ILOCOS SUR POLYTECHNIC STATE COLLEGE 1

APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis proposal entitled “AEROPONICS SYSTEM FOR ONION LEEKS

PRODUCTION” presented by RACHEL ANN G. GARCIA, MA. NESSALYN U.
PERALTA, ALDRIN P. SAGAO and LHERISSE JOY B. VALDEZ, in partial
fulfilment of the requirement of the undergraduate thesis for the degree of Bachelor of
Science in Agricultural Engineering has been examine and passed by:

MA. THERESA P. DELA ROSA, MAME EPHRAINE HYACINTH R. CHAVEZ

Statistician English Critic

JHUN A. CABEBE, MSA ENGR. ALLYSON T. MINA

Technical Critic Adviser

Accepted and approved in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the

undergraduate thesis for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering.

ROBERT S. ABLOG, MS ENGR. ALLYSON T. MINA

Head, Research Head, Agricultural Engineering
Member, Thesis Review Committee Member, Thesis Review Committee

ARMANDO D. DIGA. MSA FRANCISCO N. DIVINA, MS

Dean, CAFED Campus Administrator
Member, Thesis Review Committee Chairman, Thesis Review Committee

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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

As our country is in progress, it is in way to urbanization. Rapid building of

infrastructures which means the land available for food production is dropping in reason

of land conversion to accommodate the rising population of the country. These make

sense that in the near future we cannot see land for producing goods. As we all know we

cannot prevent the increasing numbers of people, what we can do is to recalibrate our

minds to find a ways to stand with all these circumstances.

The method of growing plants in soil is quite popular, you put seeds in the soil,

then water it and watch it grow. However, in the past few decades, a new method called

aeroponics has been introduced. Aeroponics is a method of growing plants in a mist or air

environment without using any soil. Its technology is quite impressive and promotes food

sustainability (Robyn, 2018).

In an aeroponic growing system, plants are not grown in soil. Instead, they are

grown with their roots hanging suspended in air while a nutrient solution is delivered to

the roots as a mist. Soil is not used for aeroponics, because the plants can thrive when

their roots are constantly or periodically exposed to a nutrient-rich mist. Aeroponics

offers an efficient means to grow plants, including fruits and vegetables, without potting

and repotting them to replenish their access to nutrient-rich soil (MaximumYield Inc.,

2019).

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The biggest benefit of using aeroponics system is the incredible use of limited

space. In aeroponics systems, the plants grow with the roots suspended in a misted

solution of nutrients. There are varieties of plants that you can grow in an aeroponic

system. Growing plants aeroponically is considered to be both safe and ecologically

beneficial for growing healthy, nutritious and natural food crops. The process is

accomplished by spraying nutrient solutions to the roots of plants without using any

growing medium (Smith, 2012).

The researchers considered the crops being most planted in the province since the

study is aiming to help the community, specifically the farmers. Based on the

researcher’s researches, there are plenty of vegetables and herbs that can grow

aeroponically, one on the lists is onion. Onion is one of the main crops being produced

from the province, so they came up with a decision that the crop stated will be their

commodity for the study.

Onions (Allium cepa) are bulb-shaped vegetables that grow underground. Also

known as bulb onions or common onions, they are grown worldwide and closely related

to chives, garlic, scallions, shallots, and leeks. Onions may have several health benefits,

mostly due to their high content of antioxidants and sulfur-containing compounds. They

have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and have been linked to a reduced risk of

cancer, lower blood sugar levels, and improved bone health (Bjarnadottir, 2019).

Statement of the Problem

With the rising problems occurred in farming such as the pollution, pests, and

available land for agricultural purposes declines, the challenge is to provide food to

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everyone in a sustainable, efficient and cost-effective way is rising in significance also

because of the increasing population. This fact underscores the advantage offered by

aeroponics. This dilemma pushes the researchers to conduct the study to overcome these

difficulties not only in the field of agriculture but also for the community.

Significance of the Study

Aeroponics system is not new innovation at present time, in fact it is widely used

all over the world way back then. The significance of the study is to introduce this

technology to our community, specifically to the farmers which can give them an

alternative farming system that can produce safe and healthy products. By this farming

technique, it is a great help to hold the problem in decreasing land for production and

rising problems in producing of food.

Also, the results of the study will give an important contribution to the following

group namely:

ISPSC. The result of this research serves as a research output of the college to

improve the research standard of the institution. The study will raise the name of Ilocos

Sur Polytechnic State College as it raises such system which is coping up in advanced

technology in farming that have a great help to the society.

ABE Students. This research serves as an encouragement of the students to

conduct more researches related to the study. This research may serves as their basis in

doing such research.

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Future Researchers. As the study has been done, it will serve as basis for future

researchers that are related to the study.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Aeroponics System

Aeroponics is a way of planting in which plants are suspended on the air and

grow in a humid environment without soil. This technique has most advantages when

compared to other planting techniques used commonly in Mexico. With aeroponics one

can control humidity, temperature, and pH and water conductivity under a greenhouse.

Since the roots are suspended on the air, it is possible to plant practically anywhere and

cubic space can be used, and therefore, aeroponics can be applied in many different ways.

The only constraints are the farmer’s facilities to implement the system and needs each

crop require. As aeroponics continues to evolve throughout Mexico, it is expected to be

adapted to different kind of crops, such as vegetable (Reyes et al, 2012).

Plants in the aeroponic system showed increased vegetative growth, delayed tuber

formation and an extended vegetative cycle of about seven months after transplanting

compared with total production in hydroponics, the tuber yield per plant in the aeroponic

system was almost 70% higher and tuber number more than 2.5 fold higher (Ritter et al.,

2001). Similar findings have been reported as the field performance of aeroponically

produced minitubers versus those produced by hydroponics were studied. Minituber

behavior under field conditions was independent from the technique used for its

production. Aeroponics system uses nutrient solution recirculation hence, a limited

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amount of water is used. It comparatively offers lower water and energy inputs per unit

growing area (Farran et al., 2006)

CB Christie and MA Nichols (2003) stated that aeroponics involves spraying plant

roots with a fine mist of a complete nutrient solution. At Massey University they have

used aeroponics for both plant research and for crop production, and have developed

systems for growing vegetable crops eg. tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes and herbs, and

flower crops Lisianthus and Zantedeschia. Aeroponic techniques have also been used as a

research tool to examine gas levels in the root zone, crop nutrition and root growth.

Lighting
Plant morphogenesis is strongly affected by light quality (Fukuda et al. 2008).

Also, the study of Li and Kubota (2009) demonstrated that supplemental light quality

could be strategically used to enhance nutritional value and growth of the crop. To adjust

the various light environments, recently a light emitting diode (LED) has spread as a new

light source in the aeroponics system. A study by Mori and co-workers (2002) reported

that high photosynthesis and growth rate of the plant grown under LED were observed.

The LED could be considered as the best light producer for plant growth in the

aeroponics system.

Temperature and Humidity

The optimum temperature range for all plants is 15-20 degree Celsius. However,

the temperature of growth chamber should be not higher than 30 degree Celsius and less

than 40 degree Celsius (Otazu, 2014).

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According to Lakhiar et. al (2018) the system is based on 100% available

moisture in the growth chamber. In addition, the humidity is the amount of available

water in growth chamber as water vapour content. Therefore, it is important regularly

maintain and control the required humidity concentration of growth chamber based on

plant need.

Spray misters
Aeroponics is a modern-day plant growing technique in the agriculture. It does

not require any single soil particle to provide essential nutrient for plant growth.

However, in aeroponics plant roots receive nutrient spray mist eject from the atomization

nozzles (Lakhiar et. al, 2018). The atomization is the method of breaking up liquid

molecules into fine droplets (Avvaru et al. 2006). Different atomizers are developed in

several disciplines along with different spray patterns and orifices to provide tiny liquid

droplets down to 1 micron. The atomization nozzles with small orifices could create the

problems such as nozzle clogging and cause to stop the water nutrient supply. In order, to

avoid the nozzle orifice clogging the mesh filters is used to prevent the nozzle clogging.

While the larger nozzles with bigger orifice decrease the chances of nozzle blockage but

require high-pressure to operate (Lakhiar et. al, 2018).

pH and EC (electrical conductivity) meter

The ideal pH and EC range for each plant depend on available environmental

conditions (Sonneveld and Voogt, 2009). A studies from Resh, (2004) and Chadirin et.

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al (2007) reported that the pH and EC values of the prepared nutrient solution could not

exceed than 7 and 2.5ds m−1. The optimum EC and pH values of nutrient solution in

aeroponics system lie between 1.5 to 2.5 ds m−1and 5.5 to 6.5 and 5.0.

Nutrient Solution
In Aeroponics system the absence of soil is the main idea. It's nutrients needed by

the plants in this system is a vital concern that is needed for the growth of the plant.

According to Guang-jae et. al ( 2007) the nutrient composition depends on the plant

cultivation method, the kind of medium, growth stage, weather, method of applying

nutrient solution, etc. Rolot et al. (2002) reported the main necessary nutrient

components required for vigorous plant growth included phosphorus (P), sulfur (S),

potassium (K), nitrogen (N), and zinc (Zn). The carbon (C) and oxygen (O) is directly

supplied from the atmosphere. Knop and other plant physiologists revealed that K, Mg,

Ca, Fe, and P along with S, C, N, H, and O are all essential nutrient elements for plant

life (Lakkireddy et al. 2012).

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the study is to design, fabricate and test an aeroponics system

for onion production. Specifically, it aims to:

1. develop an aeroponics system using visible light spectrum (Blue) as source of

light;

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2. evaluate the onion quality in terms of growth, yield and yield components, and

the percent of survival using different sizes of spray nozzles; and

3. determine the profability and economic analysis of the system.

Time and Place of the Study

The study will be conducted at Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College, Sta. Maria,

Ilocos Sur on the 2nd semester for academic year 2019-2020.

Operational Definition of Terms

To make this research clear and understandable the following words were

operationally defined:

Food production is the process of transforming raw ingredients into prepared

food products.

Land conversion is the act or process of changing the current physical use of

piece of agricultural land into some other use or for another agricultural use other than

the cultivation of the soil, planting of crops, growing of trees, including harvesting of

produce.

Thermocouple use to measure the heat produce from the light.

Minitubers are usually defined as the progeny tubers produced on in vitrode-

rived plantlets or microtubers; the term refers to their sizes as they are smaller than

conventional seed tubers.

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Orifice is the hole or water outlet of the spray nozzle.

Electrical conductivity results from the motion of electrically charged particles

in response to forces that act on them from an applied electric field.

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CHAPTER II
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Conceptual framework of the Study

The study was conceptualized from the eagerness of coping up in modern and

advanced technology like from other countries. Philippines is under in developing

country, in other side it is facing problems on its way to modernization especially in

agricultural sector. Agriculture has a huge impact to the economy and it is appropriate for

us to welcome new ideas and knowledge on how to advance our techniques in farming.

Aeroponics is known globally and it can be seen from the feedbacks of the people from

different countries all over the world who adapted the concept says that it was effective in

farming.

The researchers then came up with an idea to adapt the concept to create a study

for actual acclimation of the technology as first move to introduce the system in our

community. The figure below represents the continuous procedures in fabricating and

testing of the system.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Conducting research  Outlining paper  Detailed paper

by accessing in world and designing the and design of
wide web related to system the system
the study  Fabrication of the  Fabricated
 Detailed paper and system aeroponic
system design  Preliminary testing system
 Fabricated aeroponic and Modification  Functional and
system  Performance modified
 Functional and Evaluation system
modified system  Data will be  Field
 Field performance presented performance
 Presented and
approved data

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of continuously process of the Aeroponics System

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Design Data and Consideration

Design consideration and design factors were taken into account for the success of

the project. The main design factor that has been considered is the availability of the

materials and equipment that will be used in fabricating the system. Durability, strength

and usability of the different materials that will be used in the system have also been

considered.

In making the frame of the system, the researchers chooses angle bar to be used

for better holding capability for the system. The crop chamber will be made of PVC pipe

with a diameter of five (5) inches considering the length of the crop roots. It gives more

space and allows the roots to grow. PVC pipes having one (1) inch diameter will be the

passage ways or channel pipes of the nutrient solution placed inside the crop chamber

with six (6) spray nozzles having 360 degree angle in able to reach and deliver the

solution to the roots of the crop properly. The submersible pump is 0.5 hp in order to

regulate the flow of circulation of the nutrient solution. Measuring materials that will

need throughout the study were also taken into consideration. These were the design

considerations that have been considered in designing the system.

After identifying the different functions and components of the system, a detailed

drawing of the system was made. Drafting the design was achieved using sketch-up

software. Before fabrication, the detailed design will be reviewed for minor adjustments.

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Figure 2. Isometric View of the Aeroponics System

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Figure 4. Front View of the System

Figure 5. Rear View of the Sytem

Figure 6. Left View of the System Figure 7. Right View of the Sytem

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Figure 8. Set-up of the Aeroponics System

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Equipment and Instrument

Materials
Items Purpose
PVC Pipes ( 5” ) It serves as the crop chamber and for the spray nozzles of water
solution
PVC cup ( 5’’ ) It covers the PVC pipes in both sides
PVC Pipes ( 1“ ) It will serves as passage of water solution
Elbow ( 1“ ) It connects the pipes
Angle Bar ( 1” ) It serves as the frame of the system
Drum Chamber of the nutrient solution
Submersible Pump It is to regulate the circulation or flow of the water solution
(0.5hp)
Spray nozzles Use as the outlet of the water solution delivered to the crop
Net Pot Use to hold the crop
LED Light It will help the crops to grow
pH meter To measure the pH level of the water solution
EC meter To determine the salinity of the water
Temperature Use to regulate and maintain the temperature of the system
Controller
Sponge It serves as the growth medium of the crop
Bolts and Nuts Use to attached the chamber to the frame
PVC Pipe Adhesive It will seal all the connections of the pipes to avoid leaks

Tools
Items Purpose
Electric Drill Use to drill holes for the holder of the crop, for the connections
of the pipes and for the installation of the spray nozzles.
Welding Rod Connects the angle bars
2” Drill Bits Use to hole the chamber
Welding Machine Use for welding
Cutter Use to cut the materials into specified measurements

Seedling Preparation
Items Purpose
Seedlings It will be used as the crop for the study
Seedling Bed/tray Used as the basement of the germination of the seedlings
Cow manure Serves as the growing media of the seedlings
Sprayer Use to apply water in the seedlings

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Fabrication

Upon the approval of the design, the necessary materials, tools and equipment

needed in the fabrication will be purchased from a local hardware store in the locality and

if it is not available, it is possible to purchase in other places. After preparing all needed

materials, tools and equipment, the fabrication activities of the system will start.

The following are the activities to be undertaken in the construction of the

aeroponics system:

1. Measuring. The materials will be measured according to the desired length

based on the design. Adjustments will be considered.

2. Cutting. This process will be undertaken using a cutter. Individual parts or

materials will be cut based to the design specification of the system.

3. Drilling. This process requires electric drill to make a hole in the container for

the holder of the crops and pipes placement.

4. Welding. The angle bars will be connected to construct the frame of the

system using welding rod and welding machine.

5. Attaching. In this process, the spray nozzles will be attached to their

corresponding places. The pipes will be connected using the elbows. The

vulcaseal will be used for securing the pipes from leaks.

6. Assembling. This process will be assembling the components or parts of the

system. This will be; pipes to the container, pipe to the submersible pump, and

pump to will be placed on its corresponding places.

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Statistical Design of the Study

The completely Randomized Design (CRD) will be employed in the test using

different sizes (orifice) of spray nozzles. There will be three treatments with five

replications per treatment. The following sizes of the spray nozzles that will be used in

the study are:

TRT1 = 0.2 mm

TRT 2 = 0.3 mm

TRT 3 = 0.4 mm

Cultural Management

The usability of the fabricated Aeroponics System will be tested on high value

crop such as onion leeks. The cultural management practices for onion production under

Aeroponics system will be employed.

Seedling Preparation. Seed will be planted in cow manure in seedling tray and

will be supplied with a small amount of water. After sprouting, sunlight will be needed to

harden prior to transplanting.

Implanting. Only the vigorous onion seedling with well-developed roots will be

selected when they are two weeks old after sowing.

Irrigation. Application of nutrient solution by mist will be done. The nutrient

solution will be allowed to circulate through the channel pipes and to the basin.

Lighting. The distribution of light will be done using the visible light spectrum. It

is to ensure for the fast growing of the crop.

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Maintenance. If the water gets absorbed by the plants, there is a need to replace

the nutrient solution to prevent becoming toxic to the plant it may stunt plant growth or

cause its death.

Water pH/ Water EC. The water pH and water EC will be determined using a

pH meter and EC meter, respectively. The pH level of water should be ranges 6.0-7.0 and

the water EC should be range up to 1.4-1.8. In every 10 liters of water, add 10mL of

nutrient solution (A and B).

Harvesting. Harvesting will be done after 20 to 30 days after implanting.

Testing Procedure

Preliminary Testing

Preliminary testing will be performed to determine whether there are adjustments

and modification needed on the design and function of the system.

Final Testing

After performing the preliminary testing and upon the adjustments and

modification of the design, final testing and data gathering will be done for the

performance of the system. The following procedures will be followed during the final

testing and data gathering of the study:

1. Prepare the system. Be sure that all materials and the nutrient solution are in

condition.

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2. Perform safety checks before starting the system. Including the light that will be

used in the study.

3. Start the system. Daily observation and maintenance will be done.

4. After the specified period of time of the study, harvesting will be performed.

5. Record all the data for the evaluation.

Data to be Gathered

The following parameters will be gathered to determine the responses of the onion

in aeroponics system. Growth and yield of the onion will be measured using five selected

and pre-tagged plants per replication per treatments.

Number of leaves per plant: Fully developed leaves of five randomly selected

plants will be counted at physiological maturity and the average will be computed for

each plant.

Leaf length (cm): The length of the longest leaves of five randomly selected

plants will be measured using measuring tape at physiological maturity and their averages

will be computed.

Plant height (cm): Plant height will be measured from the ground level up to the

tip of the longest leaf using a measuring tape. It will be measured using five randomly

selected plants at physiological maturity of the crop and the average values competed.

Leaf diameter (cm): It will be taken from the widest parts of leaves of five

randomly selected plants by using veneer caliper (model 141) at physiological maturity

and the average value will be calculated.

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Percent of survival. The percent of the survival will be determined by the ratio between

remaining plants and the total number of plants.

The data to be gathered will be arranged, tabulated, and statistically analysed

using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Significant findings will be further tested using

Turkey-Kramer post hoc test for the mean comparison.

Profitability Analysis. All the materials and labor inputs in the study will be recorded

for the computation of the return on investment (ROI) where:

Net Income
ROI= ×100
total production costs

Economic Analysis using payback period to determine the feasibility of utilizing the

system.

total production costs

Payback= ×100
Net Income

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Bachelor of Science in Agricultural Engineering