Association of Southeast

Asian Nations
Page issues

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations[11] (ASEAN

/ˈɑːsi.ɑːn/ AH-see-ahn,[12] /ˈɑːzi.ɑːn/ AH-zee-ahn)[13][14] is a
regional intergovernmental organisation comprising ten
Southeast Asian countries which promotes Pan-Asianism
and intergovernmental cooperation and facilitates
economic, political, security, military, educational and socio-
cultural integration amongst its members and other Asian
countries, and globally. Since its formation on 8 August
1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and
Thailand,[15] the organisation's membership has expanded
to include Brunei, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam.
Its principal aims include accelerating economic growth,
social progress, and sociocultural evolution among its
members, alongside the protection of regional stability and
the provision of a mechanism for member countries to
resolve differences peacefully.[16][17] ASEAN is an official
United Nations observer, as well as an active global partner.
It also maintains a global network of alliances, and is
involved in numerous international affairs.[18][19][20][21]
Communication by member states takes place in English.
 Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN)
Burmese: အေ ှ ေတာင်အာရှ င
ို င
် မ
ံ ျားအသင်း
Filipino: Samahan ng mga Bansa sa Timog Silangang
Asya[1]
Indonesian: Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia
Tenggara[2]
Khmer: សមាគម បជាជាតិអាសុីអាេគយ៍
Lao: ສະມາຄົມປະຊາຊາດແຫງອາຊີຕະເວັນອອກສຽງໃຕ
Malay: Persatuan Negara Asia Tenggara[3]
Mandarin 东南亚国家联盟
Chinese:
Tamil: ெத க ழ காச ய நா களி
டைம
Thai: ี ตะวันออกเฉี ยงใต
สมาคมประชาชาติแหงเอเชย
Vietnamese: Hiệp hội các quốc gia Đông Nam Á[4]

Flag Emblem

Motto: "One Vision, One Identity, One Community"[5]

Anthem: "The ASEAN Way"
Secretariat Jakartaa
6°12′S 106°49′E

Working language English[6]

Official languages 10 languages

of contracting states Burmese • Filipino •
Indonesian • Khmer • Lao •
Malay • Mandarin • Tamil •
Thai • Vietnamese

Membership 10 states
 Brunei
 Cambodia
 Indonesia
 Laos
 Malaysia
 Myanmar
 Philippines
 Singapore
 Thailand
 Vietnam
2 observers
 Papua New Guinea
Timor Leste
Leaders

• Chairman Lee Hsien Loong

• Secretary General Lim Jock Hoi

Establishment

• Bangkok Declaration 8 August 1967

• Charter 16 December 2008

Area

• Total 4,479,210[7] km2
(1,729,430 sq mi)

Population

• 2013 estimate 639 million[8][7]

• Density 141/km2 (365.2/sq mi)

GDP (PPP) 2014 estimate

• Total US$7.6 trillion[9]

• Per capita US$12,160[9]

GDP (nominal) 2015 estimate

• Total US$2.8 trillion[9]

• Per capita US$4,160[9]

HDI (2016)  0.684b
medium

Time zone ASEAN (UTC+6:30 to +9)

 Website
ASEAN.org
a. Address: Jalan Sisingamangaraja No.70A, South Jakarta.[10]
b. Calculated using UNDP data from member states.

The flags of the ASEAN member states in their headquarters in Jakarta,

Indonesia

ASEAN covers a land area of 4.4 million square kilometres,

3% of the total land area of Earth. ASEAN territorial waters
cover an area about three times larger than its land
counterpart, making it particularly important in terms of sea
lanes and fisheries. Member countries have a combined
population of approximately 640 million people, 8.8% of the
world's population, more than EU28, though in terms of land,
a bit smaller. In 2015, the organisation's combined nominal
GDP had grown to more than USD $2.8 trillion. If ASEAN
were a single entity, it would rank as the sixth largest
economy in the world, behind the United States, China,
Japan, France and Germany.[9] ASEAN shares land borders
with India, China, Bangladesh, East Timor and Papua New
Guinea, and maritime borders with India, China, Palau and
Australia. Both East Timor and Papua New Guinea are
backed by certain ASEAN members for their membership in
the organisation.

Being a global powerhouse,[22][23] ASEAN is known for its

diverse range of instruments and treaties which enhances
cooperation, recognition and unity in numerous aspects,
internally, regionally and internationally.[24][25][26][27] One of
ASEAN's signature arms, ASEAN Plus mechanism, is the
main foundation to several important establishments
including EAS and RCEP, the world's largest economic
bloc.[28][29][30][31] The ASEAN Summit today serves as a
prominent regional (Asia) and international (worldwide)
conference, with world leaders attending its related
summits and meetings to discuss about various problems
and global issues, strengthening cooperation, and making
decisions.[32][33] The summit has been praised by world
leaders for its success and ability to produce results on a
global level.[34]

ASEAN has established itself as the central platform for

Asian integrations and cooperations, working with other
Asian countries to promote unity, prosperity, development
and sustainability of the region, as well as working on
solutions to resolve disputes and problems in the region.
While mainly focusing on Asia-Pacific, ASEAN also
maintained communications with other parts of the world,
to better promote world peace and stability. The
organisation has a global reputation of promoting goodwill
and diplomacy among countries, shutting out any opinion or
decision considered biased while carrying the principle of
non-interference and mutual respect.[35][36][37][38][39][40] The
group created the first regional community in Asia, an
achievement hailed as "Asian miracle" by many, and serves
as an international role model of seeking strength and
harmony among countries of diversity and differences.[41]

History
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
 
Bangkok Declaration

Foundation and
charter   Myanmar
Laos
Thailand
Vietnam
Cam- Philippines
bodia
Brunei
Malaysia
Malaysia
 Singapore I  n  d  o  n  e  s  i  a
ASEAN was preceded by
an organization formed in
31 July 1961 called the The member states of ASEAN

Association of Southeast
Asia (ASA), a group
consisting of the Philippines, Federation of Malaya, and
Thailand. ASEAN itself was created on 8 August 1967, when
the foreign ministers of five countries: Indonesia, Malaysia,
the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, signed the ASEAN
Declaration. The creation of ASEAN was motivated by a
common fear of communism,[42] and a thirst for economic
development.

As set out in the Declaration, the aims and purposes of

ASEAN are to accelerate economic growth, social progress,
and cultural development in the region, to promote regional
peace, collaboration and mutual assistance on matters of
common interest, to provide assistance to each other in the
form of training and research facilities, to collaborate for
better utilisation of agriculture and industry to raise the
living standards of the people, to promote Southeast Asian
studies and to maintain close, beneficial co-operation with
existing international organisations with similar aims and
purposes.[43][44]
 

The Secretariat of ASEAN at Jalan Sisingamangaraja No.70A, South Jakarta,

Indonesia

On 15 December 2008, member states met in Jakarta to

launch a charter, signed in November 2007, with the aim of
moving closer to "an EU-style community".[45] The charter
turned ASEAN into a legal entity and aimed to create a
single free-trade area for the region encompassing 500
million people. President of Indonesia Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono stated: "This is a momentous development
when ASEAN is consolidating, integrating, and transforming
itself into a community. It is achieved while ASEAN seeks a
more vigorous role in Asian and global affairs at a time
when the international system is experiencing a seismic
shift". Referring to climate change and economic upheaval,
he concluded: "Southeast Asia is no longer the bitterly
divided, war-torn region it was in the 1960s and 1970s".
The financial crisis of 2007–2008 was seen as a threat to
the goals envisioned by the charter,[46] and also set forth the
idea of a proposed human rights body to be discussed at a
future summit in February 2009. This proposition caused
controversy, as the body would not have the power to
impose sanctions or punish countries which violated
citizens' rights and would therefore be limited in
effectiveness.[47] The body was established later in 2009 as
the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human
Rights (AICHR). In November 2012, the commission
adopted the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration.[48]

Expansion and integration

A clickable Euler diagram showing the relationships between various Asian

v•d•e

regional organisations
In 1984, Brunei became ASEAN's sixth member[49] and on
28 July 1995, Vietnam joined as the seventh member.[50]
Laos and Myanmar (Burma) joined two years later on 23
July 1997.[51] Cambodia was to have joined at the same
time as Laos and Burma, but its entry was delayed due to
the country's internal political struggle. It later joined on 30
April 1999, following the stabilization of its
government.[51][52]

ASEAN achieved greater cohesion in the mid-1970s

following a change in balance of power after the end of the
Vietnam War. The region's dynamic economic growth during
the 1970s strengthened the organization, enabling ASEAN
to adopt a unified response to Vietnam's invasion of
Cambodia in 1979. ASEAN's first summit meeting, held in
Bali, Indonesia in 1976, resulted in an agreement on several
industrial projects and the signing of a Treaty of Amity and
Cooperation, and a Declaration of Concord. The end of the
Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union at
the end of the 1980s allowed ASEAN countries to exercise
greater political independence in the region, and in the
1990s ASEAN emerged as a leading voice on regional trade
and security issues.[53]
In 1990, Malaysia proposed the creation of an East Asia
Economic Caucus[54] composed of the members of ASEAN
as well as China, Japan, and South Korea, with the intention
of counterbalancing the growing US influence in Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC) and in Asia as a whole.[55][56]
However, the proposal failed because of heavy opposition
from the US and Japan.[55][57] Work for further integration
continued, and the ASEAN Plus Three, consisting of ASEAN,
China, Japan and South Korea, was created in 1997. In
1992, the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT)
scheme was adopted as a schedule for phasing out tariffs
with the goal to increase the "region's competitive
advantage as a production base geared for the world
market". This law would act as the framework for the
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), which is an agreement by
member states concerning local manufacturing in ASEAN. It
was signed on 28 January 1992 in Singapore.[58] After the
1997 Asian financial crisis, a revival of the Malaysian
proposal, known as the Chiang Mai Initiative, was put
forward in Chiang Mai, Thailand. It called for better
integration of the economies of ASEAN as well as the
ASEAN Plus Three.
The bloc also focused on peace and stability in the region.
On 15 December 1995, the Southeast Asian Nuclear-
Weapon-Free Zone Treaty was signed with the intention of
turning Southeast Asia into a nuclear-weapon-free zone.
The treaty took effect on 28 March 1997 after all but one of
the member states had ratified it. It became fully effective
on 21 June 2001 after the Philippines ratified it, effectively
banning all nuclear weapons in the region.[59]

The ASEAN Way

The 'ASEAN Way' refers to a methodology or approach to

solving issues that respects the cultural norms of Southeast
Asia. Masilamani and Peterson summarise it as "a working
process or style that is informal and personal. Policymakers
constantly utilize compromise, consensus, and consultation
in the informal decision-making process... it above all
prioritizes a consensus-based, non-conflictual way of
addressing problems. Quiet diplomacy allows ASEAN
leaders to communicate without bringing the discussions
into the public view. Members avoid embarrassment that
may lead to further conflict."[60] It has been said that the
merits of the ASEAN Way might "be usefully applied to
global conflict management". However, critics have argued
that such an approach can be only applied to Asian
countries to specific cultural norms and understandings
notably due to a difference in mindset and level of
tension.[61]:pp113-118

Critics object claiming that the ASEAN Way's emphasis on

consultation, consensus, and non-interference, forces the
organisation to adopt only those policies which satisfy the
lowest common denominator. Decision making by
consensus requires members to see eye-to-eye before
ASEAN can move forward on an issue. Members may not
have a common conception of the meaning of the ASEAN
Way. Myanmar, Cambodia, and Laos emphasise non-
interference while older member countries focus on co-
operation and co-ordination. These differences hinder
efforts to find common solutions to particular issues, but
also make it difficult to determine when collective action is
appropriate in a given situation.[62]:161-163

ASEAN Plus Three and Six

 

The 16 member countries of the RCEP

Blue: ASEAN
Purple: ASEAN Plus Three
Teal: ASEAN Plus Six

ASEAN Plus Three was the first of attempts for further

integration to improve existing ties with China, Japan, and
South Korea. This was followed by the even larger East Asia
Summit (EAS), which included ASEAN Plus Three as well as
India, Australia, and New Zealand. This group acted as a
prerequisite for the planned East Asia Community which
was supposedly patterned after the now-defunct European
Community. The ASEAN Eminent Persons Group was
created to study the possible successes and failures of this
policy. In 2006, ASEAN was given observer status at the
United Nations General Assembly.[63] In response, the
organisation awarded the status of "dialogue partner" to the
UN.[64]

The group became ASEAN Plus Six with Australia, New

Zealand and India. Codification of the relations between
these countries has seen progress through the development
of the RCEP, a proposed free-trade agreement involving the
16 countries of ASEAN Plus Six. RCEP would, in part, allow
the members to protect local sectors and give more time to
comply with the aim for developed country members.[65]

Structure
ASEAN Community 2015

Beginning in 1997, heads of each member state adopted the

ASEAN Vision 2020 during ASEAN's 30th anniversary
meeting held in Kuala Lumpur. This vision, as a means for
the realisation of a single ASEAN community, sees
Southeast Asia becoming a group of countries which are:
"outward looking, living in peace, stability and
propsperity".[66] Included in ASEAN Vision 2020 were
provisions on: peace and stability, being nuclear-free, closer
economic integration, human development, sustainable
development, cultural heritage, being drug-free,
environment, among others. The Vision also aimed to: "see
an outward-looking ASEAN playing a pivotal role in the
international fora, and advancing ASEAN's common
interests".[67] Such vision was formalised and made
comprehensive through the Bali Concord II in 2003. Three
major pillars of a single ASEAN community were originally
established: Security Community, Economic Community and
Socio-Cultural Community.[68][11][69][70][71] The ASEAN
Community, initially planned to commence by 2020, was
accelerated to begin by 31 December 2015.[72] This was
decided during the 12th ASEAN Summit in Cebu in 2007.[73]
To fully embody the three Bali Concord II pillars as part of
the 2015 integration, blueprints for ASEAN Political-Security
Community (APSC) and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community
(ASCC) were subsequently adopted in 2009 in Cha-am,
Thailand.[74]

At the 23rd ASEAN Summit in November 2013, ASEAN

Leaders took the decision to develop a Post-2015 Vision,
and thus, got the High Level Task Force (HLTF) which
consists of ten high-level Representatives from all member
states. The Vision was adopted at the 27th ASEAN Summit
in November 2015 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ASEAN
Community revises and renews its Vision in the term of ten
years to provide a framework for continuous development
and further integration of the community. The terms in the
Vision are divided into mainly four subcategories: ASEAN
Political-Security Community, ASEAN Economic Community,
ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community, and Moving Forward.
ASEAN Political-Security issues are covered under article 7
and 8 of the Vision. Article 7 generally states the overall
aspiration of the community aiming to achieve a united,
inclusive and resilient community. It also puts human and
enviroenmental security at the center of its aspirations.
Deepening engagement with both internal Members and
eternal parties are also stressed to contribute the
international peace, security and stability.[75] The final part
of the Vision, under "oving Forward" subcategory, implies
the acknowledgement of the weakness of the institution
capacity to process and coordinate ASEAN work.
Strengthening ASEAN Secretariat and other ASEAN Organs
and Bodies is desired. There is also a call for greater level of
ASEAN institutional presence at the national, regional and
international levels.

Economic Community Blueprint

 

ASEAN leaders sign the declaration of the ASEAN Economic Community

during the 27th ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur, 2015

The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)[76][77] aims to

"implement economic integration initiatives" to create a
single market across ASEAN member states. On 20
November 2007, during the 13th ASEAN Summit in
Singapore, its blueprint, which serves as a master plan
guiding the establishment of the community, was
adopted.[78] Its characteristics include a single market and
production base, a highly competitive economic region, a
region of fair economic development, and a region fully
integrated into the global economy. The areas of co-
operation include human resources development;
recognition of professional qualifications; closer
consultation on macroeconomic and financial policies; trade
financing measures; enhanced infrastructure and
communications connectivity; development of electronic
transactions through e-ASEAN; integrating industries across
the region to promote regional sourcing; and enhancing
private sector involvement. Through the free movement of
skilled labour, goods, services and investment, ASEAN will
rise globally as one market with each member gaining from
each other's strengths, thus increasing its competitiveness
and opportunities for development.[79]

The AEC is the embodiment of the ASEAN's vision of "a

stable, prosperous and highly competitive ASEAN economic
region in which there is a free flow of goods, services,
investment and a freer flow of capital, equitable economic
development and reduced poverty and socio-economic
disparities".[76] The formulation the blueprint established the
member states' commitment to a common goal as well as
ensuring compliance with stated objectives and timelines.
The blueprint also lays out the overall vision as well as the
goals, implementing plans and strategies (actions), as well
as the strategic schedule (timeline) for achieving the
establishment of the AEC by end-2015.[76]

2020 ASEAN Banking Integration Framework

As trade is liberalised with the ASEAN Economic Integration

in 2015, the need arises for ASEAN banking institutions to
accommodate and expand their services to a greater intra-
ASEAN market. While the financial integration is not going
to take effect until 2020, experts from the financial services
industry have already forecast a shaky economic transition,
especially for smaller players in the banking and financial
services industry. Two separate reports by Standard &
Poor's, ASEAN Financial Integration: The Long Road to Bank
Consolidation and The Philippines' Banking System: The
Good, the Bad and the Ambivalent, outline the challenges
ASEAN financial institutions are facing as they prepare for
the 2020 banking integration. The Philippines, with its
overcrowded banking sector, for example, is among the
ASEAN-member countries who are forecast to feel the most
pressure as the integration welcomes tighter competition
with the entry of bigger, more established foreign banks.[80]
To lessen the impact of this consolidation, countries with
banking sectors considered smaller by global standards
must expand regionally. S&P in a follow up report recently
cited the Philippines for "shoring up its network bases and
building up capital ahead of the banking integration –
playing defence and strengthening their domestic
networks".[80]

Roadmap for financial integration

The Roadmap for the Integration of ASEAN in Finance is the
latest regional initiative, which aims to strengthen regional
self-help and support mechanisms. The implementation of
the roadmap will contribute to the realisation of the AEC
that was launched in October 2003 in Bali. As in the EU,
adoption of a common currency, when conditions are ripe,
could be the final stage of the AEC. Under the roadmap,
approaches and milestones have been identified in areas
deemed crucial to financial and monetary integration,
namely capital market development, capital account
liberalisation, financial services liberalisation, and ASEAN
currency co-operation. Capital market development entails
promoting institutional capacity, including the legal and
regulatory framework, as well as the facilitation of greater
cross-border collaboration, linkages, and harmonisation
between capital markets in the region. Orderly capital
account liberalisation will be promoted with adequate
safeguards against volatility and systemic risks. To expedite
the process of financial services liberalisation, ASEAN has
agreed on a positive list modality and adopted milestones to
facilitate negotiations. Currency co-operation would involve
exploration of possible currency arrangements, including an
ASEAN currency payment system for trade in local goods to
reduce the demand for US dollars and to help promote
stability of regional currencies, such as by settling intra-
ASEAN trade using regional currencies.[81]

While in the offing of an ASEAN common currency, the

leaders of the member-states of ASEAN agreed in
November 1999 to create the establishment of currency
swaps, and repurchase agreements, as a credit line against
future financial shocks. In May 2000, the finance minister of
the ASEAN agreed through the "Chiang Mai Initiative" to plan
for closer monetary and financial co-operation.[82] The
Chiang Mai Initiative CMI), has two components, an
expanded ASEAN Swap Arrangement (ASA), and a network
of bilateral swap arrangements among ASEAN, China,
Japan, and South Korea. The ASA preceded the 1997
financial crisis. It was originally established by the ASEAN
central bank and monetary authorities of the five founding
members of with a view to help countries meet temporary
liquidity problems. An expanded ASA now includes all ten
member states with an expanded facility of US$1 billion. In
recognition of the economic interdependence of East Asia,
which has a combined foreign exchange reserves
amounting to about US$1 trillion, a network of bilateral
swap arrangements and repurchase agreements among
ASEAN, China, Japan and South Korea has been agreed
upon. The supplementary facility aims to provide temporary
financing for members which may be in balance-of-
payments difficulties. In 2009, 16 bilateral swap
arrangements (BSAs) have been successfully concluded
with a combined amount of about US$35.5 billion.[83] The
original CMI was signed on 9 December 2009 which took
effect on 20 March 2014, while the amended version, the
multilateralisation of CMI (CMIM), was on 17 July 2014. It is
a multilateral currency swap arrangement with a total size
of US$240 billion, governed by a single contractual
agreement, while the CMI is a network of bilateral swap
arrangements among the "Plus Three" and ASEAN
countries' authorities. In addition, an independent regional
surveillance unit called the ASEAN+3 Macroeconomic
Research Office (AMRO) was established to monitor and
analyse regional economies, and to support the CMIM
decision-making process.[83] The amendments will
effectively allow access of the ASEAN Plus Three and Hong
Kong to an enhanced CMIM package, which includes,
among others, the doubling of the fund size from US$120
billion to US$240 billion, an increase in the level of access
not linked to an International Monetary Fund program from
20%–30%, and the introduction of a crisis prevention facility.
These amendments are expected to fortify CMIM as the
region's financial safety net in the event of any potential or
actual liquidity difficulty.[84]

The AMRO will, during peace time, conduct annual

consultations with individual member economies and, on
this basis, prepare quarterly consolidated reports on the
macroeconomic assessment of the ASEAN+3 region and
individual member countries. On the other hand, the AMRO
will, during crisis time, prepare recommendations on any
swap request based on its macroeconomic analysis of the
swap requesting member and monitor the use and impact
of funds once any swap request is approved. AMRO was
officially incorporated as a company limited by guarantee in
Singapore on 20 April 2011 and its office is at the Monetary
Authority of Singapore complex in Singapore. Governance
of AMRO is being exercised by the Executive Committee
(EC) and its operational direction by the Advisory Panel
(AP). AMRO is currently headed by Dr Yoichi Nemoto of
Japan, who is serving his second 2-year term until 26 May
2016.[83] Stability in the financial system is a precondition to
maintain the momentum of economic integration. In turn,
the more ASEAN economies become integrated, the more
feasible it is to adopt a single currency, which is expected to
reinforce even further stability and integration.[81]

Food security

ASEAN member states recognise the importance of

strengthening food security to maintain stability and
prosperity in the region. The World Food Summit of 1996
defined food security as existing: "when all people at all
times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to
maintain a healthy and active life".[85] As ASEAN moves
towards AEC and beyond, food security should be an
integral part of the ASEAN community building agenda and
deserves more attention.[86]

Part of the aim for ASEAN integration is to achieve food

security collectively via trade in rice and maize. Trade
facilitation measures and the harmonisation/equivalency of
food regulation and control standards will reduce the cost
of trade in food products. While specialisation and revealed
comparative and competitive indices point to
complementarities between trade patterns among the
ASEAN member countries, intra-ASEAN trade in agriculture
is quite small. However, integration could address this
problem.[87] The MARKET project will provide flexible and
demand-driven support to the ASEAN Secretariat, while
bringing more private-sector and civil-society input into
regional agriculture policy dialogue. By building an
environment that reduces barriers to trade, ASEAN trade will
increase, thereby decreasing the risk of another food price
crisis.[88]

Political-Security Community Blueprint

During the 14th ASEAN Summit, the group adopted the

ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint (APSC).[89]
This document is aimed at creating a robust political-
security environment within ASEAN, with programs and
activities outlined to establish the APSC by 2016. The
document is based on the principles and purposes of the
ASEAN charter, the ASEAN Security Community Plan of
Action, the Vientiane Action Program, and other relevant
decisions. The APSC aims to create a rules-based
community of shared values and norms, a cohesive,
peaceful, stable and resilient region with a shared
responsibility toward comprehensive security and a
dynamic and outward-looking region in an increasingly
integrated and interdependent world.
The ASEAN Defence Industry Collaboration (ADIC) was
proposed at the 4th ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting on
11 May 2010 in Hanoi.[90] The emergence of this concept
was triggered by the fact that the majority of member states
are regular importers of defence products. One of the
purposes of this concept is to reduce defence imports from
non-ASEAN countries by half (i.e., from US$25 billion down
to US$12.5 billion a year) and to further develop the defence
industry in the region.[91] It was formally adopted during the
5th ASEAN Defence Ministers' Meeting (ADMM) on 19 May
2011, in Jakarta, Indonesia,[92] in line with the ADMM
agreement to enhance security co-operation in maritime
security, humanitarian assistance and disaster relief,
counter-terrorism, and military medicine. The main focus is
to industrially and technologically boost the security
capability of ASEAN,[93][94] consistent with the principles of
flexibility and non-binding and voluntary participation
among the member states.[95][96] The concept revolves
around education and capability building programs to
develop the skills and capabilities of manpower, sharing in
the production of capital for defence equipment,
components, and spares, and the provision of repair and
maintenance services to address all the defence and
security needs of each ASEAN country. It also aims to
develop the defence trade by encouraging member states to
participate in the intra-ASEAN defence trade and support
trade shows and exhibitions.[90] ADIC aims to establish a
strong defence industry relying on the local capabilities of
each member state, and limit annual procurement from
original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) outside the
region.[90] Countries like the USA, Germany, Russia, France,
Italy, UK, China, South Korea, Israel, and the Netherlands are
among the major suppliers to ASEAN.[97] Military
expenditures in ASEAN reached US$35.5 billion in 2013
(excluding Brunei and Myanmar), which surpassed the 2004
figure (US$14.4 billion) by 147% and is expected to exceed
US$40 billion by 2016.[98] Factors affecting the increase in
military budget are economic growth, ageing equipment,
and the plan to strengthen the establishment of the defence
industry.[99]

However, there are challenges to the defence collaboration,

namely the unequal level of capabilities among the member
states in defence industry, and the lack of established
defence trade among them.[93] Prior to the adoption of the
ADIC concept, the status of the defence industry base in
each of the member states was at disparate level.[93]
Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand are among the
top member states with an established defence industry
base, but they possess different levels of capacity, while the
remaining member states like the Philippines, Laos,
Vietnam, Myanmar, and Cambodia have yet to develop and
enhance their capabilities in this aspect.[90][93] Of the ten
member states, Singapore and Indonesia are among the
most competitive players. Indonesia is the only member
state recognised as one of the top 100 global defence
suppliers from 2010-2013.[100][101] ASEAN member states
purchase virtually no defence products from within ASEAN.
Singapore purchases products from Germany, France, and
Israel. Malaysia purchased only 0.49% from ASEAN,
Indonesia 0.1%, and Thailand 8.02%.[93]

The ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism (ACCT)

serves as a framework for regional co-operation to counter,
prevent, and suppress terrorism and deepen counter-
terrorism co-operation.[102] It was signed by ASEAN leaders
in 2007. On 28 April 2011, Brunei ratified the convention and
a month later, the convention came into force. Malaysia
became the tenth member state to ratify ACCT on 11
January 2013.[102]
Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint

It was also during the 14th ASEAN Summit that the member
governments of ASEAN adopted the ASEAN Socio-Cultural
Community Blueprint (ASCC).[103] The ASCC envisions an:
"ASEAN Community that is people-centered and socially
responsible with a view to achieving enduring solidarity and
unity among the countries and peoples of ASEAN by forging
a common identity and building a caring and sharing society
which is inclusive and harmonious where the well-being,
livelihood, and welfare of the peoples are enhanced".
Among its focus areas are: human development, social
welfare and protection, social justice and rights, ensuring
environmental sustainability, building the ASEAN identity,
and narrowing the development gap.

To track the progress of the AEC, the AEC Scorecard, a

compliance tool was developed based on the EU Internal
Market Scorecard.[104] This scorecard is the only one in
effect[105] and is expected to serve as an unbiased
assessment tool to measure the extent of integration
among member statess, and the economic health of the
region. It is expected to provide relevant information about
regional priorities, and thus foster productive, inclusive, and
sustainable growth. Moreover, scores create incentives for
improvement by highlighting what is working and what is
not.[106] It is also a compliance tool that makes it possible to
monitor the implementation of ASEAN agreements, and the
achievement of milestones indicated in the AEC Strategic
Schedule. The Scorecard outlines specific actions that must
be undertaken by ASEAN collectively, and by its member
states individually, to establish AEC by 2015.[106] To date,
two official scorecards have been published, one in
2010,[107] and the other in 2012.[108] According to the AEC
Scorecard 2012, the implementation rates of AEC's four
primary objectives: (a) single market and production base;
(b) competitive economic region; (c) equitable economic
development; and (d) integration into the global economy
were 65.9%, 67.9%, 66.7%, and 85.7%, respectively, with 187
out of 277 measures being fully implemented by 2011.[104]
The scorecard is purely quantitative. It only examines
whether a member state has performed the AEC task or not.
The more "yes" answers, the higher the score.[105]

While Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,

Singapore, and Thailand have eliminated 99.65% of their
tariff lines, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam have
decreased tariffs on 98.86% of their lines to the 0-5% tariff
range in 2010, and are projected to eliminate tariffs on these
goods by 2015, with the ability to do so for a few import
duty lines until 2018.[109] According to Lim Hng Kiang,
Singapore's Minister for Trade and Industry, ASEAN was
already the seventh largest economy in the world, and the
third largest in Asia in 2013, estimated at US$2.3 trillion. A
recent study by Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited has
projected that five of the top fifteen manufacturing locations
in the world will be in ASEAN by 2018. Furthermore, by 2050,
ASEAN is also expected to be the fourth-largest economy in
the world (after the European Union, the US, and China).[109]

The AEC envisions the free flow of overseas labour.

However, receiving countries may require would-be workers
to take licensing examinations in those countries regardless
of whether or not the worker has a professional license from
their home country.[110] Singapore is a major destination for
skilled migrants from other ASEAN countries, mostly from
Malaysia and the Philippines. Total employment in
Singapore doubled between 1992 and 2008 from 1.5 million
to three million, and the number of foreign workers almost
tripled, from fewer than 400,000 to almost 1.1 million. High-
skilled foreign talents (customer service, nursing,
engineering, IT) earn at least US$2,000 a month and with a
credential (usually a college degree) receive S Passes,
employment passes, including an EP-1 for those earning
more than US$7,000 a month; EP-2 for those earning
US$3,500—7,000 a month; and EP-3 for those earning
US$2,500–3,500 a month.[111] In recent years, Singapore
has been slowly cutting down the number of foreign
workers to challenge companies to upgrade their hiring
criteria and offer more jobs to local residents. The
International Monetary Fund (IMF) has warned that the
Singapore policy of reducing the number of foreign workers
could retard the country's economic growth and lower its
competitiveness.[112]
ASEAN members by
Human Development Index[113]:22–24
Country HDI (2016)

0.925 very high

 Singapore

 Brunei 0.865 very high

 Malaysia 0.789 high

 Thailand 0.740 high

0.689 medium
 Indonesia

ASEAN 0.684 medium

 Vietnam 0.683 medium

0.682 medium
 Philippines

 Laos 0.568 medium

0.563 medium
 Cambodia

0.556 medium
 Myanmar

Narrowing the Development Gap (NDG) is the framework for

addressing disparities among, and within, member states
where pockets of underdevelopment exist. Under NDG,
ASEAN has continued co-ordinating closely with other sub-
regional co-operation frameworks (e.g., BIMP-EAGA, IMT-GT,
GMS, Mekong programs), viewing them as "equal partners
in the development of regional production and distribution
networks" in the AEC, and as a platform to "mainstream
social development issues in developing and implementing
projects," in the context of the ASCC.[114] The six-year
Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) Work Plans have been
developed to assist Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam as
well as ASEAN's other sub-regions to ensure that the wheels
of their economies move at an accelerated pace. The First
IAI Work Plan was implemented from 2002 to 2008, prior to
the development of the Roadmap for an ASEAN Community
(2009-2015). The second plan (2009-2015) supports the
goals of the ASEAN Community and is composed of 182
prescribed actions, which includes studies, training
programs, and policy implementation support, conducted
through projects supported by older ASEAN member states,
and ASEAN's Dialogue partners and external parties. The IAI
Work Plan is patterned after and supports the key program
areas in the three ASEAN Community Blueprints: Political-
Security Community, Economic Community, and Socio-
Cultural Community. The IAI Task Force, composed of
representatives of the Committee of Permanent
Representatives and its working group from all member
states, is in charge of providing general advice and policy
guidelines and directions in the design and implementation
of the lan. All member states are represented in the IAI Task
Force, with the task force chaired by representatives of
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam. Chairmanship is
rotated annually in alphabetical order by country name.

The ASEAN Secretariat, in particular through the IAI and

NDG Division, supports the implementation and
management of the IAI Work Plan and coordinates activities
related to sub-regional frameworks. This includes servicing
meetings, assisting in the formulation, implementation,
monitoring and reporting of projects, resource mobilisation,
and overall operational co-ordination among various
IAI&NDG-related stakeholders. The Division works closely
with the Dialogue Partners, and international agencies, to
develop strategies and programs to assist in promoting and
implementing IAI and NDG activities in ASEAN.[114]

ASEAN's planned integration has challenged its citizens to

embrace a regional identity. The call for ASEAN identity
delivers a challenge to construct dynamic institutions and
foster sufficient amounts of social capital. The underlying
assumption is that the creation of a regional identity is of
special interest to ASEAN and the intent of the 2020 Vision
policy document was to reassert the belief in a regional
framework designed as an action plan related to human
development and civic empowerment. Accordingly, these
assumptions will be the basis for recommendations and
strategies in developing a participatory regional identity.[115]

Economy

Selection of GDP PPP data (top 10 countries and blocks) in no particular

order

The group sought economic integration by creating the AEC

by the end of 2015 that established a single market.[116] The
average economic growth of member states during from
1989 to 2009 was between 3.8% and 7%. This was greater
than the average growth of APEC, which was 2.8%.[117] The
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), established on 28 January
1992,[58] includes a Common Effective Preferential Tariff
(CEPT) to promote the free flow of goods between member
states.[116] ASEAN had only six members when it was
signed. The new member states (Vietnam, Laos, Burma and
Cambodia) have not fully met AFTA's obligations, but are
officially considered part of the agreement as they were
required to sign it upon entry into ASEAN, and were given
longer time frames to meet AFTA's tariff reduction
obligations.[118] The next steps are to create a single market
and production base, a competitive economic region, a
region of equitable economic development, and a region
that is fully integrated into the global economy. Since 2007,
ASEAN countries have gradually lowered their import duties
to member states, with a target of zero import duties by
2016.[119]

ASEAN countries have many economic zones (industrial

parks, eco-industrial parks, special economic zones,
technology parks, and innovation districts). In 2015, UNIDO
Viet Nam (United Nations Industrial Development
Organization) has compiled a list of economic zones in the
ASEAN Economic Community in a report titled "Economic
Zones in the ASEAN",[120] written by Arnault Morisson.
Internal market

By the end of 2015, ASEAN plans to establish a single

market based upon the four freedoms. It will ensure free
flow of goods, services, skilled labour, and capital. Until the
end of 2010, intra-ASEAN trade was still low as trade
involved mainly exports to countries outside the region, with
the exception of Laos and Myanmar, whose foreign trade
was ASEAN-oriented.[121] In 2009, realised foreign direct
investment (FDI) was US$37.9 billion and increased two-fold
in 2010 to US$75.8 billion. 22% of FDI came from the
European Union, followed by ASEAN countries (16%), and by
Japan and the United States. The ASEAN Framework
Agreement on Trade in Services (AFAS) was adopted at the
ASEAN Summit in Bangkok in December 1995.[122] Under
the agreement, member states enter into successive rounds
of negotiations to liberalise trade in services with the aim of
submitting increasingly higher levels of commitment. At
present, ASEAN has concluded seven packages of
commitments under AFAS.[123] Mutual Recognition
Agreements (MRAs) have been agreed upon by ASEAN for
eight professions: physicians, dentists, nurses, architects,
engineers, accountants, surveyors, and tourism
professionals. Individuals in these professions will be free
to work in any ASEAN states after the AEC goes into effect
on 31 December 2015.[124][125][126] In addition, six member
states (Malaysia, Vietnam (2 exchanges), Indonesia,
Philippines, Thailand, and Singapore) has collaborated on
integrating their stock exchanges, which includes 70% of its
transaction values with the goal to compete with
international exchanges.[127]

Single market will also include the ASEAN Single Aviation

Market (ASEAN-SAM), the region's aviation policy geared
towards the development of a unified and single aviation
market in Southeast Asia. It was proposed by the ASEAN Air
Transport Working Group, supported by the ASEAN Senior
Transport Officials Meeting, and endorsed by the ASEAN
Transport Ministers.[128] It is expected to liberalise air travel
between member states allowing ASEAN airlines to benefit
directly from the growth in air travel, and also free up
tourism, trade, investment, and service flows.[128][129] Since
1 December 2008, restrictions on the third and fourth
freedoms of the air between capital cities of member states
for air passenger services have been removed,[130] while
from 1 January 2009, full liberalisation of air freight services
in the region took effect.[128][129] On 1 January 2011, full
liberalisation on fifth freedom traffic rights between all
capital cities took effect.[131] This policy supersedes
existing unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral air services
agreements among member states which are inconsistent
with its provisions.

Monetary union

The concept of an Asian Currency Unit (ACU) started in the

middle of the 1990s, prior to the 1997 Asian financial
crisis.[132] It is a proposed basket of Asian currencies,
similar to the European Currency Unit, which was the
precursor of the Euro. The Asian Development Bank is
responsible for exploring the feasibility and construction of
the basket.[132][133] Since the ACU is being considered to be
a precursor to a common currency, it has a dynamic outlook
of the region.[134] The overall goal of a common currency is
to contribute to the financial stability of a regional economy,
including price stability. It means lower cost of cross-border
business through the elimination of currency risk. Greater
flows of intra-trade would put pressure on prices, resulting
in cheaper goods and services. Individuals benefit not only
from the lowering of prices, they save by not having to
change money when travelling, by being able to compare
prices more readily, and by the reduced cost of transferring
money across borders.

However, there are conditions for a common currency: the

intensity of intra-regional trade and the convergence of
macroeconomic conditions. Substantial intra-ASEAN trade
(which is growing, partly as a result of the ASEAN Free
Trade Area (AFTA) and the ASEAN Economic Community.)
and economic integration is an incentive for a monetary
union. Member states currently trades more with other
countries (80%) than among themselves (20%). Therefore,
their economies are more concerned about currency
stability against major international currencies, like the US
dollar. On macroeconomic conditions, member states have
different levels of economic development, capacity, and
priorities that translate into different levels of interest and
readiness. Monetary integration, however, implies less
control over national monetary and fiscal policy to stimulate
the economy. Therefore, greater convergence in
macroeconomic conditions is being enacted to improve
conditions and confidence in a common currency.[81] Other
concerns include weaknesses in the financial sectors,
inadequacy of regional-level resource pooling mechanisms
and institutions required to form and manage a currency
union, and lack of political preconditions for monetary co-
operation and a common currency.[135]

Free trade

Free trade initiatives in ASEAN are spearheaded by the

implementation of the ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement
(ATIGA) and the Agreement on Customs. These agreements
are supported by several sector bodies to plan and to
execute free trade measures, guided by the provisions and
the requirements of ATIGA and the Agreement on Customs.
They form a backbone for achieving targets of the AEC
Blueprint and establishing the ASEAN Economic Community
by the end of 2015.[136] On 26 August 2007, ASEAN stated
its aims of completing free trade agreements (FTA) with
China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, and New
Zealand by 2013, which is in line with the start of the ASEAN
Economic Community by 2015.[137][138] In November 2007,
ASEAN states signed the ASEAN Charter, a constitution
governing relations among member states and establishing
the group itself as an international legal entity.[139] During
the same year, the Cebu Declaration on East Asian Energy
Security was signed by ASEAN and the other members of
the EAS (Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South
Korea), which pursues energy security by finding energy
alternatives to conventional fuels.[140]

On 27 February 2009, an FTA with Australia and New

Zealand was signed. It is believed that this FTA would boost
combined GDP across the 12 countries by more than
US$48 billion over the period between 2000 and
2020.[141][142] Bilateral trade with India crossed the US$70
billion target in 2012 (target was to reach the level only by
2015). The agreement with China created the ASEAN–China
Free Trade Area (ACFTA), which went into full effect on 1
January 2010. In addition, ASEAN is currently negotiating an
FTA with the European Union.[143] Taiwan has also
expressed interest in an agreement with ASEAN but needs
to overcome diplomatic objections from China.[144] ASEAN,
together with its six major trading partners (Australia, China,
India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea), began the first
round of negotiations on 26–28 February 2013, in Bali,
Indonesia on the establishment of the RCEP,[145] which is an
extension of ASEAN Plus Three and Six that covers 45% of
the world's population and about a third of the world's total
GDP.[146][147][148]

Tourism
With the institutionalisation of visa-free travel between
ASEAN member states, intra-ASEAN travel has boomed. In
2010, 47% or 34 million out of 73 million tourists in ASEAN
member-states were from other ASEAN countries.[149]
Coperation in tourism was formalised in 1976, following the
formation of the Sub-Committee on Tourism (SCOT) under
the ASEAN Committee on Trade and Tourism. The 1st
ASEAN Tourism Forum was held on 18–26 October 1981 in
Kuala Lumpur. In 1986, ASEAN Promotional Chapters for
Tourism (APCT) were established in Hong Kong, West
Germany, the United Kingdom, Australia/New Zealand,
Japan, and North America.[150]

Tourism has been one of the key growth sectors in ASEAN

and has proven resilient amid global economic challenges.
The wide array of tourist attractions across the region drew
109 million tourists to ASEAN in 2015, up by 34% compared
to 81 million tourists in 2011. As of 2012, tourism was
estimated to account for 4.6% of ASEAN GDP—10.9% when
taking into account all indirect contributions. It directly
employed 9.3 million people, or 3.2% of total employment,
and indirectly supported some 25 million jobs.[151][152] In
addition, the sector accounted for an estimated 8% of total
capital investment in the region.[153] In January 2012,
ASEAN tourism ministers called for the development of a
marketing strategy. The strategy represents the consensus
of ASEAN National Tourism Organisations (NTOs) on
marketing directions for ASEAN moving forward to
2015.[154] In the 2013 Travel and Tourism Competitiveness
Index (TTCI) report, Singapore placed 1st, Malaysia placed
8th, Thailand placed 9th, Indonesia placed 12th, Brunei
placed 13th, Vietnam placed 16th, Philippines placed 17th,
and Cambodia placed 20th as the top destinations of
travellers in the Asia Pacific region.[155]

Foreign relations

Royal Thai Embassy, Helsinki, flying its own national flag as well as ASEAN's
flag
 

Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte poses for a photo with the ASEAN
foreign ministers during the 50th anniversary of the group's foundation on
August 8, 2017.

ASEAN maintains a global network of alliances, and is

involved in numerous international affairs.[156][157][158][159]
The organisation holds ASEAN Summits, where heads of
government of each member states meet to discuss and
resolve regional issues, as well as to conduct other
meetings with countries outside the bloc to promote
external relations and deal with international affairs. The
first summit was held in Bali in 1976. The third summit was
in Manila in 1987, and during this meeting, it was decided
that the leaders would meet every five years.[160] The fourth
meeting was held in Singapore in 1992 where the leaders
decided to meet more frequently, every three years.[160] In
2001, it was decided to meet annually to address urgent
issues affecting the region. Member states were assigned
to be the summit host in alphabetical order except in the
case of Burma which dropped its 2006 hosting rights in
2004 due to pressure from the United States and the
European Union.[161] In December 2008, the ASEAN Charter
came into force and with it, the ASEAN Summit will be held
twice a year. The formal summit meets for three days, and
usually includes internal organisation meeting, a conference
with foreign ministers of the ASEAN Regional Forum, an
ASEAN Plus Three meeting and ASEAN-CER, a meeting of
member states with Australia and New Zealand.[162]

ASEAN also participates in the East Asia Summit (EAS), a

pan-Asian forum held annually by the leaders of eighteen
countries in the East Asian region, with ASEAN in a
leadership position. Initially, membership included all
member states of ASEAN plus China, Japan, South Korea,
India, Australia, and New Zealand, but was expanded to
include the United States and Russia at the Sixth EAS in
2011. The first summit was held in Kuala Lumpur on 14
December 2005, and subsequent meetings have been held
after the annual ASEAN Leaders' Meeting. The summit has
discussed issues including trade, energy, and security and
the summit has a role in regional community building.

Other meetings include the ASEAN Ministerial

Meeting[163][164] that focus mostly on specific topics, such
as defence or the environment,[165] and are attended by
ministers. The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), which met for
the first time in 1994, fosters dialogue and consultation, and
to promote confidence-building and preventive diplomacy in
the region.[166] As of July 2007, it consists of twenty-seven
participants that include all ASEAN member states,
Australia, Bangladesh, Canada, China, the EU, India, Japan,
North and South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan,
Papua New Guinea, Russia, East Timor, the United States,
and Sri Lanka.[167] Taiwan has been excluded since the
establishment of the ARF, and issues regarding the Taiwan
Strait are neither discussed at ARF meetings nor stated in
the ARF Chairman's Statements.

ASEAN also holds meetings with Europe during the Asia–

Europe Meeting (ASEM), an informal dialogue process
initiated in 1996 with the intention of strengthening co-
operation between the countries of Europe and Asia,
especially members of the European Union and ASEAN in
particular.[168] ASEAN, represented by its Secretariat, is one
of the forty-five ASEM partners. It also appoints a
representative to sit on the governing board of Asia-Europe
Foundation (ASEF), a socio-cultural organisation associated
with the meeting. Annual bilateral meetings between ASEAN
and India, Russia and the United States are also held.
Environment

Haze over Borneo, 2006

At the turn of the 21st century, ASEAN began to discuss

environmental agreements. These included the signing of
the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in
2002 as an attempt to control haze pollution in Southeast
Asia, arguably the region's most high-profile environmental
issue.[169] Unfortunately, this was unsuccessful due to the
outbreaks of haze in 2005, 2006, 2009, 2013, and 2015. As
of 2015, thirteen years after signing the ASEAN Agreement
on Transboundary Haze Pollution, the situation with respect
to the long term issue of Southeast Asian haze has not been
changed for 50% of the ASEAN member states, and still
remains as a crisis every two years during summer and
fall.[170][171][172]

Trash dumping from foreign countries (such as Japan and

Canada) to ASEAN has yet to be discussed and
resolved.[173] Important issues include deforestation (with
Indonesia recorded the largest loss of forest in the region,
more than other member states combined in the 2001-2013
period[174]), plastic waste dumping (5 member states were
among the top 10 out of 192 countries based on 2010 data,
with Indonesia ranked as second worst polutter[175]),
threatened mammal species (Indonesia ranked the worst in
the region with 184 species under threat[176]), threatened
fish species (Indonesia ranked the worst in the region[177]),
threatened (higher) plant species (Malaysia ranked the
worst in the region[178])

Education
While high performing Asian economies and the 6 oldest
ASEAN member states have invested heavily in public
education at the primary and secondary levels, tertiary
education has been left largely to the private sector.[179]
Tertiary education in Southeast Asia is, in general, relatively
weak in terms of technological capacity and integration
such as in credit transfer schemes. Singapore is highly
focused on innovation while the rest of the region lags
behind.[180] In most cases, universities are focused on
teaching and service to government rather than academic
research. Universities, both in terms of academic salaries
and research infrastructure (libraries, laboratories), tend to
be poorly supported financially. Moreover, regional
academic journals cater to their local audiences and
respond less to international standards which makes
universal or regional benchmarking difficult.[181]
Governments have a vested interest in investing in
education and other aspects of human capital
infrastructure, especially rapidly developing countries in the
region. In the short run, investment spending directly
supports aggregate demand and growth. In the longer term,
investments in physical infrastructure, productivity
enhancements, and provision of education and health
services determine the potential for growth.[182]

To enhance regional co-operation in education, ASEAN

education ministers have agreed four priorities for
education, promoting ASEAN awareness among ASEAN
citizens, particularly youth, strengthening ASEAN identity
through education, building ASEAN human resources in the
field of education strengthening the ASEAN University
Network.[183] At the 11th ASEAN Summit in December 2005,
leaders set new direction for regional education
collaboration when they welcomed the decision of the
ASEAN education ministers to convene meetings on a
regular basis. The annual ASEAN Education Ministers
Meeting oversees co-operation efforts on education at the
ministerial level. With regard to implementation, programs,
and activities are carried out by the ASEAN Senior Officials
on Education (SOM-ED). SOM-ED also manages co-
operation on higher education through the ASEAN University
Network (AUN).[184] It is a consortium of Southeast Asian
tertiary institutions of which 30 currently belong as
participating universities.[185] Founded in November 1995 by
11 universities,[186] the AUN was established to:[183] promote
co-operation among ASEAN scholars, academics, and
scientists, develop academic and professional human
resources, promote information dissemination among the
ASEAN academic community, enhance awareness of a
regional identity and the sense of "ASEAN-ness" among
member states.

The Southeast Asia Engineering Education Development

Network (SEED-Net) Project was established as an
autonomous sub-network of AUN in April 2001. It is aimed
at promoting human resource development in engineering.
The network consists of 26 member institutions selected by
higher education ministries of each ASEAN member state,
and 11 supporting Japanese universities selected by the
Japanese government. This network is mainly supported by
the Japanese government through the Japan International
Cooperation Agency (JICA) and partially supported by the
ASEAN Foundation. SEED-Net activities are implemented by
the SEED-Net secretariat with the support of the JICA
Project for SEED-Net now based at Chulalongkorn
University.

ASEAN has a scholarship program offered by Singapore to

the 9 other member states for secondary school, junior
college, and university education. It covers accommodation,
food, medical benefits and accident insurance, school fees,
and examination fees. Its recipients, who then perform well
on the GCE Advanced Level Examination, may apply for
ASEAN undergraduate scholarships, which are tailored
specifically to undergraduate institutions in Singapore and
other ASEAN member countries.[187] Singapore has used
this program effectively to attract many of the best students
from the ASEAN region over the past several years, and
scholars for the most part tend to remain in Singapore to
pursue undergraduate studies through the ASEAN
Undergraduate Scholarship program.[188]
Culture
The organisation hosts cultural activities in an attempt to
further integrate the region. These include sports and
educational activities as well as writing awards. Examples
of these include the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity, ASEAN
Heritage Parks[189] and the ASEAN Outstanding Scientist
and Technologist Award

Media

Member states have promoted co-operation in information

to help build an ASEAN identity. One of the main bodies in
ASEAN co-operation in information is the ASEAN
Committee on Culture and Information (COCI). Established
in 1978, its mission is to promote effective co-operation in
the fields of information, as well as culture, through its
various projects and activities. It includes representatives
from national institutions like the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
Ministries of Culture and Information, national radio and
television networks, museums, archives and libraries,
among others. Together, they meet once a year to formulate
and agree on projects to fulfil their mission.[190] On 14
November 2014, foreign ministers of member states
launched the ASEAN Communication Master Plan
(ACPM).[191] It provides a framework for communicating the
character, structure, and overall vision of ASEAN and the
ASEAN community to key audiences within the region and
globally.[192] The plan seeks to demonstrate the relevance
and benefits of the ASEAN through fact-based and
compelling communications, recognising that the ASEAN
community is unique and different from other country
integration models.

ASEAN Media Cooperation (AMC) sets digital television

standards and policies in preparation for broadcasters to
transition from analogue to digital broadcasting. This
collaboration was conceptualised during the 11th ASEAN
Ministers Responsible for Information (AMRI) Conference in
Malaysia on 1 March 2012 where a consensus declared that
both new and traditional media were keys to connecting
ASEAN peoples and bridging cultural gaps in the region.[193]
Several key initiatives under the AMC include:[194]

The ASEAN Media Portal[195] was launched 16 November

2007. The portal aims to provide a one-stop site that
contains documentaries, games, music videos, and
multimedia clips on the culture, arts, and heritage of the
ASEAN countries to showcase ASEAN culture and the
capabilities of its media industry.
The ASEAN NewsMaker Project, an initiative launched in
2009, trains students and teachers to produce
informational video clips about their countries. The
project was initiated by Singapore. Students trained in
NewsMaker software, video production, together with
developing narrative storytelling skills. Dr Soeung
Rathchavy, Deputy Secretary-General of ASEAN for
ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community noted that: "Raising
ASEAN awareness amongst the youth is part and parcel
of our efforts to build the ASEAN Community by 2015.
Using ICT and the media, our youths in the region will get
to know ASEAN better, deepening their understanding and
appreciation of the cultures, social traditions and values
in ASEAN."[196]
The ASEAN Digital Broadcasting Meeting, is an annual
forum for ASEAN members to set digital television (DTV)
standards and policies, and to discuss progress in the
implementation of the blueprint from analogue to digital
TV broadcasting by 2020. During the 11th ASEAN Digital
Broadcasting Meeting[197] members updated the status
on DTV implementation and agreed to inform ASEAN
 members on the Guidelines for ASEAN Digital
Switchover.[198] An issue was raised around the
availability and affordability of set-top boxes (STB), thus
ASEAN members were asked to make policies to
determine funding for STBs, methods of allocation,
subsidies and rebates, and other methods for the
allocation of STBs. It was also agreed in the meeting to
form a task force to develop STB specifications for DVB-
T2 to ensure efficiency.

Music

"The ASEAN Way", the official regional anthem of ASEAN.

Music by  Kittikhun Sodprasert and Sampow Triudom;
lyrics by  Payom Valaiphatchra.
"ASEAN Song of Unity" or "ASEAN Hymn". Music by
 Ryan Cayabyab.
"Let Us Move Ahead", an ASEAN song. Composed by
 Candra Darusman.
"ASEAN Rise", ASEAN's 40th anniversary song. Music by
 Dick Lee; lyrics by  Stefanie Sun.
"ASEAN Spirit", ASEAN's 50th anniversary song.
Performed by  Christian Bautista; directed by  Joaquin
Pedro Valdes.
Sports

Southeast Asian Games

ASEAN University Games
ASEAN School Games
ASEAN Para Games
ASEAN Football Championship
SEABA Championship

Reception
ASEAN has been credited as one of the world's most
successful and influential organisations, and a global
powerhouse.[199][200] It received high praises from world
leaders and the international community, and is dubbed as
the centrality in the political, economic, security and socio-
cultural architecture of Asia-Pacific. It is lauded as the "best-
established intergovernmental institution in Asia" while
achieving high approval ratings in its own region.[201]
Throughout history, ASEAN has formed alliances around the
world, and established cooperation and dialogues among
countries and sub-regional, regional and international
organisations and institutions, solidifying itself as one of the
biggest players on the international stage. It also serves as
an international role model in seeking harmony and strength
among diversity and
differences.[202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213][201][214]

Being one of the world's forefront political, economic and

security meetings, the ASEAN Summit serves as a
prominent regional (Asia) and international (worldwide)
conference, with world leaders attending its related
summits and meetings to discuss about various problems
and global issues, strengthening cooperation, and making
decisions.[215][216] The summit has been praised by world
leaders for its success and ability to produce results on a
global level.[217]

However, despite its international success, recognition and

influence, ASEAN still received several criticisms. Critics
have charged that ASEAN is too soft in its approach to
promoting human rights and democracy, particularly in
junta-led Burma.[218] Some scholars think that non-
interference has hindered ASEAN efforts to handle the
Burma issue, human rights abuse, and haze pollution in the
area. Despite global outrage at the military crack-down on
unarmed protesters in Yangon, ASEAN has refused to
suspend Burma as a member, and also rejects proposals for
economic sanctions.[219] This has caused concern as the
European Union has refused to conduct free trade
negotiations at a regional level for these political
reasons.[220] During a UN vote against the ethnic cleansing
of Rohingya, majority of member states voted to either
abstain or against the condemnation. Only Muslim-majority
countries Malaysia, Indonesia, and Brunei voted in favor of
condemning the cleansing of Rohingya .[221] Some
international observers view ASEAN as a "talk shop",[222]
stating that the organisation is: "big on words, but small on
action".[223] "ASEAN policies have proven to be mostly
rhetoric, rather than actual implementation", according to
Pokpong Lawansiri, a Bangkok-based independent analyst
of ASEAN. "It has been noted that less than 50% of ASEAN
agreements are actually implemented, while ASEAN holds
more than six hundred meetings annually".[224]

The head of the International Institute of Strategic Studies,

Tim Huxley, cites the diverse political systems present in the
grouping, including many young states, as a barrier to far-
reaching co-operation outside the economic sphere. He also
asserts that, in the absence of an external threat to rally
against with the end of the Cold War, ASEAN has begun to
be less successful at restraining its members and resolving
border disputes such as those between Burma and Thailand
and Indonesia and Malaysia.[225] During the 12th ASEAN
Summit in Cebu, several activist groups staged anti-
globalisation protests,[226] arguing that the agenda of
economic integration would negatively affect industries in
the Philippines and would cause thousands of Filipinos to
lose their jobs.[227]

Corruption remains a widespread issue, as "tea money"

remains an important requirement to grease business
transactions and to receive public services. Following the
release of the Corruption Perceptions Index 2015 by Berlin-
based graft watchdog Transparency International on 27
January, its Asia Pacific director, Srirak Plipat, noted that: "if
there was one common challenge to unite the Asia-Pacific
region, it would be corruption", noting that: "from campaign
pledges to media coverage to civil society forums,
corruption dominates the discussion. Yet despite all this
talk, there's little sign of action."[228]

Economic integration

The group's integration plan has raised concerns, in

particular, the 2015 deadline. Business and economy
experts who attended the Lippo-UPH Dialogue in Naypyidaw
cited unresolved issues relating to aviation, agriculture, and
human resources.[229] Some panelists, among them, Kishore
Mahbubani, warned against high expectations at the onset.
He stated: "Please do not expect a big bang event in 2015
where everything is going to happen overnight when the
ASEAN Economic Community comes into being. We've
made progress in some areas and unfortunately regressed
in some areas."[230]

Some panelists enumerated other matters to be dealt with

for a successful launch. Among them were the
communications issues involving the 600 million citizens
living in the region, creating a heightened level of
understanding in the business sector, current visa
arrangements, demand for specific skills, banking
connections, and economic differences. Former Philippine
National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) Secretary
General Romulo A. Virola, said in 2012 that the Philippines
does not appear to be ready to benefit from the integration
due to its "wobbly" economic performance compared to
other member states. According to Virola, the Philippines
continues to lag behind in terms of employment rate,
tourism, life expectancy, and cellular subscriptions.[231]
Nestor Tan, head of BDO Unibank Inc., said that while some
businesses see the Asian Economic Blueprint (AEC) as an
opportunity, the integration would be more of a threat to
local firms. Tan added that protecting the Philippines'
agricultural and financial services sectors, as well as the
labour sector, would be necessary for the implementation of
AEC by 2015.[232] Standard & Poor's also believed that banks
in the Philippines are not yet prepared for the tougher
competition that would result from the integration. In one of
its latest publications, S&P said banks in the country,
although profitable and stable, operate on a much smaller
scale than their counterparts in the region.[232]

The US Chamber of Commerce has highlighted widespread

concern that the much-anticipated AEC could not be
launched by the 2015 deadline.[233] In January 2014, former
ASEAN Secretary-General Rodolfo C. Severino, wrote: "while
ASEAN should not be condemned for its members' failure to
make good on their commitments, any failure to deliver will
likely lead to a loss of credibility and could mean that
member states fall further behind in the global competition
for export markets and foreign direct investment (FDI)".[234]
This is not the first time that AEC faces a probable delay. In
2012, the commencement of the AEC was postponed to 31
December 2015 from the original plan of 1 January. Despite
Secretary-General Surin Pitsuwan's firm reassurance that: "
[t]here will be no more delays and that all ten ASEAN
countries will participate", even the most fervent proponents
of AEC are beginning to worry about the increasingly
diminishing chance of delivering AEC on time as December
2015 nears.[104]

An article published by Vietnam News echoed some of the

challenges and opportunities that Vietnam faces in
preparation for the AEC. The article said that the deputy
head of the Import-Export Department under the Ministry of
Industry and Trade, Tran Thanh Hai, was concerned about
local enterprises' lack of knowledge of the AEC. It was said
that 80% of local enterprises surveyed acknowledged that
they have little information about the interests and
challenges available for them in the ASEAN market. The
article also noted that the general secretary of the Vietnam
Steel Association, Chu Duc Khai, said that most of the local
steel making enterprises lack information about doing
business in the ASEAN market; they have not had a chance
to study it, and have only exported small amounts of steel to
ASEAN countries. Another challenge is the need to compete
with other countries in the ASEAN market to export raw
products since the country had mainly exported raw
products.[235] The Asian Development Bank also has doubts
about Cambodia's ability to meet the AEC deadline. The
leading economist of ADB, Jayant Menon, said that
Cambodia needs to speed up its customs reform and to
press ahead with automating processes to reduce trade
costs and minimise the opportunities for corruption and be
ready for the implementation of its National Single Window
by 2015.[236]

Territorial disputes

Several territorial disputes has affected the unity of ASEAN

such as the Cambodian–Thai border dispute and the
continuous claim over parts of Malaysia by certain Filipino
politicians,[237] who seems to support militants raids over a
neighbouring country.[238][239][240] The biggest criticism
ASEAN is currently facing is the tensions caused by the
South China Sea dispute, which involves the Philippines,
Vietnam, Malaysia, and Brunei. The Philippines has been the
most vocal against Chinese incursions, even bringing its
case against China to a UN international tribunal in the
Hague. Vietnam, Japan, and other Western countries,
especially the United States, have strongly supported the
Philippines. Vietnam, bordered both by land and sea with
China, has also claims all the Spratly Islands. This dispute
focuses on the Paracel Islands, which China has occupied
following the Battle of the Paracel Islands, in 1974. Brunei,
claiming only one reef, has been silent on the issue ever
since it began, mostly because of its trade with China.
Malaysia, who has deep economic ties to China has
remained neutral and 'China-friendly' over the conflict,
despite China claiming various reefs and islands in the
Spratlys as well as most of its territorial waters and
exclusive economic zones in Borneo.

ASEAN has yet to be united in the dispute, especially when

China is heavily supported by some member states. Burma
and Laos have been former 'satellite states' of China and are
still heavily influenced by China. Thailand has yet to take a
concrete stand on the issue. Of the member states not yet
involved in the dispute, Indonesia has supported the
diplomatic approach of the Philippines many times.
Indonesia's exclusive economic zone in its Natuna Islands
overlaps with the nine-dash line of China. Taiwan, also a
claimant, has no concrete relations with any ASEAN
member states, but has an informal office in the Philippines.
China has only accepted bilateral talks for solving the
disputes. Vietnam, the Philippines, China, Malaysia, and
even Taiwan have been building their military bases and
there is great concern over the possibility of military conflict
over the issue. During a general meeting in 2016, ASEAN
failed to include a united statement which includes the
International Court ruling on the South China Sea, filed and
won by the Philippines against China, due to Cambodia's
rejection of the ruling being part of the official ASEAN
statement.

West Papua

ASEAN has also failed to abolish human rights violations in

West Papua, committed by Indonesian authorities. It is
estimated that more than 500,000 indigenous Papuans have
been killed since the 1960s. Papuans have been lobbying
for independence from Indonesia since the 1900s, however,
they have not succeeded due to intense Indonesian army
operations which resulted in expansive genocide.
Independence organizations vocalised their concerns and
aspiration to ASEAN, but no action was made. In 2014, all
independence movement groups in the region formed a
single umbrella organisation, the United Liberation
Movement for West Papua (ULMWP).[241] Solomon Islands,
Vanuatu, Tonga, Tuvalu, Palau, the Marshall Islands and the
FLNKS, which represents New Caledonia Independence
Movement[242] swore to support the independence
movement in 2017 after an arrest of more than 500
Papuans in December 2016 due to independence rally.[243]
They lambasted Indonesia's human rights record and the
referendum conducted in 1969 to control the region, where
only 0.02% of the population were allowed to vote due to
threats from authorities.

The ambassador of Guinea-Bissau implied that the

movement is the same one made by Timor-Leste, and thus
should be respected. The probable support base of the
African leader is due to the support of South Africa's
Desmond Tutu, who backed West Papuan independence. On
the other hand, the ambassador of Papua New Guinea
spoke against the coalition of countries due to ties with
Indonesia, despite being ethnically and geographically
related to West Papua. All of the statements made were
committed during the 2017 meeting of Council of Ministers
of the 79-member Africa Caribbean Pacific Group of States
(ACP). The indigenous Maori people of New Zealand also
expressed their support for West Papua during the
ULMWP's visit to the country. The Aborigines of Australia
also expressed their support for the movement. In the 2017,
the UN General Assembly, a petition for a UN-backed
referendum was submitted by more than 1.5 million West
Papuans through their leader, Benny Wanda. However, the
head of the committee in reference to the submission
blocked the petition as Indonesia was a member of the
committee.[244][245]

See also
ASEAN Common Time
ASEAN-India Car Rally 2012
ASEAN Sculpture Garden
Asian Monetary Unit
Asia Pacific Forum
Blue card system – ASEAN motor insurance scheme
Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia
List of ASEAN countries by GDP (nominal)
List of country groupings
List of multilateral free-trade agreements
Mekong-Ganga Cooperation
Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation
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Further reading
Taiwan ASEAN Studies Center; ASEAN Outlook Magazine;
May 2013. Myanmar's Overlooked Industry Opportunities
and Investment Climate , by David DuByne
ASEAN Community in Figures (ACIF) 2012 (PDF), Jakarta:
Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 2012, ISBN 978-
602-7643-22-2, archived from the original (PDF) on 4
September 2015
Acharya, Amitav (2009), Constructing a Security
Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the problem of
regional order (2nd ed.), Abingdon Oxon/New York:
Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-41428-9
Collins, Allan (2013), Building a People-oriented Security
Community the ASEAN Way, Abingdon Oxon/New York:
Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-46052-1
Fry, Gerald W. (2008), The Association of Southeast Asian
Nations, New York: Chelsea House, ISBN 978-0-7910-
9609-3
Lee, Yoong Yoong, ed. (2011), ASEAN Matters! Reflecting
on the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Singapore:
World Scientific Publishing, ISBN 978-981-4335-06-5
Haacke, Jürgen; Morada, Noel M., eds. (2010),
Cooperative Security in the Asia-Pacific: The ASEAN
 Regional Forum, Abingdon Oxon/New York: Routledge,
ISBN 978-0-415-46052-1
Seah, Daniel (2015) Problems Concerning the International
Law-Making Practice of ASEAN Asian Journal of
International Law (Cambridge University Press)
Severino, Rodolfo (2008), ASEAN, Singapore: ISEAS
Publications, ISBN 978-981-230-750-7
Amador III J, Teodoro J. (2014), A united region: The
ASEAN Community 2015

External links
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Organisations

ASEAN Secretariat , retrieved 13 March 2007.

ASEAN Regional Forum , retrieved 13 March 2007.
BBC Country Profile/Asean , retrieved 13 March 2007.

ASEAN Summits

24th ASEAN Summit

23rd ASEAN Summit
 14th ASEAN Summit
13th ASEAN Summit official site. Retrieved 16
September 2007.
12th ASEAN Summit , retrieved 13 March 2007.
11th ASEAN Summit (official site) 12–14 December
2005 in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Retrieved 13 March
2007.

ASEAN organisations

ASEAN's official directory of ASEAN organisations

ASEAN Architect
ASEAN Law Association
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US-ASEAN Business Council
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ASEAN related websites

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Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN); U.S.
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