Literature Review

[1] E. A. Bakirtzis and C. Demoulias

A micro grid supplied entirely by renewable energy sources (photovoltaics and wind generators)
and a battery storage system is investigated. The battery converter is controlled with variable-
frequency, variable-amplitude sinusoidal PWM modulation. The system frequency is determined by
the state of charge (SOC) of the battery while the voltage at the main bus is held constant. The PV
inverter is controlled as a current source following a reference active and reactive power with the
active power being a function of the system frequency. The induction machine of the wind generator
(WG) is directly connected to the grid. Detailed simulation shows that with this type of control the
grid voltage and frequency remain within the limits specified by the EN 50160 standard even under
large variations in active and reactive power caused by the wind generator, the PV or the load. It is
further shown that, by changing the operation mode of the battery converter to current-controlled,
the system can provide, in case of faults, adequate current for the protective devices to operate.
Since the frequency is used as control signal, a wireless communication among the renewable
energy sources is achieved while the battery SOC and thus its state-of-health is continuously
monitored. © 2012 IEEE.

[2] M. Kumar, M. Kachhwaya, and B. Kumar

In this paper study on a photovoltaic system done with a developed simulation model consisting
of a maximum power point tracker is presented. The characteristics of the developed model were
compared with commercially available PV module after simulation under different radiation and
temperature conditions. For extracting the maximum power from the Photovoltaic array, a
Perturbation and Observation based MPPT technique is developed. The developed model of MPPT
effectively extracts the maximum power from the PV panel. The complete system is developed using
a MATLAB/Simulink GUI environment.

[3] S. Drsilva, P. Nanduri, S. Jain, F. Fateh, M. B. Shadmand, and B. Mirafzal

This paper presents a control scheme for cluster of photovoltaic (PV) sources in microgrids to
mitigate the short-term power transients and accomplish a controllable power reserve. The
proposed control scheme results in constant PV power generation under highly fluctuating PV
ambient conditions in an adaptive fashion to limit the feed-in power to the grid and achieve constant
power generation (CPG). The PV power operating setpoint regulation i.e. power reserve, can be
adjusted based on grid operator command or state of charge (SoC) of central battery energy storage
system. The power set-point adjustment and coordination are achieved in a decentralized manner.
The controller hardware in the loop (C-HIL) testing of the proposed system is carried out using the
Typhoon HIL 402 system and various test conditions have been emulated to verify the theoretical
expectations of the proposed control scheme.

[4] M. Kamran, M. Mudassar, M. R. Fazal, M. U. Asghar, M. Bilal, and R. Asghar

Solar photovoltaic technology has been adopted by various global PV markets with 227 GW
cumulative globally installed PV capacity in 2015 replacing the conventional fossil fuel energy
resources. However, efficiency is still a big challenge for researchers and PV industry. This paper
proposes a solar tracker and modified Perturb and Observe (P&O) algorithm for the standalone solar
photo-voltaic system. Proposed algorithm confines the search space of the power curve to 10% area
that contains Maximum Power Point (MPP) and starts perturbation and observation within that
limited search space. The proposed P&O algorithm was simulated in MATLAB/Simulink. Solar tracker
makes sure the availability of uniform and maximum irradiance to the solar module throughout the
course of the sun during the day. Confinement of the algorithm's search space lessened the
response time to the changing weather conditions that in return decreases the steady-state
oscillations at the MPP. Integration of the solar tracker and improved P&O MPPT algorithm provided
the better quality and conditioned electricity to the load. The proposed system was experimentally
steered whose results verified the effectiveness of the proposed P&O algorithm.

[5] B. Bendib, H. Belmili, and F. Krim

Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) methods are used in photovoltaic (PV) systems to
continually maximize the PV array output power which generally depends on solar radiation and cell
temperature. MPPT methods can be roughly classified into two categories: there are conventional
methods, like the Perturbation and Observation (P&O) method and the Incremental Conductance
(IncCond) method and advanced methods, such as, fuzzy logic (FL) based MPPT method. This paper
presents a survey of these methods in order to analyze, simulate, and evaluate a PV power supply
system under varying meteorological conditions. Simulation results, obtained using
MATLAB/Simulink, show that static and dynamic performances of fuzzy MPPT controller are better
than those of conventional techniques-based controller.

[6] M. Premkumar and R. Sowmya

The photovoltaic (PV) systems should operate at a maximum power point (MPP) to extract the
maximum possible output power with high tracking efficiency under various operating conditions
This paper discusses a new maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique to extract the peak
power from the PV panel/array during partial shaded conditions (PSCs). The proposed algorithm is
based on bio-inspired Whale Optimization (WO) with reinitialization process when the PV system is
subjected to change in shading pattern, and the algorithm tries to locate the global peak (GP) with a
high convergence rate and high tracking efficiency. The proposed algorithm eliminates the
computational burden faced by the hybrid MPPT algorithms as discussed in various literature and
reduces the power oscillation during the change in operating conditions. The proposed technique is
modeled and simulated under different test conditions using MATLAB/Simulink software. The
performance of the proposed technique is compared with conventional perturb and observation
(PO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) and hybrid GWO (HGWO) techniques in terms of tracking time
and tracking efficiency and the simulation result proves that WO technique displays high tracking
efficiency (>95%) and less convergence time (<0.15sec) under PSCs with less power oscillations.
Moreover, the performance assessment is carried out in terms of mismatching loss, fill factor, and
relative power loss/gain.

[7] B. Ozgenc and I. H. Altas

Partial shading occurs when Photovoltaic panels don't receive homogeneous solar radiation and
this situation cause hotspot and power loss. In this study, a new SOS-WOA hybrid algorithm for
maximum power point tracking and reducing power loss in photovoltaic systems under partial
shading is proposed. In order to demonstrate the performance of the algorithm, the proposed
system is simulated in Matlab/Simulink and analyzed for different scenarios. In addition, the
algorithm has been compared with traditional ones in literature such as PerturbObserve algorithm,
Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm and Symbiotic Organism Search Algorithm. Simulation results
show that the hybrid Symbiotic Organism Search and Whale Optimization algorithm finds the
maximum power point more accurately than the others. A higher efficiency is also obtained.
[8] T. Selmi, M. Abdul-niby, and A. Davis

In this paper, a mathematical analysis of a photovoltaic cell is presented for the single diode and
double diode cell configurations. The model of the double diode representation was implemented
using a proprietary algorithm and MATLAB/Simulink. To track the point of maximum power, the
perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm method was implemented. It was shown that the point of
maximum power is always located at the expected position, is readily tracked, and maintained by
minute increases and decreases in voltage. These encouraging results indicate opportunities for the
utilization of this algorithm and its hardware implementation.

[9] J. K. Shiau, M. Y. Lee, Y. C. Wei, and B. C. Chen

The power converter is one of the essential elements for effective use of renewable power sources.
This paper focuses on the development of a circuit simulation model for maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) evaluation of solar power that involves using different buck-boost power converter
topologies; including SEPIC, Zeta, and four-switch type buck-boost DC/DC converters. The circuit
simulation model mainly includes three subsystems: a PV model; a buck-boost converter-based
MPPT system; and a fuzzy logic MPPT controller. Dynamic analyses of the current-fed buck-boost
converter systems are conducted and results are presented in the paper. The maximum power point
tracking function is achieved through appropriate control of the power switches of the power
converter. A fuzzy logic controller is developed to perform the MPPT function for obtaining
maximum power from the PV panel. The MATLAB-based Simulink piecewise linear electric circuit
simulation tool is used to verify the complete circuit simulation model.

[10] F. Spertino, J. Ahmad, A. Ciocia, P. Di Leo, A. F. Murtaza, and M. Chiaberge

The capacitor charging method can be used in Photovoltaic (PV) systems for two typical applications:
a very simple and cheap way (1) to trace the I-V curve of a PV generator of whatever size and (2) to
track the Maximum Power Point (. MPP), especially when the partial shading occurs. The problem is
the correct sizing of the capacitor in order to achieve accurate, uniform and smooth results. In the
first application a simplified calculation to design quickly the capacitor is carried out. This is done
only as a function of the main characteristics of the PV array and the most important datasheet
parameters of the PV modules. Then, the setup of I-V curve tracers at module, string and array levels
is presented: these tracers are useful in the detection of underperformance of PV systems. In the
second application a MPPT (. MPP Tracker) circuit based on capacitor charging is designed and
simulated in partial shading conditions. In these conditions the Power-Voltage (. P-V) curve of a PV
array is characterized by the presence of multiple maxima for the bypass diode action. The PV array
is isolated from the load for a negligibly short period and is connected to an external capacitor.
During the charging time, the proposed circuit tracks the global MPP. This circuit is easy to
implement and shortens the duration needed for scanning the P-V curve of the array.

[11] R. Ahmad, A. F. Murtaza, and H. A. Sher

This paper presents a comprehensive overview on various maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
techniques, which have been recently designed, simulated and/or experimentally validated in the PV
literature. The primary goal of each MPPT technique is to optimize the output of shaded/unshaded
photovoltaic (PV) array under static and dynamic weather conditions. Though each MPPT technique
has its own pros and cons, an optimized MPPT technique is characterized in many aspects like
hardware and software simplicity, implementation, cost effectiveness, sensors required, popularity,
accuracy and convergence speed. In this paper the rating of various MPPT methods has been done
based on the benchmark P&O method. The rating criteria is separately calculated for the techniques
that are capable to work in full-sun and partial shading conditions. A rule based table is set to
evaluate the MPPT against the algorithm's complexity, hardware implementation, tracking speed,
and steady state accuracy or detection of global maximum. Moreover, special consideration has
been given to bio-inspired MPPT algorithms. The bio-inspired algorithms are compared side by side
with their specific application in PV system. A tree diagram is also designed to see the emergence of
partial shading algorithms over a period of time. The traits presented in this paper are novel and
provide bottom-line for the researchers to select and implement an appropriate MPPT technique.

[12] O. Ibrahim, N. Z. Yahaya, N. Saad, and M. W. Umar

The efficiency of commercially available solar PV module is very low in the range of 10-25 % In order
to maximise their operating efficiency and to reduce installation cost, maximum power point
trackers (MPPT) are coupled with the system. The output power of solar PV depends on solar
irradiance level, incident angle, temperature and load current which all contribute to non-linear
varying I-V characteristic during operation. MPPT ensures that a PV cell, module or panel is operated
and maintained at the reference voltage that correspond to maximum power point for particular
operating solar irradiance and cell temperature. A 220 W solar PV panel is modelled in Matlab-
Simulink to study solar PV characteristics under different solar irradiance and working cell
temperature. A Perturb & Observation MPPT technique incorporated for maximising the output
power of the PV panel shows that the percentage deviation from the ideal PV power is about 10 %
for different operating solar irradiance and cell temperature.

[13] M. Miyatake, M. Veerachary, F. Toriumi, N. Fujii, and H. Ko

Multiple photovoltaic (PV) modules feeding a common load is the most common form of power
distribution used in solar PV systems. In such systems, providing individual maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) schemes for each of the PV modules increases the cost. Furthermore, its v-i
characteristic exhibits multiple local maximum power points (MPPs) during partial shading, making it
difficult to find the global MPP using conventional single-stage (CSS) tracking. To overcome this
difficulty, the authors propose a novel MPPT algorithm by introducing a particle swarm optimization
(PSO) technique. The proposed algorithm uses only one pair of sensors to control multiple PV arrays,
thereby resulting in lower cost, higher overall efficiency, and simplicity with respect to its
implementation. The validity of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated through experimental
studies. In addition, a detailed performance comparison with conventional fixed voltage, hill
climbing, and Fibonacci search MPPT schemes are presented. Algorithm robustness was verified for
several complicated partial shading conditions, and in all cases this method took about 2 s to find the
global MPP. © 2011 IEEE.

[14] A. M. Eltamaly, H. M. H. Farh, and M. F. Othman

The partially shaded photovoltaic (PSPV) condition reduces the generated power and contributes in
hot spot problem. PSPV generates one global peak (GP) and many local peaks (LP) in power versus
voltage curve. In recent years, numerous research papers have been focused on highly efficient
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques to track the GP and alleviate the partial shading
effects. This paper provides a comparative and comprehensive review of the 17 most famous and
efficient MPPT techniques. These famous and efficient MPPT techniques are divided into three
groups; conventional, soft computing (Artificial Intelligence and Bio-Inspired) and hybrid MPPT
techniques. Technical and economical comparisons of these 17 MPPT techniques based on 17
evaluation parameters are then achieved. The findings obtained have not yet been discovered yet
before where this is the first time the 17 most famous and efficient MPPT techniques are ranked
using a novel evaluation index with a total evaluation from 40 points based on the 8 most important
key issues. These issues are tracking speed, convergence speed, complexity, hardware
implementation, initial parameters required, performance without PS, performance with PS, and
efficiency. Finally, merits, demerits, technical and economical comparisons of all MPPT techniques
are also introduced, discussed, and assessed.

[15] D. G and S. N. Singh

Concerns over environment and increased demand of energy have led the world to think about
alternate energy sources such as wind, hydro, solar and fuel cells. Out of these, photovoltaic (PV)
power generation systems have become increasingly important all over the world due its availability,
cleanness, low maintenance cost and inexhaustible nature. But power produced by the photovoltaic
system is stochastic in nature due to the variation of solar irradiation and cell temperature
throughout the day. In order to track the varying power, a DC-DC converter with maximum power
point tracker (MPPT) is used. Different MPPT algorithms have been proposed for tracking peak
power from the PV panel. Selection of adequate DC-DC converter is also an important factor since it
has an influence on overall performance of the PV system. This paper presents a comparative study
on the characteristics of different non-isolated DC-DC converters and highlights the various research
works that has been done on DC-DC converters based MPPT PV system. Study shows that selection
of converter also has an impact on the overall performance of the PV system. Based on the survey
and comparative study, selection criteria to choose DC-DC converter for PV system is described in
this paper.
 Bibliography

[1] E. A. Bakirtzis and C. Demoulias, “Control of a micro grid supplied by renewable energy
sources and storage batteries,” in Proceedings - 2012 20th International Conference on
Electrical Machines, ICEM 2012, 2012, doi: 10.1109/ICElMach.2012.6350165.
[2] M. Kumar, M. Kachhwaya, and B. Kumar, “Development of MATLAB/Simulink based model of
PV system with MPPT,” India Int. Conf. Power Electron. IICPE, vol. 2016-Novem, 2016, doi:
10.1109/IICPE.2016.8079336.
[3] S. Drsilva, P. Nanduri, S. Jain, F. Fateh, M. B. Shadmand, and B. Mirafzal, “Autonomous power
reserve control for cluster of photovoltaic sources in microgrids,” Conf. Proc. - IEEE Appl.
Power Electron. Conf. Expo. - APEC, vol. 2019-March, pp. 167–173, 2019, doi:
10.1109/APEC.2019.8722139.
[4] M. Kamran, M. Mudassar, M. R. Fazal, M. U. Asghar, M. Bilal, and R. Asghar, “Implementation
of improved Perturb & Observe MPPT technique with confined search space for standalone
photovoltaic system,” J. King Saud Univ. - Eng. Sci., 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jksues.2018.04.006.
[5] B. Bendib, H. Belmili, and F. Krim, “A survey of the most used MPPT methods: Conventional
and advanced algorithms applied for photovoltaic systems,” Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, vol. 45. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 637–648, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.02.009.
[6] M. Premkumar and R. Sowmya, “An effective maximum power point tracker for partially
shaded solar photovoltaic systems,” Energy Reports, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2019.10.006.
[7] B. Ozgenc and I. H. Altas, “Comparison of MPPT Algorithms in PV Systems,” in Proceedings -
2019 Innovations in Intelligent Systems and Applications Conference, ASYU 2019, 2019, doi:
10.1109/ASYU48272.2019.8946396.
[8] T. Selmi, M. Abdul-niby, and A. Davis, “P & O MPPT Implementation Using MATLAB /
Simulink,” 2014 Ninth Int. Conf. Ecol. Veh. Renew. Energies, 2014.
[9] J. K. Shiau, M. Y. Lee, Y. C. Wei, and B. C. Chen, “Circuit Simulation for Solar Power Maximum
Power Point Tracking with Different Buck-Boost Converter Topologies,” Energies, 2014, doi:
10.3390/en7085027.
[10] F. Spertino, J. Ahmad, A. Ciocia, P. Di Leo, A. F. Murtaza, and M. Chiaberge, “Capacitor
charging method for I-V curve tracer and MPPT in photovoltaic systems,” Sol. Energy, 2015,
doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2015.06.032.
[11] R. Ahmad, A. F. Murtaza, and H. A. Sher, “Power tracking techniques for efficient operation of
photovoltaic array in solar applications – A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.10.015.
[12] O. Ibrahim, N. Z. Yahaya, N. Saad, and M. W. Umar, “Matlab/Simulink model of solar PV array
with perturb and observe MPPT for maximising PV array efficiency,” in 2015 IEEE Conference
on Energy Conversion, CENCON 2015, 2015, doi: 10.1109/CENCON.2015.7409549.
[13] M. Miyatake, M. Veerachary, F. Toriumi, N. Fujii, and H. Ko, “Maximum power point tracking
of multiple photovoltaic arrays: A PSO approach,” IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., 2011,
 doi: 10.1109/TAES.2011.5705681.
[14] A. M. Eltamaly, H. M. H. Farh, and M. F. Othman, “A novel evaluation index for the
photovoltaic maximum power point tracker techniques,” Solar Energy. 2018, doi:
10.1016/j.solener.2018.09.060.
[15] D. G and S. N. Singh, “Selection of non-isolated DC-DC converters for solar photovoltaic
system,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.130.