1.

Define the ff terms:

• Comminution
the action of reducing a material, an ore, to minute particles or fragments.
• Blending
the action of mixing or combining things together.

• Spatulation
the combining of materials into a homogeneous mixture by continuously heaping them
together and smoothing the mass out on a smooth surface with a spatula.

• Trituration
is the name of several different methods used to process materials. In one sense, it is a
form of comminution (reducing the particle size of a substance). In another sense, it is
the production of a homogeneous material by mixing component materials thoroughly.

• Geometric dilution
is a pharmaceutical process that thoroughly mixes a small amount of a. drug with an
appropriate amount of a diluent, an inert substance that thins or binds the drug. It.
ensures equal distribution of the drug throughout the resulting compound.

• Sifting
is mainly used in two areas, Check screening of raw material to remove extraneous
material and Sizing to sort, segregate or control the particle size distribution of powders
and granules. Sifting is mainly achieved by used of vibratory , rotary & centrifugal
screeners.

• Tumbling
process of rubbing, grinding, or pulverizing a powder to create fine particles. Tumbling.
a suspension to increase viscosity.

• Filtration
the separation of solids from liquids by forcing the liquid to flow through a porous
medium and depositing the solids on the medium. A filter aid (finely divided material
added to the liquid to be filtered) helps control flow and solids removal.

2. Give 3 example of each machine/ equipment.

A. Coarse crushers
• Jaw crusher
• Cutter mill
• Cone crusher
B. Intermediate grinding
• Peel grinding
• Spindle type
• Surface grinding
C. Fine grinding mills
• Ball grinding mill
 • Grinding mill stone
• Grinding mill diagram

3.Differentiate glass mortar from wedge wood mortars and porcelain mortars.
- Wedgewood mortars. Wedgewood mortars are most commonly used for trituration because
their rough surface aids in the rubbing. They are difficult to keep clean, however, because of their
porous surface. Dyes must never be triturated in a wedge wood mortar as the color will become
permanently affixed to the vessel and threaten future powders. Glass mortars. Glass mortars are
preferred for comminuting substances that stain and for dissolving granular or crystalline
substances that require rubbing to aid in their solution. Porcelain mortars. Porcelain mortars are
useful in making emulsions or solutions not involving staining substances. Porcelain mortars and
pestles are fragile, as are glass and wedge wood, and any heavy crushing should be performed
using other methods.