5;
(4) (¬F → G) → (¬G → ¬¬F ) - 2.5;
(5) ¬G → ¬F - (1), (3), modus ponens;
(6) ¬G → ¬¬F - (2), (4), modus ponens;
(7) (¬G → ¬¬F ) → ((¬G → ¬F ) → G) - ñõåìà àêñiîì 3;
(8) (¬G → ¬F ) → G - (6), (7), modus ponens;
(9) G - (5), (8), modus ponens;
(10) F → G, ¬F → G ` G - (1)-(9);
(11) F → G ` (¬F → G) → G - (10), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨;
(12) ` (F → G) → ((¬F → G) → G) - (11), òåîðåìà äåäóêöi¨.

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 3.

P1 a b c P2 a b c x T (x) f a b c x g(x)
a 1 1 0 a 0 0 0 a 0 a a a b a c
b 1 1 0 b 1 1 1 b 1 b b a a b a
c 0 1 0 c 1 0 1 c 0 c a c b c b
Ïîáóäóâàòè òàáëèöi çíà÷åíü ôîðìóë
3.1
∀xP1 (x, b) = 1, ∃y∀xP1 (x, y) = 1.
Òàêèì ÷èíîì äëÿ áóäü-ÿêîãî y
[∀xP2 (x, y) → (∃y∀xP1 (x, y))] = 1.
3.2
∃xT (x) = 1, ∀xP2 (x, a) = ∀xP2 (x, b) = ∀xP2 (x, c) = 0, ∃y∀xP1 (x, y) = 0.
Òàêèì ÷èíîì
[∃xT (x) → (∃y∀xP2 (x, y))] = (1 → 0) = 0.
3.3
∀xT (x) = 0.
Òàêèì ÷èíîì äëÿ áóäü-ÿêîãî y
∃yP2 (x, y) ∧ ∀xT (x) = 0.
¬P1 a b c
a 0 0 1
∃y¬P1 (a, y) = ∃y¬P1 (b, y) = ∃y¬P1 (c, y) = 1
b 0 0 1
c 1 0 1
Òàêèì ÷èíîì äëÿ áóäü-ÿêîãî x

[(∃y¬P1 (x, y)) → (∃yP2 (x, y) ∧ ∀xT (x))] = 0.

3.4

y ∃xP1 (x, y) f (x, g(y)) a b c P1 (f (x, g(y)), x) a b c ¬P1 (f (x, g(y)), x) a b c

a 1 a b a a a 1 1 1 a 0 0 0
b 1 b a b a b 1 1 1 b 0 0 0
c 0 c b a c c 0 0 0 c 1 1 1

x ∃y¬P1 (f (x, g(y)), x) (∃xP2 (x, y)) ∨ (∃y¬P1 (f (x, g(y)), x)) a b c
a 0 a 1 1 0
b 0 b 1 1 0
c 1 c 1 1 1

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 3.5
¬P1 a b c y ∀x¬P1 (x, y) P2 (f (x, y), y) a b c
a 0 0 1 a 0 a 0 0 1
b 0 0 1 b 0 b 1 0 0
c 1 0 1 c 1 c 0 0 1
∀x¬P1 (x, y) → P2 (f (x, y), y) a b c
a 1 1 1
b 1 1 0
c 1 1 1
Äëÿ áóäü-ÿêîãî x
[∃y(∀x¬P1 (x, y) → P2 (f (x, y), y))] = 1
òà
[∃y(∀x¬P1 (x, y) → P2 (f (x, y), y)) ↔ (P2 (x, y) ∧ T (g(y)))] = [P2 (x, y) ∧ T (g(y))].
y T (g(y)) P2 (x, y) ∧ T (g(y)) a b c
a 0 a 0 0 0
b 0 b 0 0 1
c 1 c 0 0 1
3.6
∀yP1 (a, y) = ∀yP1 (b, y) = ∀yP1 (c, y) = 0,
[∃x(T (x) ↔ ∀yP1 (x, y))] = [∃x¬T (x)] = 1,
[∃x(T (x) ↔ ∀yP1 (x, y)) ∧ P2 (x, y)] = [P2 (x, y)].
3.7 Äëÿ áóäü-ÿêîãî x
[∃yP1 (x, y)] = 1,
äëÿ áóäü-ÿêîèõ x, y

[∃yP1 (x, y) ∨ ∀xP2 (x, y)] = 1, [T (g(x)) → (∃yP1 (x, y) ∨ ∀xP2 (x, y))] = 1.

3.8

P1 (x, g(y)) a b c y ∀xP1 (x, g(y)) P2 (g(x), y) a b c x ∃yP2 (g(x), y)

a 0 1 1 a 0 c 1 0 1 c 1
b 0 1 1 b 1 a 0 0 0 a 0
c 0 1 0 c 0 b 1 1 1 b 1

T (f (x, y)) a b c ∃yP2 (g(x), y) ∨ ∀xP1 (x, g(y)) a b c

a 0 0 1 a 1 1 1
b 1 0 0 b 0 1 0
c 0 0 1 c 1 1 1
T (f (x, y)) → (∃yP2 (g(x), y) ∨ ∀xP1 (x, g(y))) a b c
a 1 1 1
b 0 1 1
c 1 1 1

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 4. Çíàéòè ïðåíåêñíó íîðìàëüíó ôîðìó.
Íà ïåðøîìó êðîöi ïåðåiìåíîâó¹ì çâ'ÿçíi çìiííi.
Ïðàâèëà äëÿ êâàíòîðiâ ó âèïàäêó iìïëiêàöi¨

P → ∀yQ(y) ≡ ∀y(P → Q(y)), P → ∃yQ(y) ≡ ∃y(P → Q(y)),

∀xP (x) → Q ≡ ∃x(P (x) → Q), ∃xP (x) → Q ≡ ∀x(P (x) → Q)
îòðèìóþòüñÿ ç âiäïîâiäíèõ ïðàâèë äëÿ äiç'þíêöi¨ òà çàïåðå÷åííÿ:

∀xP (x) → Q ≡ ¬(∀xP (x)) ∨ Q ≡ ∃x(¬P (x)) ∨ Q ≡ ∃x(¬P (x) ∨ Q) ≡ ∃x(P (x) → Q).
4.1
∀xP2 (x, y) → (∃y∀xP1 (x, y)) ≡ ∀xP2 (x, y) → (∃z∀tP1 (t, z))
≡ ∃x∃z∀t(P2 (x, y) → P1 (t, z)).
4.2
∃xT (x) → (∃y∀xP2 (x, y)) ≡ ∃xT (x) → (∃y∀zP2 (z, y))
≡ ∀x∃y∀z(T (x) → P2 (z, y)).
4.3
(∃y¬P1 (x, y)) → (∃yP2 (x, y) ∧ ∀xT (x)) ≡ (∃y¬P1 (x, y)) → (∃zP2 (x, z) ∧ ∀tT (t))
≡ (∃y¬P1 (x, y)) → ∃z∀t(P2 (x, z) ∧ T (t))
≡ ∀y∃z∀t(¬P1 (x, y)) → (P2 (x, z) ∧ T (t)).
4.4
(∃xP2 (x, y)) ∨ (∃y¬P1 (f (x, g(y)), x)) ≡ (∃zP2 (z, y)) ∨ (∃t¬P1 (f (x, g(t)), x))
≡ ∃z∃t(P2 (z, y)) ∨ ¬P1 (f (x, g(t)), x)).
4.5
∃y(∀x¬P1 (x, y) → P2 (f (x, y), y)) ↔ (P2 (x, y) ∧ T (g(y)))
≡ ∃z(∀t¬P1 (t, z) → P2 (f (x, z), z)) ↔ (P2 (x, y) ∧ T (g(y)))
≡ ∃z∃t(¬P1 (t, z) → P2 (f (x, z), z)) ↔ (P2 (x, y) ∧ T (g(y)))
≡ (∃z1 ∃t1 (¬P1 (t1 , z1 ) → P2 (f (x, z1 ), z1 )) → (P2 (x, y) ∧ T (g(y))))
∧ ((P2 (x, y) ∧ T (g(y))) → ∃z2 ∃t2 (¬P1 (t2 , z2 ) → P2 (f (x, z2 ), z2 )))
≡ ∀z1 ∀t1 ((¬P1 (t1 , z1 ) → P2 (f (x, z1 ), z1 )) → (P2 (x, y) ∧ T (g(y))))
∧ ∃z2 ∃t2 ((P2 (x, y) ∧ T (g(y))) → (¬P1 (t2 , z2 ) → P2 (f (x, z2 ), z2 )))
≡ ∀z1 ∀t1 ∃z2 ∃t2 (((¬P1 (t1 , z1 ) → P2 (f (x, z1 ), z1 )) → (P2 (x, y) ∧ T (g(y))))
∧ ((P2 (x, y) ∧ T (g(y))) → (¬P1 (t2 , z2 ) → P2 (f (x, z2 ), z2 )))).
4.6
∃x(T (x) ↔ ∀yP1 (x, y)) ∧ P2 (x, y) ≡ ∃x((T (x) → ∀yP1 (x, y)) ∧ (∀yP1 (x, y) → T (x))) ∧ P2 (x, y)
≡ ∃z((T (z) → ∀y1 P1 (z, y1 )) ∧ (∀y2 P1 (z, y2 ) → T (z))) ∧ P2 (x, y)
≡ ∃z(∀y1 (T (z) → P1 (z, y1 )) ∧ ∃y2 (P1 (z, y2 ) → T (z))) ∧ P2 (x, y)
≡ ∃z∀y1 ∃y2 ((T (z) → P1 (z, y1 )) ∧ (P1 (z, y2 ) → T (z))) ∧ P2 (x, y)
≡ ∃z∀y1 ∃y2 ((T (z) → P1 (z, y1 )) ∧ (P1 (z, y2 ) → T (z)) ∧ P2 (x, y)).

7
4.7

T (g(x)) → (∃yP1 (x, y) ∨ ∀xP2 (x, y)) ≡ T (g(x)) → (∃zP1 (x, z) ∨ ∀tP2 (t, y))
≡ T (g(x)) → ∃z∀t(P1 (x, z) ∨ P2 (t, y))
≡ ∃z∀t(T (g(x)) → (P1 (x, z) ∨ P2 (t, y))).

4.8

T (f (x, y)) → (∃yP2 (g(x), y) ∨ ∀xP1 (x, g(y))) ≡ T (f (x, y)) → (∃zP2 (g(x), z) ∨ ∀tP1 (t, g(y)))
≡ T (f (x, y)) → ∃z∀t(P2 (g(x), z) ∨ P1 (t, g(y)))
≡ ∃z∀t(T (f (x, y)) → (P2 (g(x), z) ∨ P1 (t, g(y)))).

8
 5. Ñêiëüêè iíòåðïðåòàöié ìàþòü íàñòóïíi ôîðìóëè íà ìíîæèíi ç n = 7 åëåìåíòiâ?
5.1

Φ(x3 , x4 ) = ∃x2 ∀x1 (∃x1 P1 (x1 , x2 ) → (P2 (x1 , x2 ) → P3 (x1 , x3 ))) ∨ ¬P4 (x4 ) .
A) Ôîðìóëà ìiñòèòü ïðåäèêàòè P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 , ÿêi iíòåðïðåòóþòüñÿ ÿê äîâiëüíi âiäíîøåííÿ âiäïîâiäíî¨
àðíîñòi. Êiëüêiñòü âàðèàíòiâ ïðè öüîìó:
2 2 2 2 +n
2n · 2n · 2n · 2n = 23n = 2154 .

B) Ôîðìóëà ìiñòèòü äâi íåçâ'ÿçíi çìiííi òà ì๠âèãëÿä

Φ(x3 , x4 ) = Φ1 (x3 ) ∨ Φ2 (x4 ) ,

äå êîæíà ç ôîðìóë Φ1 (x3 ) òà Φ2 (x4 ) äîçâîëÿ¹ áóäü-ÿêó ç 2n iíòåðïðåòàöié. Òîáòî çàãàëüíà êiëüêiñòü
iíòåðïðåòàöié ôîðìóëè Φ(x3 , x4 )
2n · 2n = 22n = 214 .
5.2

Φ(x3 , x1 , x2 ) = ∃x2 (∀x1 (P1 (x1 , x2 ) → P2 (x1 , x2 , x3 ))) ∧ P3 (x1 , x2 ) .
A) Ôîðìóëà ìiñòèòü ïðåäèêàòè P1 , P2 , P3 , ÿêi iíòåðïðåòóþòüñÿ ÿê äîâiëüíi âiäíîøåííÿ âiäïîâiäíî¨
àðíîñòi. Êiëüêiñòü âàðèàíòiâ ïðè öüîìó:
2 3 2 3 +2n2
2n · 2n · 2n = 2n = 2441

B) Ôîðìóëà ìiñòèòü äâi íåçâ'ÿçíi çìiííi òà ì๠âèãëÿä

Φ(x3 , x1 , x2 ) = Φ1 (x3 ) ∨ Φ2 (x1 , x2 ) ,

äå êîæíà ç ôîðìóë Φ1 (x3 ) òà Φ2 (x1 , x2 ) äîçâîëÿ¹ âñi ìîæëèâi iíòåðïðåòàöié. Òîáòî çàãàëüíà êiëüêiñòü
iíòåðïðåòàöié ôîðìóëè Φ(x3 , x1 , x2 )
2 2
2n · 2n = 2n +n = 256 .

9
 6. Ñêiëüêè iñíó¹ ìîäåëåé ôîðìóëè

∃x∀y(A(x, y) → A(y, x))

íà ìíîæèíi I ç n = |I| = 5 åëåìåíòiâ?

Ïîìiòèìî, ùî äëÿ äåÿêî¨ iíòåðïðåòàöi¨ ïðåäèêàòà A:

• A(i, i) → A(i, i) âèêîíóåòüñÿ äëÿ áóäü-ÿêîãî i ∈ I ;

• A(i, j) → A(j, i) äëÿ i 6= j ∈ I âèêîíóåòüñÿ ó òðüîõ ç ÷îòèðîõ ìîæëèâèõ âàðèíòiâ çíà÷åíü A(i, j) =
0, 1 òà A(j, i) = 0, 1.

Äàëi ðîçãëÿíåìî îäíîìiñíèé ïðåäiêàò

∀y(A(x, y) → A(y, x)).

Íåõàé J ⊆ I . Ïîçíà÷èìî MJ ìíîæèíó iíòåðïðåòàöié ïðåäèêàòà A òàêèõ, ùî äëÿ êîæíîãî i ∈ J

âèêîíó¹òüñÿ ôîðìóëà ∀y(A(i, y) → A(y, i)). Ó öüìó âèïàäêó òðåáà ïåðåâiðÿòè A(i, j) → A(j, i) äëÿ
|J|(2n − |J| − 1)/2 ïàð i 6= j ∈ I . Òîáòî
2 −|J|(2n−|J|−1)
|MJ | = 2n · 3|J|(2n−|J|−1)/2 .

Ìíîæèíà âñiõ ìîäåëåé ïî÷àòêîâî¨ ôîðìóëè ìîæå áóòè ïðåäñòàâëåíà ó âèãëÿäi:

[
M= M{i} .
i∈I

Äàëi ñêîðèñòà¹ìîñü ôîðìóëîþ âêëþ÷åíü-âèêëþ÷åíü:

n  
X
|J|
X n n2 −k(2n−k−1) k(2n−k−1)/2
k
|M | = − (−1) |MJ | = − (−1) 2 ·3 .
k
∅6=J⊆I k=1

Ó âèïàäêó n = 5
5  
X
k 5 25−k(9−k) k(9−k)/2
|M | = − (−1) 2 ·3
k
 k=1
        
5 17 4 5 11 7 5 7 9 5 5 10 5 5 10
= 2 ·3 − 2 ·3 + 2 ·3 − 2 ·3 + 2 ·3
1 2 3 4 5
= 5 · 217 · 34 − 10 · 211 · 37 + 10 · 27 · 39 − 4 · 25 · 310
= 27 · 34 (5 · 210 − 10 · 24 · 33 + 10 · 35 − 36 )
= 27 · 34 (5120 − 4320 + 2730 − 729) = 27 · 34 · 2801.

10
 7.
Ôóíêöiÿ íàñòóïíîãî íàòóðàëüíîãî ÷èñëà s : N → N, s(x) = x + 1 ¹ ïðèìiòèâíî ðóêóðñèâíîþ çà
îçíà÷åííÿì.
Âèçíà÷åííÿ ôóíêöi¨ f (x1 , . . . , xk , y), k ≥ 0 çà äîïîìîãîþ ïðèìiòèâíî¨ ðåêóðñi¨:

f (x1 , . . . , xk , 0) = g(x1 , . . . , xk ), f (x1 , . . . , xk , s(y)) = h(x1 , . . . , xk , y, f (x1 , . . . , xk , y)).

7.1 Êîíñòàíòà λx.0 : N → N ¹ ïðèìiòèâíî ðóêóðñèâíîþ ôóíêöi¹þ çà îçíà÷åííÿì. Iíøè êîíñòàíòè

îòðèìóþòüñÿ êîìïîçèöi¹þ ç ôóíêöi¹þ íàñòóïíîãî íàòóðàëüíîãî ÷èñëà:

λx.3 = λx.s(s(s(0))).

7.2 Äîäàâàííÿ: çàñòîñîâó¹òüñÿ ïðèìiòèâíà ðóêóðñiÿ, âèêîðèñòîâóþòüñÿ äîïîìiæíi ôóíêöi¨ g(x) = x,

h(x, y, z) = s(z)
x + 0 = x, x + s(y) = s(x + y).
7.3 Ìíîæåííÿ: çàñòîñîâó¹òüñÿ ïðèìiòèâíà ðóêóðñiÿ, âèêîðèñòîâóþòüñÿ äîïîìiæíi ôóíêöi¨ g(x) = 0,
h(x, y, z) = x + z
x · 0 = 0, x · s(y) = x · y + x.
7.4 Ñòåïiíü: çàñòîñîâó¹òüñÿ ïðèìiòèâíà ðóêóðñiÿ, âèêîðèñòîâóþòüñÿ äîïîìiæíi ôóíêöi¨ g(x) = 1,
h(x, y, z) = x · z
x0 = 1, xs(y) = xy · x.
7.7 Ïîïåðåäí¹ ÷èñëî: ïðèìiòèâíà ðóêóðñiÿ

δ(0) = 0, δ(s(x)) = x.

7.6 Íåâiä'¹ìíà (çðiçàíà) ðiçíèöÿ: ïðèìiòèâíà ðóêóðñiÿ

. . .
x 0 = x, x s(y) = δ(x y).

7.5 Ìîäóëü ðiçíèöi:

. .
|x − y| = (x y) + (y x).
7.8 Çíàê: ïðèìiòèâíà ðóêóðñiÿ
sg(0) = 0, sg(s(x)) = 1.
7.9 Õàðàêòåðèñòè÷íà ôóíêöiÿ íóëÿ:

sg(x) = 1 − sg(x),

àáî ïðèìiòèâíà ðóêóðñiÿ

sg(0) = 1, sg(s(x)) = 0.
7.10 Ôàêòîðiàë: ïðèìiòèâíà ðóêóðñiÿ

0! = 1, s(x)! = x! · s(x).

7.11
.  . 
min(x, y) = x x y .
7.12  . 
max(x, y) = x + y x .

11
 Iòåðîâàíà ñóìà ïðèìiòèâíî ðåêóðñèâíèõ ôóíêöié (ÿê ôóíêöiÿ âiä äâîõ àðãóìåíòiâ òà âiäïîâiäíà
ôóíêöiÿ îäíîãî àðãóìåíòà)
X X
F (z, y) = f (x, y), F (y, y) = f (x, y),
x<z x<y

¹ ïðèìiòèâíî ðåêóðñèâíîþ ôóíêöi¹þ

F (0, y) = 0, F (s(z), y) = F (z, y) + f (z, y).

Iòåðîâàíèé äîäóòîê ïðèìiòèâíî ðåêóðñèâíèõ ôóíêöié

Y Y
F (z, y) = f (x, y), F (y, y) = f (x, y),
x<z x<y

¹ ïðèìiòèâíî ðåêóðñèâíîþ ôóíêöi¹þ

F (0, y) = 0, F (s(z), y) = F (z, y) · f (z, y).

Õàðàêòåðèñòè÷íà ôóíêöiÿ, ùî âiäïîâiä๠iòåðîâàíié äèç'þíêöi¨ ïðåäèêàòiâ, ¹ iòåðîâàíîþ ñóìîþ âiä-

ïîâiäíèõ õàðàêòåðèñòè÷íèõ ôóíêöié
_
P (y) = p(x, y),
x<y
X
χP (y) = χp (x, y).
x<y

Õàðàêòåðèñòè÷íà ôóíêöiÿ, ùî âiäïîâiä๠iòåðîâàíié êîí'þíêöi¨ ïðåäèêàòiâ, ¹ iòåðîâàíèì äîáóòêîì

âiäïîâiäíèõ õàðàêòåðèñòè÷íèõ ôóíêöié
^
P (y) = p(x, y),
x<y
Y
χP (y) = χp (x, y).
x<y

Äëÿ áóäü-ÿêîãî ïðèìiòèâíî ðåêóðñèâíîãî ïðåäèêàòà R(x, y) ôóíêöiÿ

f (y) = min {x < y | R(x, y)} ∪ {y}

ìîæå áóòè çàïèñàíà ó âèãëÿäi

!
X Y Y
f (y) = x · χR (x, y) · χR (z, y) +y· χR (x, y)
x<y z<x x<y

òîáòî ¹ ïðèìiòèâíî ðåêóðñèâíîþ.

12
 7.13 Íåïîâíà ÷àñòêà ïðè äiëåííi ç îñòà÷åþ:
(  ) !
_
qt(x, y) = min q < x  (x = q · y + r) ∪ {x} .


r<y

Àáî çàñòîñîâóþ÷è ïðèìiòèâíó ðåêóðñiþ:

qt(0, y) = 0, qt(s(x), y) = qt(x, y) + sg(|s(rm(x, y)) − y|).

7.14 Îñòà÷à: (  ) !
_
rm(x, y) = min r < y  (x = q · y + r) ∪ {y} .


q<x

Àáî çàñòîñîâóþ÷è ïðèìiòèâíó ðåêóðñiþ:

rm(0, y) = 0, rm(s(x), y) = s(rm(x, y)) · sg(|s(rm(x, y)) − y|).

7.15 Õàðàêòåðèñòè÷íà ôóíêöiÿ χP (x) ïðåäèêàòà P (x) "áóòè ïîâíèì êâàäðàòîì" ¹ ïðèìèòèâíî ðå-
êóðñèâíîþ:
_
P (x) = (x = y 2 ),
y<x
X
χP (x) = χ= (x, y 2 ).
y<x

7.16
x = min {y < x | (s(y))2 > x} ∪ {x} .
√ 

7.17 Ïðåäèêàò Dgt(x, y, z) "÷èñëî x ì๠öèôðó y íà z -îìó çïðàâà ìiñöi (ïî÷èíàþ÷è ç íóëüîâîãî)" ¹
ïðèìèòèâíî ðåêóðñèâíèì:
Dgt(x, y, z) = (rm(qt(x, 10z ), 10) = y).
Êiëüêiñòü öèôð ÷èñëà: XX
d(x) = χDgt (x, y, z).
z<x y<10

7.18 Ñóìà öèôð ÷èñëà XX

S(x) = y · χDgt (x, y, z).
z<x y<10

7.19 Ïðåäèêàò y|x "y ¹ äiëüíèêîì x" ¹ ïðèìèòèâíî ðåêóðñèâíèì:

_
y|x = (x = y · z).
z<x

Ïðåäèêàò Cmp(x) "x - ñêëàäåíå ÷èñëî" ¹ ïðèìèòèâíî ðåêóðñèâíèì:

_
Cmp(x) = y|x.
y<x

Ïðåäèêàò Prm(x) "x - ïðîñòå ÷èñëî" ¹ ïðèìèòèâíî ðåêóðñèâíèì:

Prm(x) = (x > 1) ∧ ¬Cmp(x).

13
Êiëüêiñòü ïðîñòèõ ÷èñåë, ùî íå ïåðåâèùóþòü x
X
π(x) = χPrm (y).
y<x

7.20 Êiëüêiñòü äiëüíèêiâ ÷èñëà: X

τ (x) = 1 + χ| (y, x).
y<x

7.21 Ñóìà äiëüíèêiâ ÷èñëà: X

σ(x) = x + y · χ| (y, x).
y<x

7.22 Íàéáiëüøèé ñïiëüíèé äiëüíèê ÷èñåë x òà y

gcd(x, y) = xy/lcm(x, y)

7.23 Íàéìåíüøå ñïiëüíå êðàòíå ÷èñåë x òà y

lcm(x, y) = min{z < x · y + 1 | x|z ∧ y|z}.

7.24 Ïðîñòå ÷èñëî p(n) ç íîìåðîì n:

p(0) = 2, p(s(x)) = min{y < p(x)! + 2 | y > p(x) ∧ Prm(y)}.

7.25 Ïîêàçíèê ìàêñèìàëüíîãî ñòåïåíÿ ÷èñëà p(x), íà ÿêèé äiëèòüñÿ y

ex(x, y) = min{z < y | rm(y, p(x)s(x) ) 6= 0}.

7.26 Ðîçãëÿíåìî ïðèìiòèâíî ðåêóðñèâíó ôóíêöiþ pr(x, y) "ïàðà", ùî êîäó¹ ïàðó íàòóðàëüíèõ ÷èñåë
ó âèãëÿäi îäíîãî íàòóðàëüíîãî ÷èñëà

pr(x, y) = p(0)x · p(1)y = 2x · 3y .

Êîìïîíåíòè ïàðè âiäíîâëþòüñÿ çà äîïîìîãîþ ïðèìiòèâíî ðåêóðñèâíèõ ôóíêöié

ex(0, z), ex(1, z).

Òîáòî
x = ex(0, pr(x, y)), y = ex(1, pr(x, y)).
Ïîñëiäîâíiñòü ïàðà-Ôiáîíà÷i:

prΦ(0) = pr(0, 1) = 3, prΦ(s(x)) = pr(ex(1, prΦ(x)), ex(0, prΦ(x)) + ex(1, prΦ(x))).

×èñëà Ôiáîíà÷i:
Φ(x) = ex(0, prΦ(x)).

14