pts 2014 edition COLLEGE ENTRANCE EXAM BIOLOGY & PHYSICS TES) SECRETS STUDY GUIDE Your Key to Exam Successre xot tien | Table of Contents soto noone ee Cellar EnerzetIES 8 ADENOSINE TRPHOSPUATE ATE 3 Ceuuneesrenton: THe sHORTHANO Vion Ss THE MOLECULAR STRICTURE OF OA, at o a celtic. : 2 ceuvoMsi..— cn 2 toss ost 0 Te coROMOSOMES os puhros orto “ Anovenvevigenoss.. ee (eons ane n ee neonoeoenrenremeroeneneneenennneens as Heredity = ¥ meget GREGOR MENDEL THE FATHER OF GENES nnn — WhO NETS neem aan SOND MENOCIAN GENES. nnn seraneco mai — — Diversity of Organisms “ = nn mw TWOHOMY nnn st , ‘enn ommvoF CASS : fA SIUMETRY non ennnne : ce Biology and Phys 2014 00155057708 j 3098584remain een tt | CEPNALENTON on Locus 2” WRUSES nnn ania i : * GHVNOSPERNS AD ANGIOSPERNS-THE SEEDED PANTS ES SPEQAL STRUCTURES IMPLANTS ssn 50 owen rusts se ‘ol Se eA : . 2 IUTwe RESPRATORY STE. ——S the encuLaTony seen 1-THELYMPRATC AND NIMUNE SISTEM - 3 Vimepcxeron aston Ne vemiewewvous sre a THe MUSCLOSEELETAL SYSTEM. - wae De THE REPRODUCTIVE stSTEM NO EanvON DEVELOPMENT - ‘ Betton a narunaseigcon ot UinanckaNo TH LONG HES vss cna foe on cvoUuTON ‘° ener vaio - es The eppeneD MOTHS - Ce SHES so ‘ri eka ley a sexavon. sn fcovocr Tse Biosoene : : : oe funn Acton te EvRonOAENT - 0 ‘ese 0.061 oe _ “0 Test 3 ecotoar ae Biotogy and Physics 2014 ‘01s0s7703 | 3998588 oo oeTest 2 PHYSICS 37 Booay ond Phys 2018 0155057703 | 3008588tt ie | BIOLOGY ‘Al living things~plans and animalare composed of call According to the cell theory, the call ses base unit of structure and function. This simply means thatthe cl ste smalls Uni of ving material that an cre out al the atvties necessary frie Cole are studied using diferent types of microscopes. Light microgcope,sis0 known at compound mictoscopes, te used to study stained or ving eels. They can magi the ste f an ‘organism up to 000 times. Electron mieroscopes are use to sty dtaledsctre of 3 cll and can ‘agnty up 250,00 tines but can only observe led els of species. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS? For centuries, sents have known about cel However, t wast unl the development of the electron microscope that scantsts were able to figure out what cel do. We now know tat there are bwo atin types of alle: eularyatic eal and prleyotic call -Acutarotic cel contains 3 membrane-bound strctre called 3 muleus and ytopasm, fled with ty structures calles organelles tera "ite organs"). Examples of eukaryote els are fun, A prokaryotic ell, whieh Is 2 ot smaller than 2 eukaryote call, leks both 2 nucleus and ‘membrane-bound organeles. Examples of prokaryotic ces are bacteria and Wckettsie. The genetic Imateral i 2 prokaryote sone canonuous, ular ONA moleae that les re nthe ell nam ate Caled the mucesid In ation toa plasma membrane, most prokaryats havea call wall composed of peptidoglycan, Prokaryetes may ass have vibasomes atheugh sae than these fu i eukaryote fal) 5 walla 3 lage, along fiber that helps them move. ology and Physics 2014 0155057703 | 3398584‘rnc ery pe et | ORGANELLES ‘Aeukaryticalis ke 2 mlroscopic factory. t's lled wih organates, each of which ha its own special tasks. Let's tke atu of eukaryotic el and foes onthe strctre an function of each organete. Heres apicture of yi anima cel ands prince oeoneles Plasma Membrane ‘he call hasan outer envelope known ab the plasma membrane. Although the plasma membrane appear tobe» simple, hin layer surrouning te cel ts actualy a complex doublelayered structure made up of phospholipids nd proteins. The hydrophobic fatty acd als face ward and the hyaropile phosphate heads face outward ‘The plasma membrane important because regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cl The membvane Wels Semipermeable, meaning tha onl certain stances, namely pate, os through uraded. he Nacous ‘The nucleus which usualy the largest organ the contol center of he cll. The nuceus not any rect what goes on nthe cals also responsible for thecal ably to reproduce. t's the home of the heretary information —DNA—which is organized into lage structures ale chromosomes. The most isle steture within the mutleus the mucleols, which is where WA made and besomes Sreaseembled iboromes ‘The ibosomes ae the ts of protein synthesis. Thee job to manufacture athe poten quired by the cellor secreted bythe call Rabsemes are ound sutures composed of RNA and proteins ‘Tey canbe ether tres Ponting in the cell oF atached to another sruture called the endoplaemie res (E. Sirens ‘Silo and Physics 2014 (9185057703 | 3998584‘tend treet br | 4 Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ‘The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is 2 continuous channel that extends into many reons of the _gtopisam. The region of the ER tht “studded wth iboromes sealed the rough FR (RE) Protein ‘made onthe ough Rare the ones "earmarked" tbe exported outa the cl. The replon af he Er that lacs ribosomes is cle the smooth &R (SER). The smooth ER makes ips, hormones, 2nd serids and beaks down tov chee Solgtodies The Glg bods, which look tke stacks of fattened sas, also partipate inthe proesing of proteins ‘Onc the rbosrnes on the rough ER hae complete sythesing poten, the Goll Bodies mod, process and sort the product. Thee the packaging and dutbuon centers for mates destined to be sent out ofthe eel. They palage the fal products im tle sas called vse, which cary the products tothe plasme membrane. Maochondsia: The Powerhouts ofthe Ca [Another important organdie the mifochondvion. The mitochondria are often elerred to a6 the “powerncuses" of the eel They power sation rerponsble fr converting the energy fom orpenic molecules into useful energy forthe cel. The energy molecule n the cls adenosine triphosphate a. ‘The mitochondrion is usualy an esyorganele to recognize because thas aunque oblong shape a2 haacterste double membrane consisting of an Inner potion and an outer potion. The inner ‘itechondrla membrane fr flds own a8 cstae. Ae wal eater, mast ofthe production of [TP ie done onthe ene. Since mitochondria are the calls powerhoutes, you're motley to nd ‘more af them nel that require ala of energy. Muscle el, for example, ae rh mitochondria. tysosomes Throughout the cll are smal, membrane-bound structures called lysosomes. Thase ty sas carry Aigestveersymes, which they use to break dawn old, worn-out rgoneles, debris, o age ingested ates. The lysosomes moke up the c's cleanup crew, helping to keep the cytopleam clear of Srwanted Rotor entries ‘he contiles are small, pied, elindrialstructures that are found within mlrotubule organising ‘centers (MTOCS). Cenvioles are mast active during cellar dvson. When eli redy to de, he enitoles produce mirtubues, which pull the replicated chremosomes apart and move them to ‘opposite ends ofthe cll Athough centrioles ae common in aims ell, they re not fund in plant celle Vecuoler nati, the term vocule means "empty cavity” But vacules ae fr fom empty. They are fled ses that stove water, food, wastes, salts or pigments Peroxsomes are organelles that detoxfy vaous substances, producing hydrogen pecoide os 2 byproduct. They also contain enzymes thet break down hydrogen peroxie (0) Into oxygen and water Ia animal, they are common inthe ner ad ey cali Bitogy ané Physics 2014 00155057703 | 3998588 oc ocrevo nee ean et | cytoskeleton Hove yeu ever wondered what actualy holds the cll together and enables itt keep ts shape? The shape af uli determined by 3 netors of hers calle the eyoseletan, The most important bers ‘You need to know ae mlerotubules and mirflents Méotubuls, which re made up of the poten tubulin, participate incall vision and movement. These smal fibers are an integral pat ofthe strctres: centile, ila, and loge. We've ready ther hand, ae threadike structures best known for ther locomtive properties in singe celled ‘organisms. The beating motion of ella and fag structures propels these organisms trough their eatery enieonment ‘The to lassie amples of organisms with thee structures are the Euglen, which gets abot using ts whipite lagetum, and the Paramecium, which s covered in cla. The rhythmic beating of the aramaciam’ lia enable ito motor about in waterways, ponds, and microscope sides in your biology PLANT CELLS vs ANIMAL CELLS Man cls contain mest ofthe same organs and struttres Seen In anim cls, wth several key ‘exceptions Pant cel une animal el, hae a protective outer covering cle the ell al (made of Cellos) cell wal is 2 ri lye ust ouside ofthe plasma membrane tat proves suppor fer the Clit i found in plants, prot, ing and bacteria. (ning te cl wal ssa made of ein, 3 ‘moaites potyseccarge, Chtin Is aso’ pipe Component an artwopods ssoseleton) 19 ‘etion, pon cals posses ehoropasts organelles involved in photosynthes). horoptasts contin chlorophyl the ght-captring plgment that gves plants ther characteris green olor. nother diference between pant and animal cel that mos ofthe cytoplasm within 2 plant Call usualy taken up bya large vecuoe that crowds the other organelles, mature plans, is "cote contain the ell ap Plant cls lo eer rom arma el in tha plant calle do nt contin To help you remember the diferences among prokaryote, plant eels, and animal calls, we've put together this simple table, Make sre you ean ‘STRUCTURAL GIARACTENSTICS OF DIFFERENT CELL TPES Sractare Prokaryete Plant Cat ‘ial awa es Yes a Fiasma Membrane [Ver Yer Yer ‘Organelis No Yes Yer ‘Nucleus No Yer Yes control cy No Yes Tbosores Yer es Yes Botoay ond Physics 2018 00155087708 | 3998588pe ees Ss Shanetwcdmnmetomercae pion =O @& eee eer ee es ce — jones o-@ ae paces eneeten peeeeeeaee 2. Catabolim - the cel breaks down complex molecules to produce energy and reducing power 2 Anablizm~the cel onrrt complex molecules and perform other bloga funcone ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP) ‘i've al heard the expression nothing i for fee. The same holds tue in nature Here's 2 fundamental principe of nerey hat ts recessary to adres: Energy cannot be created or destroyed nother words, the sum of energy in the universe Is constant. This salle the fst lw of thermodynamics. AS est the cH cannot ake energy Xt of thn air Rather, must anes somewhere ‘The second aw of thermodynamic states that encay transfer lead to les orgniation. That means the universe tends toward disorder (or entropy. [As we us sow, almost everything an organism does requis energy How, then, can the cll acquire the energy i neds without becoming a major mess? Fortunatly, fs through adenesine ‘wihosphate (ATP). ATP, 35 the rame indicates, consis ofa molecule of adencrne bonded to three phosphates. The great thing about ATP is that an enormeus amount of energy Is packed Ite those Phosphate bonds, particularly he third Bond ‘SOURCES OF ATP. But whore doct al this ATP come from? I is produced in one of two way: (2) though photasythesis a 2 though celular respiration. Photoeynthess involves the transformation of solar energy into chemical enery. Pants we ‘helrleaves to capture sunlight and make gucese Siteee iology and Physics 2014 09155057703 | 3398584rsraaelandtesew yes xtpurn Boch | 214 A CLOSER LOOK AT PHOTOSYNTHESIS ‘Tere are two stages in photosmtess: the Hight reaction (so cle the eh-sependent| reaction and the dark reaction (ls caled the lightindependert reaction). The whole process begs ‘when the photons or "enerey uns") of sunlight sre a laf, acting chlorophyland excing lection. The actuated chorophyl molecule then passes these exc electrons own to» series of “lecron crit, utimately prodcing ATP and NADPH. The whole point ofthe light restion isto roduc two thing: (1 energy nthe form af AT an (2) electron caters, pecially NADPH. Both of ‘these products, slong with carbon dloude, are then used nthe dark reaction fight independent) t0 make carbonates CELLULAR RESPIRATION: THE SHORTHAND VERSION In calla resrtin, which is performed by all organisms, ATP is produced through the breakdown ofrutint- oul ees fom the bepinning ofthe chapter that rany organic moleles are Imporant to ces because they are energyich THs is where that energy comes nt ply. Bllogy and Phys 2014 os1ss0s7703 | 2098588ent ten et | 08 Inthe shorthand version, clr respiration looks something ik this: Cbuar 60, ~> 60, 6.0 + ATP Notice that we've taken a sugar, perhaps» molecule of glucose, and combined it with oxen and water to produce carbon lode, water, and energy inthe for of out ad end, ATP. Howeve, a ‘you probably sready know the actual picture of what realy happens sar more complied ‘Generally speaking, We con Breck cellar respon down ta two diferent approaches: aerobic respraton or anaerobic resistin, if ATP is made inthe presence of onygen, we cal aerebic respration. If onygen sa present, we alt anaerobic respiration ‘YOUR MUSCLE CELLS CAN FERMENT Ag aan ings te nish ly ey cat emanate msl ce Hat ace ad ‘ang ance anu! fener apson When outs Youu ores aoe 70 ‘presen ty oct curs cnn ni TF. Bre os ett sce yoy ee esa em pt demand yom Tre oer i We Your cle wh oe Sree en ya dal gsr a ec et ' ving tings posess an astonishing dgre of organization. From the simplest sngle-celeé organism othe largest mammal, ins of eoetlans and events must becoerinted precy for Me {0 east. This coordination sdrectd from the nucleus ofthe cl, by deonyibonulele al or DNA. DNAs the heretaryBhueprint of he cell The ONAofa calli contained in structure called chromosomes. The chromosomes conti of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones. When the genee mate sina loose form Inthe ruceus I is cabed euchromatin, and its genes are active, of avalabe for transcription. When the {genetic materal fly condensed into cots scaled heterochromatin, and ts genes are generally inztive. situated inthe nucleus, chromosomes dvect and contol ll the processes necessary frie, including nating themes and their information onto fare generations ‘THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF DNA ‘The DNA molecule consis of two strand that wraparound eachother to frm 3 lng, twisted ladder called 2 double heli. The structure of DNA was bilanty deduced in 1956 by two scents named Watson an Crk Two OMA STRANDS The nitrogenous bases pir up in particule way. Adenine in one strand always binds to thymine (AT o& TA) In the other strand. Sima guanine always binds 0 etsine 6-C oF 6). THs predictable matching of the bases is known 9s base paling. The two stands are said to be fomplementary. This means that f you know the sequence of bases In ane strand, youl kxow the Biology and Phys 2014 0915505708 | 3998558ttt iin ot | Sequence of bases inthe other strand. For example f the base sequence none DNA strands ATC the WHY DNAS IMPORTANT DNA main role Is drecting the manufacture of protelns. These proteins, n tur, regulate everthing that occurs nthe eal Bt DNA des not erety manuactre protons. instead, ONA pases i inormatin toa Intermetate molecule Known a8 oon aid (ANA), These RNA molecules Cary ut the instructions a DNA, producing the proteins that determine the couse of fe. The fw of enticinformation therefore pna taseription ya —Translation _ proteins in the nucleus in the cytoplasi This the cena doctrine of molecular logy. RNA Now ts take a nok at how the genetic code is expressed a proteins. Ax we mentioned eater, {genetic information ist passes to an intermediate molecule ald RNA. Protein aed Wranserption actors centrl the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA by binding to specie DNA ‘DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA (WA (dou sirnde) vA ingested) [Se deoxyribose bse ares ‘adenine ‘ening etosne ‘tosine thymine * wei CELL DIVISION very second, thousands of cls are dying thoughout our bodies. Fortunately, the body replaces them at an amazing rate Infact, epldermal, os, cel cl of and are replaced so quickly that the average 1Byearcld grows an ently new sin every few weeks The boy keeps up ths ‘nbelevablerate thanks tothe mechanisms of al or ‘ology and Physics 2014 oo1ssos77oa | 3008588ret e |04 ‘THE CELL CYCLE Every cel has a ie eycle—the period fom the begining of one division tothe beginning ofthe ‘ext. The c's fe ces nown asthe el eye The cel ys ied into two periods interphase Sodio INTERPHASE: THE GROWING PHASE Interphase i the time span from one cell son to another. We cll ths stage Interphase (inter means between) because thecal has not yet stared to die, Although biologists sometimes ‘eter w interphase as the "esting stage.” the cel defintely not active. THs phases when the call Caries outs regular activites. Al the proteins and enzymes it needs to gow are produced during Interphase ‘MITOSIS: THE DANCE OF THE CHROMOSOMES ‘Onc the chromosomes have replicate, the cls ready to begin mitosis. Mitosis isthe period when the al dives. Moss consists ofa Sequence of four SEES: prophase metaphase, anapha “STAGE 1: PROPHASE ‘One of the fit sins of prophase i the aisppearance ofthe nucleolus. In prophase, the ehvomosomes thicken, forming. cls upon cols, and become vsible. (Outing interphase, the ‘ehomosomes are not vile. Rater, the genetic materi i scattered throughout the nucleus and is ‘alledehvomatin. is aly ting prophase hat we can propery speak about the comesames} Now the eal! hat plenty of room to prophase, these yindrial bodes Neckar found win merotubole os covganking centers (MTOCS) stat orn formowe away from each other, The cenoler wll spin out 3 system of microtubules Known 35 the spinde fibers. These spindle fers will aach to astute on Chromstis ald 2 Knetochore The linetchores are part of the ot cut the chermetomes Remember cents? Dutng “The nest stage is called metaphase. The chromosomes now begin one up along the equatoal plane, othe metaphase pate, ofthe call Thats because the spindle fibers are attached to the [Gnotochore ofeach chromati. iran Siology and Paice 2014 (09155057703 | 3398804even Spensatpuran rom | 208 Dusng anphre, the sister chromatids of each Civomosome separate at the centromere 2nd {o opposite poles. The chromatid ee puled apart, ‘by the microtubule, which begin to shorten. Each af of pat of ster chromatids now moves to opposite pes ofthe co The fn phase of mitosis telophase. A nuclear ‘The nuclear membrane i end to de. Now is tine to sit the cjtplaem in a process known a¢ fytokinesis. A cell membrane forms about each eel and they sli into two distinct daughter cll. The dvsion of the etplasm yes two daughter coll Here's ne thing to remember: Cytokines ocirs diferent in plat cl. The call dest frm 2 sleavage furrow. instead, a partion cle a al plate forms down the mile regon STAGE 5: INTERPHASE ‘Once the daughter cols ae produce, they reenter the inal phase—interphase—and the whole process tars ove. The el goes back ots egal ate. Once again the ehvomosomes become invisible, ad the genetic matral called chromatin. BUT HOW WIL EREMEMBER ALL THAT? Fe mito, you may sready have your own mnemonic not her’ 3 tle witha mnemonic we coated or you Interbase Tisforinieode Prophase is for Prepare Metaphase Misfor Meet ‘Anaghase Ais fe Aoatt elope TistorTese PURPOSE OF MITOSIS. ‘toss has two purposes: io produce dauphter cel that are identical copes ofthe parent el + to maintain the proper number of chromoromes tram generation 0 £eneraton For ou purposes, we can say that mitosis ocuts inst about every cl except excel Biolog ond Physies 2014 21ss0s7703 | 3908588‘etn eet | 4 HAPLOIDS VERSUS DIPLOIDS ‘very organism has 2 cersin number of chromoromes. For example, fut fas have & chromosomes, humans hae 45 chromosomes, and dogs have 78 comosomes tus OU that ost tularote cls in fort hove two fl sets of chromasomes~one set fom each parent. Humans, fr trample have two ses of 23 eromosemes, ping us out rand tao 6 ‘Acel that has bth sets of dvomosomes i pled ell nd the zygote cvomosome number ‘sven as “2 That means we have two copls ofeach chromosome, Fr example, we wou sy that {orhumans the dpa number of chromosomes 6 reel has only one st of chromoromes, we call haploid cel This Kind of cle even the symbo"n" Fr example, we woud say hat he haplld number a eomosomes for humans is 23. Remember Dif eters to any cel hat has to sets of ehvmosomes. Wi do we need to know the terms hoped and diploid? Because they are extremely important when oes to sexual reproduction. Aa we've seen 4 isthe normal diploid number for urman beings We ‘an sy, therefore, that human cls have 46 eromosomes. However, this nt ene eorec. Human ‘homosomes come in pars called homologues. So wile there are XG of them aogether, there a actualy ony 23 dine chromosomes. The homelogaus chromosomes which make up each aa ae infact the tthe tence of semua reproduction: Each parent donates hall Ry chromosomes to otra ‘onmeres [though most cel inthe human body ae dino (i ile with pis of chromosomes) thee are Special els that are hapoid (Le, unpaired), These haploid el are called sb el or games. Why do sehave haploid ens? [AS we've sid, an offspring has one set of chromosomes from each oft parents parent therefore, ontibuts 3 gamete with one et that wile paed with the set om th ater parent to produce ew ape call or yea AN OVERVIEW OF MEIOSIS ‘To preserve the diploid number of chromosomes in an organism, each parent must contibts only haf of ts chromosomes. This the polt of mess. Meise the production of gametes Since Sewaly reproducing organs need only hpi cell for reproduction, moe bmitedt excl in spect sex organs calle gonads n mals, the gonads ae the tests, while in females they are the ‘varies. The special cals in thse organs—also known 25 gem cells—produee haploid cals), which ae ees oe eee eee ee female gamete + male gamete (= 2gote Ln} When it comes to genetic variation, mess i bg plus. Vato, in fete ving ore of ‘volton. The more vatation therein 1 popuation, tne more Bly itis that some members of he olny and Pes 2014 ootss0s770s | 3998564and Ree See ane anh | 2 population wll survive etreme changes in the envitonment. Malo far more ikl to produce these Sons of variations thn s mites, and therefore confers selective advantage on sexual reproducing A CLOSER LOOK AT MEIOSIS Mess ctualy volves two rounds of ell dvsion called meloss {and mess I Before ross begins, the aplid cel goes through Interphase, Just ar in mitor, double-stranded ‘dvomesomet are formed during ti phase e0sis1 Moss consis of four tages: prophase |, metaphase anaphase | and telophase Prophase Prophase | is 2 litle more ross, the nuclear membrane dappea', ‘he ebvmosomes become vile, and the centrioles move to opposite poles of the rudeus, But that's where the siniarity The major aiference involves the movement of the chromosomes, In Mell te Gomotares tine Upset Se with ther counterparts (homologues). ‘This events known a map Syrapss involves two sts of chromosomes that come together o form 2 tetrad (ra bale). tetrad tors of four chromatids. Syrasis is flowed by erosing oer, the exchange of segments between homologous cvomosomes Kindochore Chiosmas Whats unique in prophase | that “pecs” of chromosomes are exchanged between the homologous partners. Ti is one of the ways organisms proguce genetic varatlon. By the end of prophase | the chromosomes wil have exchanged regions containing Several ale, o diferent forms tf the same gene. bythe end of prophase, the homologous chromosomes ate held together only Specie regions called chasmat Biolog and Physics 2014 (0155057703 | 3998886terete ‘Metaphase! {AS In mits, the chromosome pars—now called ttrads—tine up at the metaphase plate By const, yout recs that in regular ‘etaphare the chromosomes lined Up inaaualy anaphase During anaphase |, one ofeach par of hromoromes within» tetrad separates find moves to opposte poles, Nove that the chromosomes donot Separate atthe centromere. They separate wth thai centromeres tac ‘The eromasores now goon ther respective poles. Telophase Dating telophase | the niear membrane forms atound each set of chramazomes. Finally, the calls undergo eytotines, eoung vs with two daughter call Notice that at tha point the nucleus tains the haploid numberof chromosomes, but ech chyomosome is a duplsted chromosome, CHE . By ‘The purpose of the second meiotic dhsion so saparte the duplicated chromosomes, and ie really Hdetcal to moss Let's run through the steps In meloss. Ate a bet period, the call Undergoes a second round of cel dso. uring prophase the chromosomes once again condense tnd become vse. In mataphas I, the cramovomes nove toward the metaphase plate This tine they tne up sing le, nat spas. Durng anaphase I the ehvomatds of each ehvomesome slit at the round each set of chromosomes and total of four haploid el are produce: ‘meiosis ology ad Physics 2014 (09155057703 | 3998864GGAMETOGENESIS Miss i ko known at gametogeneis.f sperm ells are produced then moss i called spermatogenesis. uring spermatogenesis four sperm cll af produced for each plot cel an e88 talloran ovum produced, hs process cad oogenesis Cogenesis is ite diferent fom spermatogenesis. Oogeness produces oly one ovum, not four The other tee ces, eled polar bodes, get only ny amount of eyopisam and evetualy segenerate. Why dees cogeness produce only one ovum? Because the female wants to conserve 35 much eytopism ss pose forthe sunving eave, the ovum. eres summary ofthe major dferences between mites and melo TOSS MEIGS *Oeeursin soma (bod ele + Produces dential cee Epioisea—> dpa cote * Occursin gern a eas ‘Produces gpmeter + Dll ee haploid els ‘MUTATIONS Sometime, 2 eet of chromosomes hs a eta or misting chromosome, This occurs because of mandisjuntion —the chromosomes fled to separate propery during meoss. THs ror, which produces the wrang number of comosomes in a cel resus in severe gente defects. For example humans typicaly have 23 pairs of ewromosomes, bu indduals wth Down's syndrome have thee Instead of wocopies of the 2st chromosome Blogy and Physies 2014 09155057703 | 3908588(sate Spee ero tne | 284 Heredity GREGOR MENDEL: THE FATHER OF GENETICS What i genetics? Int simplest form, genetis isthe study of heredity explains how certain characterises ae passed on ffom parents to chdren. Much of what we know about genes Was ‘incovered bythe monk Gregor Mendel inthe 19th century. Since then, the els of genetics has vast ‘expanded ‘As scents study the mechanisms of genetics, they've developed new ways of manpulting aenes. For eample, cenit have Isolated the gene that makes insulin, 2 human hormone, an now ‘he bacteria to make large quantities of But Before we get ahead of curses, ts stu the bale ‘es of gents. Lets begin then wth some of the fundamental points of gents: + Every ator expressed characterstic—Is produced by hereditary factors known 35 genes. A genes 3 seument of > etromorome, Within a ehromorome, there a many genes, cach controling the Inhertance of 4 parclr tral For example, n pea plant there's a gane on the chomosome thet, codes for eed coat. The poston ofa ane ona cvomesome scaled 3 feus. += Diploid organisms (organisms that hove two sets of cremosomes) sully have two copies ofa gene, ‘maybe alles, o alternate forms ofthe same gee. for example, # we're taking abou the height of 2 ea plant, there’ am alle forall and anal for soc. mother words, both ales are aternate forms the gen for height + An alle can be dominant or recessive. In simple cases, an organism can express contrasting ‘Condon. For example,» plant canbe tall or shor. The convention so asign one of two letter for ‘the two diffrent allele. The dominant alle eceves a capa eter an the recessive allele receves 3 lcwercase of the same late. For instance, re might svete dominant lle for height in ee plots & “Torta hit means that the recessive alee would bet” ‘wen an organism has two identical alleles for a ghen trait, the organism is homoyous. For Instance, IT ane both represent hameryBous organisms. TT is homoryeous dominant and % i hhomonygus recessive, Ian orgasm has two ifeent alles for 2 given tet the organi i eterryeous, + When sscussing the physical appearance of an organs, we refer to Is phenotype. The phenotype {els us what the organism looks ike, When taking about the genetic makeup of an czas, we refer A ganotype The gentype tel ur whic alles the rganiem poor ‘One ofthe major ways examiners kes to test genetic information sb having you do cose, Crosses involve the mating of hypethetial organisms with spectc phenetypes and genotypes. Wel lookat some examples in a moment, bt fr now, keep these test ‘aking tps nnd ology and Physics 2014 02155057708 | 3998588pitas rst | ot + abel each gneration inthe cos. The fest generation nan experiments ways ced the parent, of Pt generation. The ollepring ofthe PL generation are called the fill, or FL generation. The next tezneraon the grandchildren, sealed the F2 generation. + Aways write down the spmbols you'e using forthe ales, aang wth 2 kay t reming yourself what ‘he symbols refer to, Use uppercase or dominant alles andiaweease for ecesve alles. Now lt lok t some baie genet pines MENDELIAN GENETICS. ‘ne of Mende’ hobbies was to study the effets of erosstveeding on diferent strains of pea plants. Mendel worked excusnvely with rue-breder ea plants This means the plants he used were Eenetically pure and consetenty produced the same tas. ar example tal lant alway praduces tall Pans; shor plots always produced short pants. Trough his werk he came up with twee princes of ‘enetic: the law of dominance, the law of segregation, an thew of Independent assortment. “THE LAW OF DOMINANCE Mendel ossed two te-treeing pant with contrasting tras: tll pea pnts and short pea slants. Thi type of eros i elled 3 monohybri cross, whch means that only one tats bang sted. In th ase, the walt was heght. Tos surprise, when Mendel mated these plat, the characteris in blend to produce plants of average heght instead alltheasprng were all Mendel recagrized ‘atone wat must be mating th afct ofthe oer tat. This sealed the nw of dominance, The dominant tal lle, T, sorpehow masked the pesence ofthe recesse short lle, Consequenty, all MoNoHYRI CROSS A simple way to represent across to setup 2 Punnett square. Punnett squares are used to pedi the results of» cross let's consrt a Ponnet sare forthe cose between Mendel’ tal and Short pea plans Let's ist designate the alles foreach plane. As we saw eal we can ue the letter "7" forthe a, dominant alle and" forthe shor, recessive lle. Since ane parent was a pre, ‘ll es plant, wel ge it two dominant lle (77 homozygous dominant). The other pent was pure, ‘short pes pnt, 50 well pve we recessive ales (t homygous recessive). Les put the ales for ‘ne ofthe parents sraes the top ofthe box, andthe alls for ths other parent along the side of the Sor. Now we can film the four bones by matching te letters. What are the results forthe Fl everson? ach offspring received one alle from each parent. They all tT receted ne Tan one Theyre al Tt Our parents hd duplicate copies of ingle alleles and, respectively. We could thereforeretertothem ast [THT homesygous. The olepcng, onthe other hang, are heterongoue They [Th Th possess one copy ofeach alle. Lets compare the resis of hs ros wth what we already know out meiosis. Fam meiosis, we know that when gametes ae formed the chromosomes separate so ‘that each cal gets one cpy of each chromosome. We now kaow that comosames are made up of ‘enes and genes consist of alles. Weve ust een that alles aso separate and recombine. We can ‘Sy. therefore, hat each allen a Punnet square alsa represents” a gamete llgy and Physics 204 00155057708 | 3998588enter en "Nxt, Meneltaokthe offspring and sof polinated them. Let's use a Punnett square to spell out ‘the results. This me were starting wth the offspring ofthe fist generation FL Take ook atthe ‘One ofthe offspring could be 2 shot pes pent! The short-stemmed wat reappeared in the F2 ‘generation How eoul that happen? Once agar the alles separated and recombined, produc 3 ‘new combination fr the oforng. The cos resulted in one offering witha puro recessive alle, Because here sno T (omiant) alee around to mas he expression ofthe shot. recesswe alle, out new plant coud wind up short. Akough al of the F plants appen oe tal the alles separate and ‘ecombine during the cross. Ths san example ofthe aw of segregation ‘what about the genotype and phenotype for this erss? Remember, genotype refers to the lgnetie makeup of an organism, whereas phenotype refers tothe appearance ofthe organism. Using ‘he esus of our Punnet igure what the Fao of phenotypes ana genotypes the osping? Lets sum up the results We have four ofpring with two diferent phenotypes: thre ofthe offspring are tl whereas one of them Is shor. On the other hand, we have tree genatypes:1TT, 27, nd t Here's summary ofthe ess: 1 The rato f phenotypes is 3:1 (hee tal one short ‘ihe rato of gonctypesis12:4 (ne TF wo Tenet “THE AW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT ‘Sofa, we have locked stony one tri tll versie short. What happens when we study two ‘rats atthe some time? The two Wats ao segregate randomly. TAs i an example of independent Ssortment For example, let’ ook to Wats in pen plant: height and coor When Fe comes to height pea plant can be ether allo short AS fr ear, the plat canbe ether green o elo, with fareen being dominant. Ths gives vs Tour alles. By the law of Independent assortment, these four sileles can combine ogve us for diferent gametes: TeTetc te Dihybid Coss Keep a mind thatthe uppercase ter refers othe dominant lel, Therefore, “refers tall and "6" refers to geen, whereas" refers to short and "g"refers to yellow. Now le’ Set up a cross between pans sleing In two charatarstes—called 2 yd erss™using these fur gametes 2nd see what happens. ach rat wil 2 independenty, meaning that plant that talean be ether green ology ond Physics 2014 oo1ssos77os | 3058586rect ner tp ta | mt ‘yellow. Simi green plant can be ener tal or shor. Hee the Panett Square fr rose ‘eect dbl etereygtos G % G6 1G [TIGG [TiGg | NEG | Tg To [TGs [Tea | 7iG9 | Too 1G [TGS [TGg | 4G | wg 's [Ties [Tee | ¥Ce [tag This is an example ofthe law of independent assorment. Each of the Waits segregated Independent. Dont wary about the different combinations inthe erort—youll make your ny ‘wih althose eters, Simpy memorize the phenotype ratio of the pes pants For the 36 cipring there 1 Stal ana green 1 3talland yellow 1 3ahort ad geen 11s and yelow The Punpett square method works well fer monshybrid erotiet and helps us veualine the posse combinations. However, batter method fr predicting the Iheinoo of eran results om 2 ‘ities to apply te law of probably. Fr shy ration the nw sates thatthe probally ‘that two or more independent events wil occur simultaneous sequal tothe product af the prbebilty ‘that each wil occur independent. Tolustrate the product ule,’ consider again the cross between ‘wo Mental tat green plant with the genotype TGg To nd the probably of hing 2 al, ‘stow pan, imply muftpy the probabiies of ach event the probably of bing al 374 andthe robabityof being yetow i 1/4, then the probably of being al ond yellow is x =3/16, ‘One more hing: robabitycan be expressed as 3 fraton, percentage, or decimal: Remember that thisrule works only the results of ene rss ae not affected by the rests of another rss. SUMMARY OF MENDES LAWS awe Definition aw a Dominance ‘One ait mats the affects of another ta La of Segrepation Alles can segregate and recombine, aw of independent Assorment_| Tats an segregate and recombine independent of other Wai Bo0gy and Physics 2018 (09155057703 | 3898588rete tie tai | [BEYOND MENDELIAN GENETICS Nota pattems of inhertance obey the pines of Mendelian geet. nat, many tras we observe are dv toa combined exresion of alas. Here are 9 couple of examples of non Mendelion forms ofinhertanee: + imcomplete dominance: In some cate, the rts wil Mend. For example, W you crus a white ‘snaparagon pan (dominant) and red snepsregon plant receive} the resulting progeny wl be pik * Codominance: sometimes you'l se an equal expression af both alleles. For example, an individual ‘an have an AB blood ype, In thi cae, each lll sequly exposed. That i, both the alle and {the allele ae expressed (1). That's why the person is sad to have A aod + Polyenetic inheritance: In some ces, tat ests from the interaction of mony genes. Each gene wil fave 2 small effect on a particular tra. Veght, skin color, and welght are all examples of + Multiple alleles: Some tras are the product of many diferent allele that ocupy a specie gene locus. The best example is the ABO blood group system in which three alleles (Fan) determine ood ype «plas: In some cases, the ganes at one locus may influence the expression of genes at another lees. for exemple, two gene ot aft the cont clr of mie. In one eae, Bot 8 e dominant Yo brown fb). Yet at anather gene Iocus a pa of ales (ana) a affect coat clr. When an and mouse from 2 wue-breeding white sain (ce) end 2 meuse from a tuesreeding brown sain (6b) ‘reproduce, the ofsprng aes back (Ce). In this eam, the recestiv ain genotypes cepitati tothe rowny/black genotype. + Plelotropy: Sometimes an all con affects numberof characters ofan organism. or expe, Siekl-cel! anemia, mutéple symptoms such as pnevmena, hear fare, and ited mental futoning) are caused by single pi of ales “+ Unked gones: Sometimes genes onthe some chromosome stay together during assortment and move {se group he group of genesis considered inked and tends tbe nerd tageter, For example, the {ines for Bower cole and poln shape ae Inked onthe seme chromosomes ané show up ogee ‘This pttem has ed to methods fr mapping human ehemosomes. SEX-LINKED TRAITS. We already know that humans contain 23 pars of chromosomes. Twentytwo ofthe pais of ‘hvomosomas are called autozames. They ese or many erent rats. The other pir consis the x fhromasomes This par determines the ex ofa incu. female has two X dvomosomes. Arma har one Xand one ¥ehromarome—anX from hs mather and from his father. Some tra, sch 3 ‘olor blindness and hemophilia, are caied on sex chvomasomes. These ate called sexlinked ta. ‘Most exited tats ae found on the Xcvomosome ad ae more propery referred to 3 "Xlnked.” ‘Since males have one X and one ¥ chromosome, what happens fa male hae. defective Kehromosome? Bilogy and Physies 2014 ‘00155057703 | 3938584tat nets tt | Ustotunaty, el express the retnked tat, Why? Becaut hie one and oni X chromosome it detective. He dest have anther Xto mask the flec ofthe bod X However, ia female has only one Aetecive x chromosome, she wort expres the sevinked alt For her to express the at she has to Inert two dafectveX chromosomes, A female with one elective Xs called» carer. Athough she does not exit the at, she can stil pass it on a her clren You cn alo usethe Punnett square to igure out the ests of sexlnked rit Here's 2 dsc example: A male who has normal color son and a woman whe sa cri for ‘olor Bindness have citron. Mow many ofthe ehidren wl be alr in? To fire out the ane, let’ setup 2 Punnet square X_X_ + Mother x [oxi y[xviRY Fother—- K = defective X Notice that we placed a bar above any defective X to inate the presence of defective alle ‘And not forte esd, The couple wo have one son who colored» ora ony a daughtnt ‘who la carey, and» normal daughter. The colr-blnd hil ia son ‘TAXONOMY ‘Man has lng been avare ofthe dversty af fe, but Agung out exzty how organisms are related to one another took some work, Eat scents agreed that many creatures shared commen Features. However, there was He azeerent about how a organs were relate to one anothe Interestingly, our means of casshvng orgaisms is essentially the same as that usd by these cares scents: We order rgonisms into groups on the bas of shared characteristics or Wat. The aor ference barween our approach and that of ear biologists Is that we now know that sueh Was sre acquired over the long proces of evoluton Consequently, we group animals together onthe basis ‘of evolutionary relatedness, and not simple appearance, These relations are marfested i Wai, and the sum of these tats is known as phylogeny. The science of casting animals according to thelr ‘hylany snow a taxonomy. HOW CLASSIFICATION WORKS ‘The order of tiation rm fewest to most characterises in common Kingdom Phylum lass ‘Order Family Gomus_——_Species airane ogy and Phys 2004 05155057703 | 3998588Notice that awe move down the li, we that organi have more and ore in cameron Consequently each step down the sae includes fewer and fewer member The kingdoms the Biggest soup, and inches the greatest numberof members, while the species i the smalst group, and Counts the fewest members Moreover, organs nthe same phylum have moe in common than ‘hore inthe same kingdom. Those inthe same dss have more in common than tose inthe same pyr, and soon. Ths means that as we move fom top ta bottom, tego fom "es in comman” fo "more n common NAMING NAMES The binomial dasieation system was developed by Carolus tnnaeus 3 binomial, we simply ‘mean that al rganisms are given scent rames consisting ofa genus are anda specs rame, often In tain. Fr example, we humans are caeé Homo sapiens. Homa sour genus hme, and Soper su Speies ure, Hao meen "rr? wed sapiens ean "wo.” ow do we remember this? King Philip of Germany decied to walk to America, What do you think happened? Kine = tngdom i Pure over ‘oder From Family Germany emus ‘THE NITTY GRITTY OF CLASSIFICATION ae actually ordered into various levels. Well start with the highest lve the kingdoms. All organisms belong to one o sx Kingdoms: Eubactera, Archasbactera Protista, Ful, Planta, and Animal. You should know, however, that many blogs now uta anew lve of ltfeation above the Kingdom — the domain. Thee are three domns Archaea (which corresponds to Archeabacter} Bacteria (which errasponds to Eubuctara) an futarya (the remaining four ingdoms, oll othe suaryetes- ‘Arehacbacterin are considered among the most prime types of ergansms roan. Bechaebactora ae placed into 3 separate domain because” they hive Significant molecular and biochemical (Slerences winen compared to Eubactria Furthermore, gene sequencing ‘has led scents to Delve tat Arenaebatora 38 mote cosy related to Eularytes, hinting they are descendants from 2. common nectar. Eularya later spl from the ‘rehocsbaceria, Here's» quick surety of the Kingdoms. slong. with some of the Dinca characterises youl ned to kro Biology and Physics 2014 (00155057703 | 339850|. MINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA Bacteria are prokaryotes, oneclled organisms, and they fall nwo two kingdoms renacbataria dl Evbacteris renoebacera have several unique characteristics, Ther call wal lacks peptidglyan found In eubactera, and the plaama membranes contain unusual ty acide. ctaryotes. Some archasbacera drive energy by converting CO, 2nd Hate methane (methanogens) whie others use WS ae their source of energy (chemeautotrphs). They include bacteria tative in hat springs {esreme thermophis) wih no onygen and those that only Wein salty ponds (ever hlophites ‘aNGDOM EUBACTERIA fubactera lack ditne nll and ater membranous ‘oxganeles. They posses» cel wall made of pepidogcan Euhocteri are eremey averse, especialy inthe way they obtain ruvient. Some are chemasuttroh (tiving bacteria}, rome re photosynthetic autotrophs (Cyanabacteal, but most are heterotrophs. Within the heterotrophs, some ate decomposes (breaking. down organic materia, and ethers ore pathogens [disease-causing parasites). Some eubacteria have 2 Magllum. eres simple slustration of your base prokaryote, i. xwGDoM PROTSTA Protiss ae eukaryotes. They have 2 nucleus and membrane-bound arganels Although mest prot 2 uneallar, same are mltcllar or form colonies. Prot erin cellar structure, mode of rutin, and type of tepreducton.Protists may be pantie, animatlit, or fngusike. Tey have 39 aerating, twopart We cycle made up of pli, spore forming Sporophytes and haploid, gemeteforming rametophyter. Mort seantsts consider phim Potista obsolete Because consists of leularotes that dd nt ft the definition of plants, arias une Many suggest ths longdor should be spit ito newly designated Kingdoms. amples of ergansms that are under protista are amoeba, ‘atom, euglens, aramerlum, some alga uncelila) te Rhine! ng are geecalymulizeluar eukaryotes wth cell walls made of hin. Some, ke yeast are uncer Since they tek corophythey are hetertrahs, They feed wing theeadite branches (called hyphae that scree digestive prases, pathogens (athlete's foot) and decomposes Fung Fepreduce ether by forming spores ory budding. ‘ology and Physics 2014 on1ss0s7703 | 309888enter ee | \V.INGDOM PLANTAE Plants are mulizsllr, photosynthetic eukaryotes wth cellwallt made of eafulosen plans, the erties egg develops in 2 matieelar ‘bry within aprotectiearenegoniu the female tametangl). They eproducesexualy and asexual, th alternating ometapyte and sporophte generations, \VLRINGDOM ANIMAL ‘Animals are muliealur, heterotrophic eukaryotes that are exemely verse, Some ofthe questions ‘on enrance exams wil focus on the major features of animal body pan ‘SYMMETRY ‘One way to categorize animals is acording to their body symmetry, Most animals have some form of symmetry, eter ral syrmety or bioe‘alsyrmety. An animal with aa symatry has a op side and bottom se but no let or right side. These anmals ae easy Wentfed by thelr cular body pattern. An example 3 Se3 anemone An organism wth bistrleymmetry has >t se (ra, 3 bottom id ventral, aswell as let and ight ie. They also have a headend anterior] antl end (posteror. CEPHALIZATION Animals with ater symmetry Rave a tendency fr Sensory ane neural gant be concentrated at the anterior end of the bod, leasing to the development of the bin, 9 procert Known 3¢ ‘ephalation ‘what va long tothe kingdom Animalia? Checkout he it blow, A Pontors Sponges ar sss nonmatie) organs whote bodes are construted of two call layers They ingest food by erawing a steady cucentof water ough tel pores. Sponges hae radial symmetry and ae acaeomates (have nobody cavity) 1 coldaria Cnidarians have 2 two-olayored body with 2 digestive cavty surrounded by tentacles that sting these ey. They ae acoelomates, Common enidaan af jlfish hydra, andse8 anemones. Platyheinthes Flatworms are motile organisms whose bodies ae the fst to have three ell layers and bitral symmetry. They ate ako acoelomates no body cavity). Platyhelminthes can be parse, and can undergo regeneration. Roundwerms are solldwelers tat have pseudocoelomate bodies. They have a complete geste tact, {that exten fom mouth to anus. Some ae parses ERottere Rotifersaretinyfter feeders that are pseudocoetomates wth a comple, complete dgestive system. Female ‘Malt ae matie organisms with sft bases and hard sels. Thay are te frst protostomes an the first eoelomates (wth sal, determinate cleavage). Members of the molusks Include octopuses, squids, sais and clams. Dipase Sltogy ond Physies 2014 s1ssos77e | 3998588stom ngunn tre | 234 Annelida ‘Anak ae segmented worms with two openings: 2 mouth and anus. They have a ful developed dgesive sytem, 9 slosed cewatory sytem, 8 developed nervous system, and bse appendages (setae). The mes common examples are earthworms H-arheopods ‘Arthropods are animals wth segmented bodes; pared, ointd les: and a chtinou exoskeleton. They unusual i that they have an open cculatry sytem wth a dorel Rept. Examples incude sets nis and erustaceans [chinadermata Eehinaderms are ssi or sedentary animale witha spiny exoskeleton. They ar the fst deuterosomes the biatospore developsinte the anus). An example of an eehnodermata 2 see urchin 4. Ghordste Chordoes are animals that have @ notochord, a dorsal nerve cord, 2 postal tal and pharyngeal gl sits at some te in he ves. Athough mast are vertebrates (have backbones), some ae nt. The Inverbratrincidetniates, siphons, ane aaen worms VIRUSES Now let's tak about vrutes. They might be tiny, but they have an enormous impset on many ergansms, Icuding humans: Such eseases 2s hepa, the commen col and AIDS are al caused By ‘Scents belleve that viruses don't belong with the other oxganisms weve jst dscussed. Ths is ‘cause they are not true cls. not they area “alve"nthe classi sense When we say that 3 ‘rusts nat le we mean that dean Ie or reproduce independent, iases have ony two basic components: * Acoat made of proteins + Avira comosome, which can be ether DNA or RNA. Let's begin our dscusion of mutica organisns with the plant kingdom. The plat kngéom Includes thousands of spaces, which haveextablehed themselves in every prs habitat With sich 3 Wide ange of habitats, plats have naturally taken on > dazaling variety of frm There are over 369,00 aferent species of fowerng plants alone! amines expect you to be familar with the general characteris, fe cycles, and lseeations of pans. We've sleady covered some of haze characters In eater chapters, You Should recall tae plans: + Are mutt eukaryotic organisms {Have 3 cl wall made of elle “ite photosynthetic, meaning tht they convert ght eneray to chemical enersy by means of Chlorplstsocated primary i th leaves * Take up water via epliry ston Biology and Pyses 2014 0915507708 | 39985881 ttn re ie et | 4 VesculeTsves “Tracheophyes, more advanceé plats, contaa two types of vascular tues: xylem and phloem fom ie tasue that conduct water and minal up > pnt fom Re roots. Water enters the plant throu the rots. Roots have spel features intel ute ayer called oot has that neease the surface rea for absorption of mates. n aetion to abeorbing water, minal pd mre Foote also anchor the plant in the sol Phloem vases carry tients, suchas gluose, thoughout he plant 1 elem erties water and mineral {Phloem ees nutrients {Root heirs carry water and incense the siface ara for absorption * Roots aso serve to anchor te plant Of all acheophytes, fers ate the simplest and the mast ancient. Enormous ferns covered much ofthe earth even before the dinosaurs appeared. Ferns are known asthe seedess pants” Theyre able to transport water, minerals, and muvents throughout the plant because they Rave vascular tissue. However, because theyre sedlss, they sll need an abundant water SUpBY fr ferisation. That's because waters needed in ordr forthe sperm to make thelr way tothe eg esi in reproduction GYMNOSPERMS AND ANGIOSPERMS: THE SEEDED PLANTS ‘Trowonhyet can be further shaded ino Pedeees. .aeteer naa Aymnosperms and angiosperms. These ore the S "Seeded pants” ymnosperms are among the Woody plants and ate, evolutionary speaking, amone the ‘Oldest plans around. They Icude such common ‘evergreens as spruces, hermocks, and firs and are neato perennial mening they Ie year efter year. One way = to determine the ag of gymnosperms by courting he number of tee rings. Thee rng, which re composed of dead ayer, represent the tree's ann ow Gymnespems conian wnencosed seeds ao thin ar fen fund naked onthe sales of cone Toa ih (fall the plots on the planet, the angiosperms are the most varied and widespread. Anposperms ae ‘ho known a5 the “Towering plots” They have enclosed seeds cated win 2 ult of put. Some Aowering plants ae woody, such as oak, chery, and walt Others are more supple agiosperms canbe further divided Into two. clases: monocots and ints. The monocots have 3 single ctvedon— the embryonic sed leat Monocots ae known to have leaves with parallel veins and flower pars In eee tune fe Some cs mers va ology and Physis 2014 Monocos kosrat neta | orchids and les. ets, on the other hand, have two cotyledons. They have baad eaves with netted ‘ring, and flower parts in mules of four or five. Some examples of deat are geraniume and "apdragans: Takes loot a the major ferences between monaeat snd dist SPECIAL STRUCTURES IN PLANTS ‘he groming root includes tees regions: the root tp, the elongation regan, and the maturation region. The root ip and slongaton regions are the ter of ongoing primary growth. A the cls absorb water, elongation cus. Tiny rot has, extensions ofthe epidermal cel, frm and provide an Incense surface aren trough which water and doled ners cn mave tothe lat. AlrootRave an epidermis (on outer protects covering,» cortex (9 mide region which ces tarch and ether mineral) and tle the ner cylinder which contains nies and plows) leaves ‘We already know that leaves play an important rte in photosythes ut dd you know that leaves ae sometimes modified for other purposes? Here's sof some ofthe ater functions of eves + Leaves canbe modified wo frm spines, i acactus. This adaptation is peat fr protection. + Leaves cam be adapted for water storage. Flesh leaves allow plants to survive partclrly harsh nvronrents where the water spel Intermittent or undependble + Leaves can also be moifled to trap prey. Insectvorous plant have spelled leaves that digest sce Because they oh ule Unico of eset ede, expec iroge, Chee tts ore forced w eat insects There te bostally two general forms of hace aoptations: 1. Some eaves have tn has that at ike ber taps For example, an asc rushing agp the hale Ina Venus yap riggers the eaves to snap shut 2. other leaves are adapted to frm a "sper slope” that traps insects. na Pteer pant, for example, ‘once an inset gets ns, can get out. tsps down int thebelshaped Interior ofthe let, hee it Sous ina mature of wate and anaymer. These enzymes then fish the ob by dgeting hence FLOWERING PLANTS ‘When it comes to plant structures, one that you ar sure to run Into onthe Exam I the flower. You don't neta to know everything about Mowers forthe test Let take lok at what you donee to know Flowering plants have several organs:the tame, sti sepals, ond petal. ology and Physics 2014 00155057703 | 3998884eter inertrn e ] Petal —+ Diploid —*Haploid Receptacle Many microsporocytes in microsporangium ‘The male parts are colctivey ced the stamen, and he feral parts ae called the pst. The sepals ae the reenable sturtures that cove ap pratct he flower, we the rity colored petals, ‘tract potential polnatrs. Lets review each ofthese stucttes. ‘The Stamen ‘The stamen consists of the anther andthe flament. The anther i the structure that produces pollen gains. These pollen pais, called micospres, ae the plants male gametophytes, sperm {sie Polen rane ae produced andreleated tote ai. The lament ithe thn stalk tat le op the anther. The ist ‘The pst includes thee structures: the stigma, sve, and ovary. The sigma isthe “siky* portion ofthe pst that captures the pollen grains. The sl sa tubeske structore that connect the Sigma withthe vary. The ovary Is whee fertlzation occurs. Within te ovary ae the ovules, which ontain the plants equivalent ofthe female garetophyts. na etlzed plant the var develops into {he rut. Apples, peat, and oranges ae alerted varies of flowering plants. The female gametes of plants are known as meeaspores. They undergo moss to produce eight female nul, incuing one fgg nuceus and ews polar nude ‘TROPICAL TROPISMS Pants need ligt. Notice that athe plans in your house tip toward the windows. Ths ‘movement toward the ight is known as photetrpism. As you aso know, plants genera grow up and sown: The branches grow upward, whle the rots grow downward inc the Sl, Seeking water. Ths tendancy to grow twtr oF aay from the cath called gravivopiam. Al ofthese Wropiss are ‘amples of behavirin pants. Biology and Physi 2014 (00155057703 | 3398884 — — i — ol — i |nection bt | [tropa ca turning respanse to» stimulus. There are tree base tropes in pans. Theyre «ssyto remember because thelr prefs indicate the stimuli to which plants react 1. Phototroplimrefersto how plants respond to sunlight. For example plants aways bend toward ight 2. Gravivopism fers to how plants respond to gay. Stes exit negative graviropsm (Le, they ‘Fw up, away fom the pull Of gravity, whereas recs exhibt postive raviropi {hey they row ‘ownaard ina the eat) 2. Thigmotropiam refers to how plans respon to touch. For example, ty grows arund a post or trai. ‘These responses are Intsted by hormones. The major plant hormones you need to know belong toa cls ald aun. Ain serve many uncon n plant. Thy can promote growth on one Sie ofthe plant. Fr example, in phototrpism, these ofthe plant that faces away fom the slg ‘rows faster, tanks othe plant's axis, making the plant bend toward the ht. Generally speaking, ans are nthe oof the plant, because Wiss ere most growth occ. Aubin restr involved in cel elongation an rt evelopment challenges: obtaining nuvi, touting them throughout thir bodes, vlding wastes responding {o thelr environments, and reproducing, To aeeompish these base take, ature ha come Up ith ‘hese chalenges ‘This chapter ook tthe bal structures of animals and the ways in whkh they function, Since nuance exit eludes many quatione on human anatomy and philoy, wel fue primary on how thesesystems hae evolved inhuman beings. The systems wll ook at ncade: +The digestive system The respiratory system {The ccistor sytem + Theimmune ter ‘Theecretry sistem *Thenerour sytem ‘The musculoskeletal stem 1 The endocrine sytem 1 The reproduce system * Morphogenesis oF "dvelopment™ |THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM -lloeanems need nutrients to survive, But wher da the nutrent—the raw building blocks ome fom? That depends an whether the orgenim san auttroph or hetertroph As you may rel, Blotogy ond Physics 2004 (00155057703 | 3398584red aioe ba | 4 utetronhs make ther own food though photosythess, an al ofthe bung loeks—COs, wate, and Surlght—come from ter immediate eminent. Hetrerophs, on the other hand, cant make the ‘ufo: they must aequie thei energy from ouside sources. When we tlk abou igestion, we're ting abut the breakdown of large food melecles into simpler compounds. These molecules are then absorbed by the body to cary out el activites. Infact, ‘everthing weil cus inthis secon revolves around thre simple questions 1. What do orgasms ned rom the outside world inorder to survive? 5 wnat do hay do with hem once they get them? ‘Matic organisms have come up wth 2varety of ways of getting thelr nutrients In simple animals fod is igsted through mracllreigestonthat digestion occurs within food vacuoles. For example, «hydra encloses the food it captures in food vaio. Lysosomes containing digestive ‘naymer then fuze with the vacuole and breakdown the food. More complex animale have eved 2 figesive tract and digest food through extracel digestion. That the food is digested in 3 _ssrovacuar cavity. Fr example grsshoppe's, food passes through specie regions ofthe gut the mouth, esophagus, crop (a strage organ stomach, intestine, rectum, snd anus. “THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ‘The human digestive rect consists of the mouth, eophgus stomach, mal testing, large teste, and accessory organs (ver, pancreas, gal ladder, and Salvary lads). Four groups of molecles must bebroken down by the digestive tact starch, protein, fats, and nel acd. The Mouth ‘The rsstopinthe digestive process the mouth oF oral cv. ology and Physics 2014 (0185057703 | 3998598ee hen food waters te mouth ecturel and chemical gestion bogs: The chewing sotening and breaking up of fod is called mechanical gestion. The mouth aso has saliva Ini Salva, which 5 Secreted by the savory lands, contains an important enzyme known as sary amylase. Salary amylase begins the chemical Breakdown of torch nto maltose. (Once chewed, the food, now shaped Ina a ball called 3 bolus, moves through the pharynx and into the ‘esophagus Food moves trough the esphagusina wavelke mation known a pitas ‘he Stomach ‘Once food has been chewed it moves from the esophagus to the stamach. The stomach Is 2 ‘thik, museular soe that has several untions + Ittemporaiy stores the ingested fod, ‘itpartay digests proteins ‘ieee bacteria. The stomach secrotesgasre Jes, which contaln digestive enzynes and hydroelore ald (ia). onear the mst mportant enzymes spepin, which breaks down potans into smaller peptide. Foo is also mechanical broken down by the chung aton ofthe siomach. Once thats complet, ‘this partially digested fod, now alld chyme ready to enter the smalinestine. Botoay and Pye 2034 0155057703 | 2090568“The Smal Intestine “The small itatine ivory long~about 23 fet in an avenge man. This is where ll three food ‘arouns are completely digested. The wals ofthe small intestine secrete enzymes tht break down rates (pepaates| and erbohydeates (malas, atse, and suas) ‘Once food is broken down, itis absorbed by ny, ngerke projections ofthe intestine called ‘it and iow. Vil and lero are fells Ut neous the surace are of the seal intestine for food absorption. Within each ofthe vl sa cpl tat absorbs the cgesedfeod and cries ito The Large Intestine The lage intestines much shorter snd thicker than the slntestine: The age intestine has an easy Jobs reabsoros water and Sls The lage Intestine aso harbors harmless bactra that are tual quite useful These bacteria break down undigested fod and inthe process provide ws wth Certain essential vans, ike Vitamin K The lttoverunagested fod, called feces, then moves ct of ‘the lage intestine an int the rectum 1, THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. ‘Al cals nee oxygen for aerobic respiration. For simple organisms, such a Playmates, no spoil structures are needed Bacau the gates oneal fate Sous ever cell membrana. nother ‘mubielllar organisms, however, the calls are notin eect contact withthe environmen These ‘rzanisms must find other ways of geting oxygen into ther systems. Fer some animab, such 2, ‘Segmented worms, as exchange ocuts der trough the skin. Others, such a sets, have special ‘bes called tacheae. Aenters these tubes through hy opeings called spiracles. Among vertebrates, the respiratory structures you shouls be familiar with are lungs angi (used by mony aquatic creatures) Fish use counter curtentexchange ln order to waster oxygen fom the wate toa bleed, Les tak about how a gets tothe body. Air enters though the nose or mouth otogy and Physics 2014 08155057703 | 3986588 oater nen eee | 8 The nose deans, warms, and molstens the Incoming af and pases it trough the pharynx (throat and arm (oie bow. Nextar enters the Wacheo. A spec fap called the epigots covers the trachea wen you swallow, preventing food trom going down the wrong pipe. The trachea ako has carge rings to help Rep the a passage open a a rushes ‘Th trachea then branches ito two bron the left bronchus andthe right bronchus, These two tubes service the lungs. n the lungs, the passageways break down Into smaller tubes known 35 Broncos. cach bronchowends'm3 tiny arsac noun aan shel. ‘You notice that alongside the alveolus is a api. Oxygen and carbon die difuse cross ‘thememtrane ofboth the alveolus and capil. Everytime you ale, you send oxygen tothe veo. Dxygen then fuses into the eaves. The capitis, on the other hand, hve 2 high concentration of carbon doxide. carbon sxe then difuses into the awed When you exe, you ‘expel the earbon desde that difsed into your ngs. as exchange ocurs va pase dfsion. L-THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. ‘Most organisms need to carry out wo tasks: (1) supply their bodls with nutrients and oxygen, ond (2) get ida wastes. Many imple equate organisms have no wouble moving materials rss thet membranes since ther motable needs are met by diluson. Larger organisms, onthe other hand, Darcy terest organiams, can depend on eifusion. They therefore need special custo ‘ystems to acompish intemal vanspr. Ther are two types of ceulbtory systems an open ceulatry system and sed crcultory system, nan open crulatory stem, blood i cared by open-end blood vessels that sl lend into ‘the body cay. tn athopods, for example, blood vss from the heart open int interna eave: now as simuses. Other organisms have sed culty systems. That, blood flaws continuously Bio and Physes 2016 02155057703 | 30988e6en though a network of bod vessels. athworms and some mollusks havea sed ceulatry syst, co versbrates "THE HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM. The hear is vided into four chambers, two onthe ft and two onthe right. The four chambers ofthe heart are the ight atrium, the gh venti, the atrium, andthe left vate Let's take 3 Toakat a pltre ofthe heart Right Atrium Left Ventricle Right. Ventricle ‘Te heart pumps blond na continuous eut, Since blond makes accu inthe body, doesnt ‘matter where we begin to tace the flow of blood. For out purpoves well bagi a the ln nthe Circulatory system where the blood leaves the heart and enters the body the lft verte. When blood leave tho let ventric wil make 2 tour ofthe body. We ll ths systemic elation. Systemic Creation Blood eaves the heart trough the zoe serunr valve and enters large blood vessel ced ‘called arteries. Arteries alway cary blood away from the hear. ust remember °A" sands fr "away" ‘rom the heart. Theyre able to cary the blood becsuse anes are thick wale, clastic vessals, The reer become even smal vsel called arterioles, and then the salt ysl called copie. ‘Thora are thousands of cpilre. Infact, sme estimate that the capo routes in your Boodsre9m ‘areas long os 100 kloeters! These vessels or so iy that fe bod ces must squeeze tough ‘them in snl fle. Cepilariesinterminge with the tssues and exchange nutrients gases and wastes ‘Orygen and atrients lave the eaplries and enter the tases; carbon dgidesnd asts lave the ‘heuer ad eter the capil Backtothe Hear or oxchanging ges and nutrient wth the call, blood has vor Ite onygen eR. Most oft conyten was donated to the cls Uwough the eaplory walls Since the bload snow depleted f oxygen, Ie sld tobe deonygenated. To get afresh supply of oxygen the blood now needs ogo tothe lungs. Sut the blood doesnt go avec tothe lungs. must fst go back to the heat As the load Fetus to ‘the hear, the vessels gt bigger and bigger. From the capllals, blood travels trough vessel called Blolgy and Physics 2014 (00155057703 | 3995884itt eee eet et ‘venue and then through ager veel call ein. Vine slay cry blond toword the heart Vein re thinalled versel ith valves that prevent the baad low of bod ‘iced eventual enters the heart’ ight srt a two vans knowin a he syperor vena cava and the inferior vena eve god now moves through the heart lod travels rom the right atrium tothe right verre through the right abioventrclr valve (or weuspd). Frm the igh vente, Bld wl go out 250 Into the body bt thistime toward the ngs. This called pulmonar dalton. ‘The Pulmonary System ood eaves the ght venice through the plana serunar va and enter large tery ‘known asthe pulmenary artery member what we said abou arteries? loed vessels tat leave the heart ae always cae arteries. There's one major Teale you must remember about the Bod nthe pulmonary system. Whereas In systemic ecustion the blood was rich with cxyfe, the pulmonary arery is earring deonigenated band The pulmonar artery branches Into the right an lt pulmonary rele which lea, respectively othe ght and lf lungs. These artares become smaller ateriles and then ance again capi We jst said that hese vessels cary eorypenated blood Inthe lng, the bod ‘wit plck Up oxygen and. dump carbon ude. Sound familar’? shoul. Ws Jot ke the gas exchange we dscussed in the fe with oxygen, or becomes oxygenated The blood retumne to the heart va the pulmonary ein an enters the eft sm Bod then moves tothe et ventricle through the left atrioventricular ‘ave (or beuspd or mia vate) Now we've completed our our ofthe heart. Lets recap the evens in pulmonary culation 1. Deoxygenated blood leaves the right vente vi he pulmonary ate 2. The pulmonary artery branches int the ight an left pulmonsy arteries, carving the Blood tothe ngs 3 Blod travels rom the arteries tthe atric and eventual tthe capil, 4 Ga exchange orcrs Between the eapilarie and lve nthe ie. '5. Once the blood is nygenatd, tums tothe heat thraugh the pulmonary vein “THE CONTENTS OF 81009 Now lt take lok at ood se, lod consists of twa thing: + Pasa liquid portion ofthe blood ‘calls and el fragments suspended inthe tid Bllogy and Pris 2014 (00155057703 | 3858588reventetaraw ere tipnn am | ae Blood cartes three types of cls ed blood cel (alo called ertrocres), whit Blod ells (ato called leukocytes and platelets ed blood cel are the cnyge-carying cen the body. They ‘contain hemoglobin, the protein that acsallyearie the oxygen [and earbon sxe) throughout the bay. Mature red bod cl lack a rudeus White bood els fight infection by protecting the body against foreign organisms Patel ar cel fragment that ore involved in loodcotng When a blood vesel damaged, Diatlts stick to the colagen fibers of the vesel wa The damaged cele and platelets release Substances that sette doting fates and a seres of reactions occur Fest prothombla activator Eonvertsprotiombin(spltma protein) to thrombin, Then thrombin converts Arnage #0 fibrin ‘threads, which strengthen the dat eres something you shoul remember forthe test: {Al of the blood cele are made inthe bone marcow. The bone marrow slated inthe canter of the bones Blood Types ‘Thre ae four blood groups: A,B, A, 3nd 0 lod types are pretty important and are based on the type of antigens) found on ved Mood ces. a patient i gen the wrong tpe of blo i 2 trenton, eoulé be ftll Why? Becauee red lags eae te laos wil ump # they are exporee {othe wrong tood ype, For example, youve gt bood ype Ae, your ted eller the A snigen) and you receive blood transfusion of blood type 8, yer loed wil ump. That's because your bleed Contains antibodies, an immune substance that wil bind and destroy the foreign blood. What Is Importané to remember abou the diferent blood types shat type O blood isthe universal dona and {that type ABs the universal recilnt Ths means thet anyone ca receive 2 blood tansuson of type O blood, while those wth type AB bood (which s very rare—only about & percent ofthe popustion) can recewe any kindof blood without risk IV. THE LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEM In adtion to the cveulatory system, vertebrates have another system called the Hmphatc system. The ymphatie system is made up ofa newark of vessels that conduct lymph, 2 clear, watery ‘id formed rom interstitial Rul. Lymph verte are fund thoughout the body slang the routes of ood vessels and pays an important leinMuishomecstas. ‘The phate system has thre functions ‘tects es, and ets fd tothe Blood bythe contraction of adacent muscles *ilights infection sing ymphoetes, cell found in ymph nodes ‘ieremoves exces fl from body tes Lymphocytes are important In fighting infection. They multiply rpiy when they come in contact with an antigen, of foreign substance recognised by the immune system. The mph node ‘wall when thee fighting an infection. That's why when you havea sore heat, one ofthe rst things ology an Pye 2014 s1ssos7703 | 2990588roel yes rth | 1 doctor does touch the sides of your tat to see your ph nodes are swollen probable sgn of Infection, {THE maMUNE SrsTEN ‘The immune system, generally speaking sone af the body's defense systems. 2 carefully ané closely coranated systom of specialized cl, each of which ples aspect olen the war against body invaders. As we mentioned above, foreign molecules—be they via, bacterial, or simgiy ‘hemical~ that can wgger an immune response ae ced antigens. The appearance of anigns ine body stimulates a defense mechanism that produces anodes, The body's este of defense aginst foreign substances is the skin and mucous ning ofthe respiratory and digestive tracts. these defenses are nat sulfient, other nonspecific defense ‘mechanisms are acthated These Indude phagocytes (which engul antigens], complement rotains {etch toe the cal wal ofthe antigen, ttf (which tt al repcaton and actvete Surrounding cls that have antiviral actions} and inflammatory response (a serie cf events n response tosmtgen invasion or phan, nos AIDS, or “squire immunodeficiency syndrome,” is» devastating disease that interes with the body's mune system. ADS essential” wipes out the helper Tcl, preventing the body from tending Rs. Those aed with AIDS donot dof ADS Ie but rather af ffecons that hey can longer ft off ue to thelr compromised immune sams. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM ‘As you ead now al organims must get ld of wastes In ths chapter, wel focus primacy ‘on how organs get rid of witrogenous wastes (products containing nittoger) and regulate water ‘when ealis break down proteins, one of the byproducts is ammonia (NH) substance that tol to ‘the body. Consequently, organisms had to develop ways of canverting armenia to less posonous "ubrlance. Some srimals convert ammonia to ui ac while others conve ammoni wea. Some ‘rampes of excretory organe among svertebrtes are ephida(found in earthworms) and Maplghi ‘tubules found in artropods). "THE HUMAN excReTORY SYSTEM ta huang, the major orga that vgulates excretion i the Kidney. Each kidney a made up of milion thy structures called nephrons. Nephrons are. the funciona owas’. uns of here. cole Dist How does 2 nephron work? Uns tace the ow of ood ina nephron. blood enters the nephron atthe Bowman's capsule. A. blood ‘vessel ale the renal artery leads to the taney and Bio and Physics 2014thy copa A ball ofcapiaves hat st" within a Bouman cps cle glomeruli, aod fitared a pases through the lomeruls ad the plea ia forced cut of the capalarie int the ‘Rowman’ caprle. tis ple enow ced irate. The frate travels along the entire nephron. From the Bowman's capsule the ftvate passes ‘though the proxial convoluted tubule, then the loop of Henle, then the distal convoluted tubule, and finaly the colecing duct AS Ie travels along the tube, the tate ls modified to form urine. What ‘happens next? The concentrated urine moves fom the calling dt nto the ureters, then into the Dader, and nally ou though the urethra. “The skins also an excretory organ that gets of excess water and salts rm the body. Bleve tor not, your sla 6 the largest organ the Body! It contains 25 millon sweat glands that secrete water and ons trough pos. The sk’ primary futon sto regulate body temperature “The sn has thee ayers the epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous tissue (or hyperdermis ‘sweat glands ae found in the dermis layer along with blood vessel, nerves, and ebaceous—or ol ands ‘Te epdermis covered by 2 ayer of dad cel cle the stratum coeur. These cells orm 2 ler aginst invading microorganisms. The Bottom layer of skin, the subcutaneous sue is mostly fre ‘Tosummarte, in humans two organs contra fd alance and dispose of metabo wastes: 1 The singe id of excess salt and water VI.THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, Allegaiss must be abet eat to changesin thei environment. Area, organisms have svoled stems that pek up and proces information fom the outside wars The task of coordinating {hs ifrmaton fast the nervous sje. The nplest nervous system found in they. thas 3 nerve net made up network of nerve els, the impulse of which aves ia both dretons. ‘As animals became more comple, they developed cums of nerve call eld ganglia. Theta cll ar0 "ke pmtiv brains. More complex organisms have a bran with spelled cel called neurons Neurons ‘The functional uit in the nervous stem a neuron. That's because neuron receive and send ‘the newal impulses that tiger organisms’ esponses to ther environments. e'talkabout the parts of neuron neuron consists fell body, danas, and non ‘The call body contain the mucous and sll the usual organele found In the evopaem, Dendits are short extensions af the cal body that receive tinal, The sx0n 3 lang, sence extension ‘hat transmits an impulse om the call body to another neuron of to an erga. A nerve impulse begins atthe tp ofthe dendrites, passes trough the dendrites tothe col body, and moves dwn the aon. ‘eegy and Pes 2034 02155057702 | so90s08 coyper of Neurone Neurons can be dasifed into thee groups: sensory neurons, motor (effector) neurons and Intemeurons. Sensory neurans recive impules ram the e/onment and bing hem tothe body For example, sentry neuron in your hand ae stimulated by touch, Amotor neuron transmits ‘the impulse to muscles or glands to produce a response. The musce il respond by contracting othe land wil respond by secreting 2 substance (2g. 3 hormone. interneurons are the inks between ‘Sensory neurons and motor neuron. They ound in the bain o spinal card PARTS OFTHE NERVOUS SYSTEM The merous system can be divided nto two parts: the central nervous system and the perphers nervous system. ental Nervous Stem Al of he neurons within the bran and spinal coré makeup the central nevus system. Al of ‘he other neurons hing outside the brain ar the spinal cord—in our skin, ovr organs, and ur blood vessls~arecallectely prt of the peripheral nervous sytem. Although bth ofthese systems ae ‘realy part one system, we sil use the terms central and peripheral Sokeep them nmin: +The central nervous system incues the neurons inthe ran and spinal cond ‘The peripheral nervous sytem includes althe es. Pgherl Nervous System “The perigheral nervous astm further broken down int the somatic nervous system andthe autonomic nervous system, «The somatic nervous system isthe ar that controls voluntary acts. For example, the movement {four eye seos he pages you rend thine sunder the contol of your soma nervous yer +The autonome nervous system stat part that controls involuntary actives. Your heartbeat and ‘our digestve system, for example, are under the ental ofthe autonominerous system, ‘The interesting thing about these two systems i tht they sometimes overap Fo instance, you can conrl your breathing if yu chose to. Yet mos ofthe te you do not think about fe: Your soma system hands control of your respiration over tothe autonomic system. ‘The autonomic stem is braten down even futher tothe sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous sytem These two ystems actully work sntagonicaly The sympathetic system controls the "ight-n Aight” response, which occurs when an organism confronted with» treatering station prepares to fight or fee. To get ready for quick, elective ction, whether that be braving or baling the sympathetic nervous system raises your heart and ‘esprson exes, oures your blood were to consi, ineearo the levels of puro in Your Bod, and produces “goose bumps onthe back of your nec even reroues your blood Sugar to Your ‘seletal muscles in case You need to make a break fori. Alter the threat has passe, the Bllogy and Physics 2014 0155057703 | 3398586‘ere tie onsen rh parasympathetic nervous system brings the body back to homeostasis—that I back 1 normal I Towers your heart and respratory rates and decreas pucose levee in the bad ‘The low hart below wl ge you ie overiewof he ferent pars ofthe nervous system: ; Nervous System “™ Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System \ Ls I Brain Spinal Cord Somatic Autonomic a : Sympathetic Porasympathetic ‘Thera can abo bedded ino parts. Here's summary af the major dvslon within the bran . Farol bea urcton' ‘Cereb Gonos ai voluntary see reeves na laters sensory j Information logest part of human ban Cercbatom Ceorater mos acy and reine n otras Tepulstes boner and erates Pormone ° regulates prary and . edie Convo ivalunary actions suchas reaing | swallowing, heartbeat and u respiration ene Connects pats afte bran whan mater and contamereslstory u ‘airain entrar sl a wry eines (pa tox nding) Tatra Tain sensory rly cee Tor condacing ~ ‘nfrmaton Setween the spin ord and cerebrum ] = u ology and Physics 2014 (99155057703 | 3998584VIL. THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Most arganisms need some form of support. Many animals wear ther support on the outs. ‘Thay have an exosheleton—a had ever or shell Insets, for example, have an exoskeleton made of thin. Al vertebrates (anieals wth Backbone) poses n endskaeton—ther etre skleton onthe Inside. nadaon to cuseves, sh, amphibians, epties, brs, and all other mammals ae cnsiered ‘vertebrates and therefore have endoskeletons Ir humans, the upportng skeleton made of cartlage and bone. Cartage I found inthe embryonic stages ofl vertebrates. is ater replaced by bone, exept in your external ero he tp of Heres one thing you should remember one 3 connective taste that contains nerves and lod vessels Carle, onthe other hang, aks nerves and blood ves. ones Bone is made up of two substances ellagan and ealelum sas: Bone i 2 dynamic sue that ‘changes shape when osteoblasts (bone buldng cls) ond esteodasts (bone breaking els) erode! ‘ones ate he together by aint, ike the bal an saket om nyo shoulder, What hod the joints together? Theyre held together by cough connective tissues called Rgamens. Us cemember that, ligaments attach bone to bane. Bones not ony serve 2 support but together with muses also help us ‘move aout The connective Ussues tht attach muses o bones ae called tendons Muscles ‘are ae tree nds of muscle sue: skeletal smooth and cardia. ‘Sheltal muscles control voluntary movements. They make up fy percent of your body ‘weight. There are 640 indvdvaly named skeletal muses. ASeltal muscle Inks two bones across ts ‘connecting ont. When these muscles conrat or sherten, your bone moves. Musces ae arranged In layers over the bones, Those nearest tothe alin are called superficial muscles, Those closest tthe Inside of the body are caled deep muscles. These are muscles that we can conscious conto ‘Smooth muscles are found throughout the body nthe walls of blond vessel, the digestive ‘wat and internal ergars Tay te lng and tapered, and each cel hat 9 single nucleus They contain Btn and myosin but ae not 26 wel efganited ab stletal muscles. Tis explains why they appest smooth Smooth muscles are cesponsible for mvloneary movements. Compared to these of Seltal muscles the contractions in smooth muscles are sow Cardiac muscles ae socalled beeaue they found inthe hoor. They hve characteristics of both smth and selta muscles. Cade muscles are strated, jst he skeletal msde, yet they are Under ivountary contre Ike smooth muscles. One unique festuresboutcardlac muscle ells that they ae held together by special junctions called interealated discs. Convactins in cain muses ae ‘spantaneous and automatic This simpy means thatthe heart can beat on ts own. Here's one more thing to remember: ath the smoath muscle aod the cardiac mule gt thelr nrveimpules fom the ology and Physics 2028 09155057708 | 3008588renee teen bot | 8 sii Smooth Gandne Tection ‘Attached eleton | Wall of dlgeive War, | Wal a Fear Inde the blood veseis Type of coil Weionary involr TSE VIIL. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. Chemica messengers can be produced in oe region ofthe body to act on target clin another par These chemi, noun as harmanes,aepreduced in speciale organs called endocrine lands. Hormones hae a numberof functions incding regulating growth behavior, development and reproduction. Fer example, the hormone eedyne promotes malting and the metamorphosis fa ana to’ buttery. Eedyone ie stimulated to release hen targeted by another insect hormone, Bran hormone, nthe pretorace glands. Another hormone, juenile hormone, cases arae to etal tel ‘characters Other chemical messengers are used for communication. For example, pheromones held rials to eommuricae with members f thle species and atract the opposite rex THE PITUITARY GLAND ‘The pltutary scaled the master land because I rleases many hormones tha each other dans snd stata then to secrete ct cm herons. The anterior ptr hereto her mary org rgars. The pitta has we pars: the anterior pitutry and Se poster play. Each part ncrats fs own set of hormones othr thre are volved in regulating the reproductive ystems. The hormones othe itutary are: + Growrh hormone (G}—simulates growth throughout the body, tarts bones and muses + Adrenocortcotrple hormone (ACTH)~stimulates the areal cortex to secrete ucocacads ané ‘ineraocortcoids 1 Thyeld-stimulating hormone (TSH}—stimulats the thyroid to secrete thyroxine + Folce-stimuating hormone (FSH}—stmulates the folie to grow n females, nd spermatogenesis += itelting hormone (UH}—causes the lease ofthe ovum during the menstrual cyl i females, and testosterane production in ales + Prolatin—stimlats the mammary glands to praduce milk (clot - fem of mk produced by ‘the mammary ands of mammals in Ite pregnancy) ‘The pituitary works in tandem with 2 part of the braln cae the hypothalamus. The pty ss st bow the hypothe. ‘THE PANCREAS ‘We already brow that he pancreas produces enaynes that it eleass into the small intestine ia the panereatie duct. The pancreas also secretes twe hormones, glucagon (alpha col and Insulin (oeta cll both of which ae produced in ster of calle clled the tls of Langerhans. The orget ‘TBs for these hormones ae the Iver and muscle calls. Gluagon, produced by a els, stimulsts the Biology and Physks 2014 09155057708 | 398584rset teatro | ver to convert gycagen into ghcoue and to celeste that glicse ito the blood, Glucagon therefore Increases he levels of luosen the blod. Insulin has precy the opposite eect that glucagon does When the Blood has too much gucase eating around, sub, produced by 13 cas, allows body calls to remove glucose frm the blod. consequent insulin decrees the level fucose inthe ood sulin partial effective on muscle andliver el In shor: *fsutn lowers the blood sugar lve 1 elucagn rts the blood sig level IX. THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Reproduction ln aimals volves the production of egg nd sperms The ovaries have two maln responses: ‘They manufacture e@ee + They Scrte estrogen and progesterone, sex hormones that ae found in females. ‘THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Testosterone i responstle for the development of the sex organs and secondary sox ‘characteris. ation tothe deepening ofthe woe, there characterise ince Body Ma, muscle row, and faa Nar, al of which indete the onset of puberty. Testosterone also has another function. tt stimulates the testes, the male reproductive organs, to manufacture sperm cell ‘lf the organisms we see todby arose fom eater orgpnsms. Ths proces, known as evolution, can bbe describes ar 3 change In population over time. Interesting, however, the dung force of ‘roto, natural selection, operates on the lve ofthe ndvidua In ether words, evolution Is defines Interns of populations but occurs in terms of nddva NATURAL SELECTION ‘What sthe bass four nowledge of evolution? Much of what we now know about evolutions based onthe work of Charles Darwin. Oarwin was a inetenth-entryBrtsh naturalist who sald the world in a ship named the KMS Beagle. Darwin developed his theary of evolution aed on natal Selection after studying animals in the Galapagos ands. Darwin concluded that it was impossible forthe inches and tres ofthe Galapapes simply to “row longer beaks or necks. Rater, the devin force of evauton most have been natural election. {ute spy put this means that ature would "ehaose" which ganas survive onthe bast of thet ‘ines. For example, onthe stand Darwin stale, there must once Rave been short necked tres, longer necks. Consequerty, evolution has come tobe thought of athe survival ofthe tes Only ‘those organisms mst to sarvve wil sore. Blooay ond Physes 2014 00155087703 | 3998584Pee eee Darwin elaborated his theory in 8 book ented On the Origin of Species. Ina nutshell, here's what Darwin obeerved “Each species produces more ofsring than can survive ‘These offspring compete wth one anather forthe lined resources avalible to ther ‘+ Organisms in every population vary. 1 Tho offspring withthe mos favorable Was or variations are the mostly to survive and therefore Produce more offspring LAMARCK AND THE LONG NECKS Darwin was nat theft to propor 2 theory eaphning the variety of fe on earth. One ofthe ‘most widely accepted theories of evluton in Darwits day was tat propoced by Jean-Baptiste de marek. Inthe eighteenth century, Lamarck had proposed that acquired rat were Inheted and pase on tw otepring. Fr example, athe case of out tures, Lamaree's theory sai that the tures hd ong necks because they were constantly reaching for higher leaves while feding. This theory seemed to 2 the"Tow of ze and sure," or 3 we might ay nom," or lee" Aecording to Lamarck, tes have long ech because they constantly we them, ‘we know now that Lamarck’ theory was wrong: Acquired changes—that changes at a "macro level insomati (body) ells -cannct be pase on to germ cela For example, you ere to lose one of Your Fingers your ehlran would not inher thie, EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION In essence ature “selects which ving things survive and reproduce. Today, we tnd support forthe theory eveltion in several areas + Paleontology, othe tudy of fol has revese tous bath the arent varlety of organisms (moet of Wie Indi trois, diosaus, andthe wooly mammoth, have aed ff) and the malo nes of cvoation + Biogeography, othe study ofthe distribution of fr (olan and foun (animals nthe envionment Scientists have found related species in widely separated regions ofthe word For example, Darn observed that animal inthe Galapages have Wats to those of animals onthe mainland of South ‘America, One pose expansion for these srs is a commen ancestor. AS we" see below, there are other explanations fr sino tras However, when organisms share multiple traits, i's prety Safe {say that they aso shared common ancestor. + Embryology, or the stusy of the development of an organism. f yeu look atthe eat stages in ‘vertebrate development, ll he embryos look ak! Al vertebrates—Induing fh amphibans, birds, {nd even humane~show Gite features cal gl sts. ‘+ Comparative anatomy, othe study ofthe anatomy of varius animals, Slants have covered that Some animal have snr sructres that serve iret functions. For expe,» Raman’ arm, 3 Joe's log ira’ wing and a whale’ fin ate al the sae appendages, though they have svolved to serve ferent purposes. These structures, alle homologs structures, so point 13 common ancestor. iolgy ad Phys 2014 os1ssos77os | 3998588teeter tet be | 4 hn contrast, sometimes animals hae features withthe same function bu that ae suctraly ferent A bats wing and an insects wing, for exape ate beth Used to fy. Thay therefore have the Same function, but have evolved totaly independently of one another. These are called analogous fructus. Another cbsccxampe ofan analogous structure ete ee. Though scallop, inset, and humans at have eyes, these thee diferent types of eyes are thought to have evolved entirely Independent of one another. The are therefore analogous structures. + Molecular balgy. Perhaps the most compeling poof of als the simlarity atthe molecular level ‘Today, scents can examine the nucleotide end erie aid sequences of diferent organs. rom ‘these analyses, weve discovered that organisms that are Gosaly elated havea greater proportion of ‘hmpansees However, by some existe, 2 uch a 9% of cur genetic codes Kenta to that of chim. GENETIC VARIABILITY Inthe previous chapters, we sw how tras are passe trom parents to offing. You teal ‘rom our decusion of heredty that ferent alleles are passed from parents fo ther progeny. For ‘rample, yu might have an alle for brown eyes fom your mother and an allele fr blue eyes rom Your father sinc browns dominant, you windup with brown eyes, We as saw how these alles are 1 fet jst erent forms ofthe same Bene ‘As you know, no two indvduas are identical. The ferences in each person are known 25 emetic variably. Al this means that no two individuals n population have Monti ste of ales (except, of couse, ental twin). How did al ths wonderful variation come about? Tough rndom Ie might be hard to think oft inthis way, but tithe very foundstion of evlution, as we'll ‘200 se. Now that we've reintroduced genes, we can reine our definition of voltlon. Mare ‘pecifeally: Evlution the change the gene poo fa population overtime. ‘ogy nd Phy 2014 cenissosrs | sans‘THE PEPPERED MOTHS Lets take an example. During the 28505 in England thee was 2 large population of peppered Im most areas, exactly haf of them were dark, or cated “ark” alles, while the other half arse "ight ales Al was fie in these ees Unt a polton, due primary tothe Burning af col, ‘hanged the envionment. What happened? Imagine two ferent ces: one that was unpallied City 3, nthe south of the country, nd the other that was heavily pllste, Cty 2, nthe north. Prior tothe industrial Revltian, bth of these fies had unpolated enuonments. In theze ensironments, rk mothe and lipht moths Nved ‘comfortably side by side. For simpli sae, let's say cur proportions were» perfect ty fy, half dark and ha ight At the eight of the Indust! Revolution, cy 2, our nother ty, was healy alate, whereas Gy ou southern sy, as nearly the same a before Inthe north, where al the wees and buldings were thick wth sot the ight moths did't stand 2 chance. They were impossible for & predator to mis! AS 2 fest, the predator gobbled Up lgholored maths jst as fast they could reproduce, sometimes even Before they reathed an 366 Where they cout reproduce. However, the dark moths were jst ie. With all the Soot around the Predators could’ even see them; they conned doing the thing—above al reproducing, And when ‘they eproduced they had mate and mare ollnring caring the dar aie, After afew generations, the peppered math gene pool in Cy 2 changed. Although our original ‘moth gene po! wos 50 percent ight and $0 parce dark, excessive predation changed that, By about 1850, the gene pool reached! 90 percent dark and only 10 percent ig. This ccuresbecaure the ght ‘moth did't stand a chance in an environment where war s0 eaty fo spot. The dark moths, onthe ‘ther hand, multi jist as fst 5 they could In the southem ety, you! remember, there was very Ite pollution. What happened there? ‘Things remained petty much the same. The gene pool was unchanged, andthe population continued to have rously equal properion fight maths and drk moths CAUSES OF EVOLUTION ‘The allele frequency remains constant Ina population unless something happens to ater the ‘ene pool nthe case above, the potion In Cy 2aerad the frequency of certain lls in the beppered moth population {ndiduals in population are always competing, whether k's for food, water, shelter, mats of something 5 When 2 population i subjected to environmental change, of "tess" thore who 3 Detter equipped to compete ae more kay to sure, Ar we saw above, thls proces l called natura! selection In other words, nature "coats those member fa poplation best ited to survive, These surauors then Rave offing thet wil ery many ofthe alles tht ther parents cared, making it more ket ha they, oo, wi surve, Bitogy ond Physis 2014 (09185057703 | 399888ne ‘Astume goes on, more and more members of the population resemble the beter compettors, while fewer resemble the poorer competitors. ver time, this wil change the gene ool. The rest i ‘Wait a second— mitors © fasion 4 budding ©. none ofthe above cigy and Physics 2038 05158057708 | 3998588ent nb | 2. Which ofthe flowing organelles are ONA-beasng bodes? 1 mmochondria € nbosome 4. Amde © Aan The process by which energy released in Bvng organisms is srabotem fvaporation tespraton ‘gestion 8. Therol of clorophyl in photosynthesis 2° it absorbs sunight needes to make ape ie absorbs water and carbon diode needed for food making © ithastns al chemical poceses during photosynthesis 4. allofthe above none ofthe above 10. Which one snot an end product of aerobic espeation? 3 catbon snide 4. energy 2 none ofthe above 11, Ho started the study of genet using pe plans ‘ chales Darwin ©. Willa Roentgen © Gregor Mendel fe Abert neon 12 The presence of many ofthese allows the arganm to produce its own food, 1 eloroph © vacuoles 4. boromes none ofthe above 13, Part ofthe col with ely tke medium, nucleus . eytoplsm © esol © Isosome ology ond Physics 2014 ooxssos770a | 2996588ra veoic tees | 4, Movernent of parties ram an area afhigh concenzation a that of lwer concentration Aepostion ‘fasion preety 15. Whats another name for heteronygous” genes? homologous cecdorinnt dominant hid none of te above mele 3 a ie © 46 an 17, Mutation caused by allo the following exept: ‘chemi © surgery radiation none ofthe shove ‘atic acd fermentaton slow ondation 1. egtative propagation 4. allofthe above 18, Inwhich of the stages of mito oes the call actualy side? ‘telophase anaphase © inerphase| 4. prophase metaphase 20, Allofthes ate byproducts of collar ragpration exept for ‘arbon danse enerey ucose ‘ona Biology and Physics 2014 09155057703 | 3908588eee 21, Which ofthese obserations supports the hypothessthat a nucleusis necessary tothe ie of 23. Animal and plant cts both conta nucle. Removal ofthe nucleus fllowed by the death of ell Some ofthe materiales ellmave Back and forth trough the nucle membrane. } None ofthe above 12. Which ofthe folowing statement/ssfarecorect? Ic the uparinthe sugar phosphate backbone of RNAs ote rather than deowyibase IL RWA simi to single strand of OMA The bse uae foundin RNA instead of thymine thats ound in ONAL 2) tonly ‘ 5) ttand €) andi onty J 4) then e) tenly 23, Mow many chambers are therein the human hear? 24, what part ofthe brain controls involuntary movements Bk breathing, suallouing, heartbeat andespration? cerebrum cerebelum hypothalamus 1 ee aban eelern 25, what do you cllthe process of biosynthesis of» polypeptide chain sing genetic netrcton from mRNA? u 1. anseriton © transition | u 4 protelnation none ofthe above 26, Who dlscovered pein? 1 3 Alesander Fleming Gregor Mende 4. Chale tndeay - Abert enstein 7 Biology and Physics 2014 0915s0s7703 | 3990588 {]27, What does hameostael refer to? > imbalance b entopy cuir & toose 28. what do youcllthe process by which organisms convert the food they eat int simpler substances that can be easily absorbed bythe cls? ‘atabalm srabotem photosychess one ofthe above 28. Incomplete dominance il produce the phenotypes inthe offspring generation if blend of & face depends on external envionment 4. depends of genotype depends onthe enressin of genes 20, Which of he folowing observatons supports the hypthes that a ruceus ic necessary tothe Ue of seal 2” animal and plant alls both contain nace 1b removalof the mucous flowed by the death ofa cl some ofthe matereina ell move backand forth through the nuclear membrane none ofthe above ‘the toaty of patter of relationship between ving organisms and tel environment the 3. physiol 3 botany © Boley climatology fe ecology 232, Some organi ving na arden included kagofles,bus, roses, wasshoppers grasses, ‘worms and spiders, Collectively, there orgpname represent 2 community © beat population © family Biology and Physics 2014 00155057703 399658823, An orgeiam has the genotype ASBBCCDA, How many pore combination ofall othe {ametes of ths organi produce? 6 34. Oudstion occurs among ving organisms sida to a el process know a, anaboarn cet respation & metabolam production 12 none ofthe ove 35. Brown eyesare dominant over blue eyes. Which cross would produce a blue-eyed cd? 3 aexbb b. abx eb 4. eBxe8 none ofthe above depending on alle 16. cannot be determined = none ofthe above 27. Indonibonule a, denies anal thymine protein 4. phosphate as cxtsine: uanine, 38, The ue portion ofthe boo scale 1 Iymphati is plasma 4. tert fd none ofthe above ology and Physics 2014 (00155057703 | 3998524238, Whats the most peiaaed organ ft hin body? heart Stomach one ofthe ove 40, Which ofthe flowing orgpisms ia Hagel protistis? & 4 user Dinoageiates 41, What group of organisms responsible for athlete's foot? ® “ Tung ‘mcrobectela 42, Themore active the clitiaue sch a mul, the pester the numberof ® 4 ‘chromosomes ritochondia del Iysosomes 13. Green peas were choten by Mendel for his experiments hecause these seeds ware, 4 Tare and easy to observe cast soos polinated easy to breed and grow ‘tn compleated heredity Motthe shove 44, The period between cll dvsion i called ‘ anaphase incerphase telophase metaphase prophase ology and Physics 2014 09155057708 | 3995588ene eon ts | 4 45, The abit of the body to res infections calles ‘muy n feraty 46, Mow many vertebra are there inthe human sil olen? ] as bo aw | 47. Expression of» genetic ral usualy depends upon 1 phenotype ony J} 3 genotpe oni both genotype and environment 4. environment ony ©. either phenotype nar envionment 49. Theprimarymale gonad recalled J} bros duets 4. testes = vesider 50, DNAIsto genes a chromatinisto J Blood chromosome 51. Aserous effec of high population growth othe envionment 3. delay & rly balance u 4. imbalance Blology and Phys 2014 09158057708 | 3998588rel ttt | 4 52, Malas are characterized by 2 hard bodes flee teote © segmented bodies {4 soft bodes andar hols bony bos 53, They ate bacteria which fed on dead materials "> harmful bacteria 1 seovergers & gems fe Sprophytes 54. isthe totality ofan ndvdua’s physi, intelectual, emotional and socal characteris, atsptaton persoaity Inccuaity heredty reaction 55, The transport system ofthe human bods the ges system resprctory sistem endocrine jsem plasma 156. Oygen aden bod pumped by the heat is supplied to diferent parts ofthe boy through the channels called vents & Seine © capes 57 isthe enone inform o strut in an organo orgs during growth bons metamorphosis 58. The conversion of aan enerey in most plans ae called 3. fermentation 1 photosnthesi © respiration 4 lays © tansprasion Biology ond Physics 2014 00155057703 | 3908884nected | 8 59. Which ofthe flowing genes wil mostly be nerd together? 1. gene located onthe same chromosomes Independent assorted genes on dferent chromosomes 4. segregated genes on diferent chomosomes (0. When 3 compound ends noe, must be b. sugar ©. enryme 6. caroomysrate tome ofthe above 61, which ofthe following ota fru? banana rane ofthe above (62 Alexander who is normal for color vison marries Jan, anormal heteroaygous woman, What the chance of ther sn bing clr Bind? oe 23% 7% (63, Melos fers fom mito that ‘3. meiosis produces 4 daughter cls whe mitss produces only two daughter calls melas occu in Somali ells, white mitosis occurs in excels 4. eos produces identical daughter cel, but mitosis produces daughter cls thet are enetaliferent Bo te above 64, Which of he folowing isan example of an abot fatr tat wil determine whch animals or plant inhabit an environment? ‘the aid of ake near afctory ‘the high daytime temperature ae the lw nghtime temperature ‘berry plants growing abundance athe edge ofa forest the amount of ongen present inthe water ora pond the absolute amity of the re Blotogy ond Physkes 2014 (09155057703 | 3398886ern tie ei ee | (5, What do you calla quid with igh content of iron, antibodies and tami secreted from ‘mammary glands just after ging ith, and peor othe low of rope mk? > lk calestru estoger (66, When a doctor ges you an antibiotic when you ave sick e/she aways tells you to hep taking ‘he abate nti ral fined The reston hfshe el you this beau 3 uses require high doses of antbioss tok ham, lowing the mre antibetoleran bacteria to survive may encour bitrate bacteria to evohe, 4 long perio of ntbit use s requred to preven secondary vs infection, Alot the above 57. Amonohyid ros of wo heteronaous for» rat exiting complete dominancs phenotpieatoof 3s one ofthe above ene (68. What typeof reproduction inolves gametes? onl fesion ifthe above (68. es not quite posible for viruses to lve and multiply in the outer layers four shin because this part the sk has ll which harmful to vse hat dead cl oniy has lower temperature not suitable for ruses fas. abiger temperature not sable for ioe ppere 70. which of he flowing statements about ood chars end energy flow through ecosystems is False? 2. Asingle organism can feed at cevral tropic level 1. Detrtivres feed ata trophic levels xcept the produces evel © Thelower he trophic level which an organism feeds the more energy avaiable ‘4. Food webs include two ormae food chins, ‘© None of the above ology and Physics 2034 0515505703 | 3998588entities | What do you ellthe phylum of marine and rehuater invertebrates which ve permanently tached to rocks and other surfaces? Ws bodys hllow and consists a an ageegation of rllons of single cele orgpnis 3. Malas Behinodermats © Pontes Nematode \What tem reles tothe prt ofthe nitrogen cyle where nitrogen compounds are formed by certain bacteria rom the tee nitrogen inthe 2? 32. Foaton af mosphere trogen Nitrate leaching fom soll © Dentiteaton {4 eas of Ns by decompostion \What do you call the emergence ofnew species? 3. evtution Speciton mutation metamorphosis population increase ‘What kindof speciation means hat population becomes Separated frm the rest ofthe species by geoerahial barr that they cart intebneed? s-sympatiespeclton b allopate speciation ‘convergent evltion 6. divergent evolution ‘none ofthe above ‘What do you cathe behavior thats triggered by environmental sigas calle releasers? 2 learning imprinting ce insnet signe «dase! condoning lloyd Pyses 2014 21ss0s7703 | 299850876, which of he folowing occurs during eerie? 5 4 ‘eels useless oer ‘utr ose more oeyeen ‘ele useless carbon donde ‘ls oie more carbon dioxide fone ofthe ove 77 The breathing ate increased by an reas in he content of: & ‘ ‘carbon donde a ‘78. Vives ae not considered ree ing because b ‘hel els ack opts theiele contain ONA ‘hey ate to ml to be een by ight miroecoy they cannot reproduce outside ving cll one of the above 79. ofthe flowing, which oe ines the others? 4 tle genus Tay movements ate cantalled by ® hormones fade amin: {Hykoid membrane antibodies ote: Review your answers carefully. Good ck! © Biology ond Physics 2014 091550s7708 | 3098588rete nt opt 0 Test 2 ECOLOGY Par lin the banks. Supply the sppropiate answer tothe gven questions, 1. Thestud of the lationship of plants and ails to thelremvicnment and to each others calle, 2. The lepartof the Earth's atosphere in where if can est. 3 Aan ‘considered tologal community and 8s endronment. 4 an ass around an ecosystem in evel los 5. The and factors are part of an ecosystem that hel reltionship affects {6 Thename fo allthe ing thing in the environment refered toa. 7. The pyramid that shows the ranafer of nergy from the producers down tothe last order consumers known 3 1 Asymblotierelauonshp that humans and tapeworms cai 3. During te plant's food-making proces, the _gnsisusualy given of 10. Te process of _needs the pow of sunlight to manufacture lant food, 11, The total numberof organisms belonging to the same group nan ecosystem 12. Aperson who sues his ecosystem and eeaogy indepth called aan 13, Te gas neodes bythe plants to generat ther way of ving s known as. Species oxysen Population Abiotic Eneray pyramid Parostim ‘Ecology Ecosystem ‘Species obit enerey Decompasers —Bisphere ing Bote Food web Ae Food chain tuation Photosynthesis Water Feologist Food owing Carbon ewe ‘ari Malpe Choice. Choose heater athe bat answer by encieng he eter. 4. Asymbiotireltonsip in which one benefits and theaters hatred a Mu Predation ‘commensal Paras 1% Decomposer Host habit bacteria 3 Theplace in which organisms usualy ves calles 2 Ecosystem b. Niche ‘cab Biosphere Bitoy ond Physics 204 (09155057703 | 3398586 oo orat ester bt | 4. Thelving part ofan ecosystem 3. Population. Community. Consumers a.nehe 5. Theliving things inthe environment are ales a Ecosystem. Bltic ce abiote .titing 6. Thestudy ofthe elationships and interactions fing things with one anothers 3 ecosptem ——b. ealony Symbiosis 4. Competton 7 Anorganissrale nthe community ts 2 Habitat b ecloey © Species mene | Atype of etationship hat benefits bath organisms 2 Commensam —b. Mutua « Paraetem 4. competion 9. Thenontning things in an emiooment are called 2 Abate Bote «Species 4. None 10. Atypef relatonship in whch argantis struggle with one another or sural 4 Competition 6. Predation Surviving ‘None 11, The process whereby organic ater goes back the sot |. Condensation. Decomposition. Absorption uterine 12, According to the base ule of fod ean, thi ranaferred from produce toaster 3 Enery ue Food water 13. During photosynthesis, this gs usualy ven of Carbon dose b. Onvgen trogen 4.sothbande |. Aelaonshipin which consumers et deo orgiic matter and levers 2 Competition —_b. Scavenging Dependent 4. None ofthe ove 45, changin the earth's spheres that ic unwanted that es frm the actives of man by producing poltants 1 Depdation—_b. Pollution bate 4. usering 16. Producers reer tothe green plans that make food. Bacteria which ve on dead organisms are known as 2. Decompoters 6. Consumers, Predators apeey ology and Physics 2018 oo1ssos7703 | 3908588senarttmtinae gz panera ms 17, Which fhe flowing itr about food web? Lzetuce mates ts own fod: abit at lettuce foes eat rabbit this ie Food Web Food web is dpendentin rimary consumers. Anything that happens to one member ofa food we wil affect athe thar members Alot the above 18 Primary consumers that fed ect on plant are known as 2 Omverss— b.camivores Tertey 4. Herbivores 19, Any animal that feds on any Second order consumer iced 2 Scavenger. Predators ‘Tertiary consumers Primary 20, Buterty, worms and rats canbe clsfed 2 what order of consumer? 3. order border eFerder 4. None Af p+ fame DZ hr 6 [REFER TOTHEOINGRAMEfornos. 23 an 2 21 According to thefood web, pers Penguin and Cab ater Sel compat mos for kel squid eh Leopard seal 12. Emperor Penguin re dsfed a 34 order consumers inthis food web they can be dasied 252" order cnsumerbacaue they eat > rit we sauis eich 6. eopard Seal Bltogy and Prysis 2014 0815507708 | 399858823. Whats thefnal stale community that ests atthe end of natural succession called? a Niche Population fe Chmaxcommunty Habitat 24, what man factor determines the organisms that ve in any biome? a Trees climate Water 25, what bind of consume i bir that eat leaF-eatng nce? a. Tender border eat erder 26, Whats nota prt ofthe physical envionment ofa ecosystem a Eoery Aantal com 27, omnis that break down organic matters 2 2 Consumer b. Producer «Predetor 28, organisms that makes ts wn food by photorythei are a. Producer ‘consumer Decompocer 23, Bacteria sto decomposer as wturesareto © Semengers—b.Prey Producer 30, They ae nn-ving things inthe enronment Biolog and Physics 2014 Sunk 4. Decompaser None o21ss0s7703 | 3908588att tt mt | ANALYSIS. Bares on the given cogrom, answer the folowing questions corey in sty form. 1 Refer tothe dagram. Inthe given Food web, wht orgaiums require the most producers to ‘support them drcty and inde? Why? A] 2 what consumers in your food web requiethe leas producers to suppor them? What da you thinkso? . 3. imagine that one ofthe "order consumersin the food web was eliminated, How do you think 8 the est of the food web? 4 Construct 2 food chain with atleast order consumers anda decompose. Label your disgram Bl food least or o nar and eli how ths cle sustains balance. 5. whih ode consumer gets the most enerayin the Food chain? Why? Biology and Phys 2014 0s1ss0s7703 | 3998588ee Test 3 ECOLOGY S0items Score: 1. Fresh food lasts longer if refrigerated because low temperature. 2: Catalaes the reaction Slows down chemical ection Kile Bacteria when cause the rotting of ood 2. Which ofthe fllowing pan cell organels uses ight eneray to produce sugar? 2 chorepast €.Mitochondrion cola Skin cals ovarian cls eMearale tver cols |. Mine sata eof wre oo ellcunt. shew have a fc what? “Breathing 2 avrg and moving on Transporting onygen teal {4 Transprtng eatbon conde to els ‘5. What do you ea single piece of eles ONA? ‘RNA -Cromorome chromatin {4 Mlrotbles 6 acetal nfectionsin human canbe teste with what? fe Antiseptic bantatie «Paracetamol ftoperamide 1L.Which ofthe flowing the most important in celular espiraion? 2 Protein Bwaer coneen ‘4 chcore lloyd Physics 2014 9155057702 | 3858588nit ne ie et | 8. Which af the owing best describes the white od cell? ‘2 They protect he body agaist eases, ‘they rage than red bod els They ack hemoglobin 4n0T8 2 Somatic cells which die by mitosis have 45 chromosomes. The esting daughter cl wil each have mauimum cramosome number of =e cs 10, Whatis the probity that a ygote that wil be formed fom the etlzation of an epg ely sperm elisa mole? bsom 200% 6.0% 1, ely havea boy lan thet bilo refer toas__ btewapod cephalopod ‘indeterminate 12, Which ofthe folowing composed of nervous se? 3 Brain Spinal ord {Abdomen 13. The leech survives by fesing ff the blood of the larger anrals What relationship des tis stustion abi? b.Parastism Predation ‘Mutual 14 Lobsters crab and shrimp belong to what group of animals? 3. cnisra bcoslenerates « Arhropode 15. How many bones are therein 3 uly developed human? 208 1 Bltogy and Phys 2014 0915505703 | 3990588nara et rte | numeration. Please wrt lag. Wrong spellings wine be accepted. PLANTS, ECOLOGY and ORGANS "Letored energy Tiny opening ox pore that used by plans for gs exchange Al the organisms ina partulr area make up 2 '4rean system rexponsibe or getting formation from the body and zending aut ‘ezosystem caracterzed by coniferous forests ‘organ system thet contol the ate we grow, ourfetngsof hunger our body temperature and move 2.2hylum of humane ass under animals whose organisms ae cld-ooded or etthermie ‘ution relabonship of organisms tat ve together 10.Deseribes the way of hing ofan organism ‘oenerics and caus “Base uni oie 2:5: Four Types of ONA nucleotides ‘Give the ONA pair of CTARGCSA hve the RNA poof COAAUCALU nat te base unit ot hee? 'S.Mumberof ATs or energy produce n aerobic respiration. 10.0rganisms without a nucleus 11.ce transport frm higher to lower concentration 12.Dvon a cytopleum Produces two cone enghter ele Main produetofrespraton 15 Sexehromsome for ales 16. Gel ke sbstane outside the clus 7 Organele that syntheses the proteins {18.Phvein melas wherein thecal actualy vides ito four 19m what uses il yu tnd mitochondis the most? 20.0rganele tht stores mateals uch as mtrogen compounds, sugars, organ ais and proteins 21.Phenot pera of hetero tall and home dwar 22.Genotpie rate ofhetero tall and homo dart 22.0ccts when a person has 3 copies of evomeotomes (eg 218 chromosome has 3 oles stead of 2 on). 25.Phase cl dvi where the chromosomes oe pul apart Prepared by: De velo DTS Review Science Lecturer logy an Physic 2014 cousosr70 [soers rattan eens tapann Basc | 234 PHYSICS ‘Physic the branch of scence that eae withthe properties, behavior nd interaction between matter and enerayPhsisbeeves tht llmattor nergy interaction are governed by some ned princils an lows, which provide reasons forall aserved phenomena athe universe Mathematics ithe language of physics. ves neat, elegant an sl foundation to theaws axom to phys. 1 Newtonian Mechanis/Cosea! Mechanics study ofthe effects of forces on Boe. 2. Quantum Mechonies- stay of tomic and sub-atomle systems and ther interaction with radiation, 3. Energy and ts Transformations shows he ferent forms of enerey boses/objetsflimates andhow thes are conserved 4, Wve: Tackles various kind of waves which serve a mechanism for energy taster. |. Hlectrety and Megnetism: Shows pratt ol physi: 0 very ute dees we have for ‘communication storage of infoenation and even hourehod/business management 16. Mader Physi Studies the very her of matter atoms and sub tome partes) ‘Measuring tol of sbseraton and reeerch, Messurement ell how far, how ge, how any, an how much 1. Length- locates the postion of point in space 2. Time: ie conceived 3 sucession of event, 3. Mate amount of mater ina boy. Derived Measurements 4. Force derived quantity; 2 push or pull eerted by 2 bod on another. 5. Volume -the amount of space an objet tate up. ology and Physics 2014 08155057703 | 3888588is raoslon Rese snes tatounn Boe | 2016 & Densty- the mas ofan obec per eit oom desig = Ba ets kg, fea ‘wats the volume of 10m 154m 10m rectangular? Whats the vlume ofa evinder which has 2 dlametr af 1 fLand a helght of 22 How do you solve forthe volumes of the conposte bodes shown? ‘What the dest ofthe rectangular prem in example fitha raze of 000 erm? ‘810 a/m yinder has amass of 200, it has a ads af 5 m, whats the height of he ender? Conversion of Units hnr-600= W365 dys lie=03048m —fidaye24 ns Inch 254 mm mi 52008 Biology and Phys 2014 00155057703 | 3098588rate tne bo | 4 Slentie Mottion ~ simple notation for ver small or er lrge numbers. For example, instead of wring ‘.0000600056, we write 5.63109. [10000 = 1316" [basa =2 2a [to00= tx to 873843 10 [00-1107 42=482x10 [ere Tio 89 = 89x 10 (not usually done) | ty | amas 0.32=3.2% 10" (oot usually done) [noo=00i= 1x10" | oss s3x10* | [ [_tno00=0.001= 1x10" [00078 = 78x10" | [1t0000=0.0001= 1x16" | onod= 44x10 | [A Adon an Subtraction: round of al items tothe elu wth the righimossgniiean igure 8 Mulpeaton ard Dison examples 2. (22x20) + @axio)=32%10" 2.(634104)-@24109 231520" 3. fvauate 230" + 3.6 10 ving your answer in scent notaton 2a iP +aenrt 02 x 1o+36x 10" (change tothe same ices) (02436) «10 (ata the rurbers) 38 x 108 (onswer svete notation) sire Blology and Physics 2014 (9155057703 | 3308804 oon Sooeeo oa [=nest tie ep | 4. evaluate 7+ 105.210, hing your answer in scent notation. pe t0i—52010t 70 = 105210" (ehange tote same indices) (answer mseenite notation) 5. (9.3920 +(x 10) (9.39 x10" «(008 x10") 947 10" 6 Simpy nd exoressin scent notation: 2.6% 10982 * 10) ‘Soe m mutpyng, can move tings around ane sot ome ofthis tu easy. Gen to) e2*10% = 290092410") 2oye.2110%00") 2.999.2110.") 29392910 Now have to deal wih the 2.6 mes 92, remarnbering to convert ost notation: 26% 92=2392=2391%10=2391" 10 ating Raf together. have: conte iene Lemnos ate “Then (2.6 « 105) (9.2 « 10") =2.392 «107 7. Simply and express in sce notation: (1.2472 10°) #293110"), First dal wth to exponents 02ers W)-e9%0) =(1207+29) 007 +105, F207 29.40% 18) Stan 290) uipore ology and Physics 2014 09155057703 | 3998588rene tt | Nom doa wan te ain: Laere29-oasmase io Puting a together, (2a 199-0910 = a207+29) 00 suas yae ~enieya0 aay at Sothe answer: (1.247% 10°) + (29310°) 435010" | Seaaris a quantity characterzd by 2 postive or negative number. xomples: length time eance moss speed volume energy temperature ology and Physes 2014att reste | 8 Vector: is 3 quantity that has bth a magnitude an ection. ls raphicaly represented by an arrow, whichis used defines magnitude, section, and sense. samples: displacement force velocity work seeleation momentum stance ~a scalar quantity which refers to "bow much ground an obec 25 covered during its motion” placement vector quant whieh relers to “how far oto place an object spend scl quantity which fer to how fst an objets movin” ‘elcty a vector quanty which refers tothe “at at which an abject change its postion” ‘Vector Adton~dvection taken nto account; the sm called the restart vector, R Horizontal Component Horizontal X=Component~ Hypotenase -Cos(8) Vertical ‘Y-Component= Hypotenuse -Sin(8) mole 1, 3.0mfs, 45 dg 5.0 m/s, 138 dep 5.83 m/s, 18 dg (Note: the resultant drawn ne.) Boogy and Physes 2018 05155057703 | 3096588oe per Rigen Beh 2.50/45 deg + 20s, 180 eg =3.85m/5, 665 dag (Note: the ecultant i drawn nce) {eh vaccry ga GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION v=0 velety : veloy eceerting secelentina 09155057703 | 3998884 Biology and Phys 2014Law: Law of neta A body ot rst wilremaln atest end body ‘motion will continue moving ino troight ine, unless acted upon by an eternal force Iemay be seen ae3 statement about ert, that obec wil remainin tei state of mation unless afore ace to change {PL of Motion Law of Aceertion the net force of body is aual tothe mas ofthe object multiplied bys direction. The lationship between an obinc?'s mas m, te acolerstion a, nd the appied force F evan by he Fra ‘Assen nthe formula th areater the mas (the object beng aceerte), the greater the amount of ‘the force needed to acclerat the obec) EX, 1,000 kg .05 m/s/s stow of Movon: Law of Action Repction in evry ation ther isan equa but oposite reaction. ‘This means that or ever force there reaction force thats cqualin ste, but opposite in dtecson. That ist say hat ‘whenever an abject pushes another obec gst pushed backinthe oppste dection equal har, Biotoay ond Physics 2028 0185057702 | 3898588answer 13. Acordng tothe National Center for Hest tts, the average mass ofan adult American males ‘lg Determine the mass and the weight fan 86a man on the moon where the gravitational eld is ‘onesinth that the Earth, 4.Ao.104 Kg model rocket acelerates a 45.9 m/s/s on akeott. Determine the upward thrust experienced by the rocket. 5. Given inthe picture Balow, shore le pllng the horsebox having kg mass int with fore of 404; i ‘the applied force has an angle of 378 tothe horizontal: clelte the acceleration ofthe horsebox. mths ” 6. wharisthe weight fan abject that at amass oF 60 slugs? 7.A boxestng oma table as 8 mas 5.0 (] What iis weight? (b) What willbe its acceleration Momentum can be defined 35 "messin motion." Al objets ave mason objects moving then thas momentum that mass mation. The amount of omentum that an abject Nae Aependen upon two variables: how much stuffs moving and how fast the tf mong. Mamet depends upon the rail maz and velo. ates ofan equation, the momentum ofan obec ua tothe mas ofthe objectimesthe velocity of the obec. momentum mass veloeyy p=mo From the definition of momentum, I becomes cbvious that an obec has large momentum if ether ts ‘mass or its veloc large, th variables ae of equal importance in deterring the momentum ofan obec. ilgy and Pyscs 2014 on1ssos7703 | 3098584nt te tmnt WORK refers toon acy invohing a force and movement i the direction af the force. fore of 20 newtons pushing an object’ matersin the diecton othe force does 100 joules of work ‘sthe eapacy for dong work. You must have enray to accomplish work tisthe the eureneyfor performing work Todo 100joules of work, you must expend 100 jules of ene Kinetic Eneray netic energie energy of motion An objet that has motion - whether is vert or horizontal motion: ha kinetic ners. Potent Eerey isthe stored enerey of poston possessed by an object. An object cn store energyas the result oft poston. For example, the heavy bal of 2 demoltion machine staring eneay went ld at an elevated postion. This stored energy of postion is referred to as potential ener. isthe rte of oing work othe rat of using ener, which are numeric the same you do 100 Joules ot workin ae second using 10 joules of ener the power is 100 wats. The quantity work hast do witha fore ausinga placement. Workha nothing todo with ‘the amu of time that thi force acts to cause the placement. Sometimes the workis done very ‘qully and other tines the works dane ater slowly. The quanty that has todo with therate at Power ithe ate at which work dane isthe worktime rate, Mathematia¥y ts Work Power = time The standard metric unit of power ithe Watt Biology and Physics 2014 09155057703 | 3898588‘tenet bt | 8 Test 1 PHYSICS. "Mulupe Chole. Chose the covrect answer. Read earful 1 An objet goes om ne pinto anther Alert arves tits destination the magnitude of ine dplacement than te stance traveled 2) ether greater than or ewalto by aways equalto €)aheys es than ‘ether smaller than or equal to 2."karma’ demonstrates {3} Newton's Fst aw of Motion 1) Neuron’ Second aw of Motion «Newtons Td Law of Motion ya atade 3. Aorce of ON ats on a body and aceerates tp to 25m/s2, What isthe mass of the 235 basw 2048 208 4. The ___your center of gravity, the more stable youre. ower Di hher form ‘greater 5. Aattracs 6 €atracts C and A repels Which ends hav ike poles? ‘)Aande b)eandc e)eanaD aoeraF {6 When lights dvectd toa lass prism spectrum formed, What do you cal this 2) absorpuon by lspesion «jeelecton ‘refraction ology ond Physics 2014 9155057703 | 3398584eee 2. Rao formations de to 2} flection and retraction of sung on alndrop teraction of sunightin the ky lrefacion and refraction of sunlight nthe ky 4) traction of elem ky ' suppose you are pushing on loaded shopping can, which ofthe flowing i true? 3) faction ore always equals reaction force, you cannot move the cat because the cart pushes yau Backward jst shard as you push forward onthe cart. You push the eat sgh harder thatthe ear pushes you Backward othat the car ‘}Youare in contact withthe Earth through your igh ton shoes, while the crt i free torollonts rund wheel othe cart moves. 4) You push before the crt has time to reac sate ert moves forward 9. Michael weighs SEON, what shi mass? 2) 98081 1) 10008 3008 80s 10, Which instrument should you use you want to compare the amount of moisture inthe aie at agen temperate with he amount of moisture the a oul hld a that Temperature? sl hyarometer Db) barometer gras 11. Asa body fairly nthe absence of he sum ots potental and Kinetic energies SVnerases B)decesces remains the sme ‘varying 12, Which ofthe following quantities calor? doplacement biter e)aceeraton yastonce 13, Woh ofthe folowing quantiles is vector? 3} temperature bjlenah <}dspacament )astance Biology and Physics 2014 00155057708 | 399858814, what do you al the ore that holds the atoms together? 3) magnetic force yaar free coulomb force Astemietorce 15. Olver walks km east, 2h south, 3 km east, and 2 km north. Whats livers ‘slacement? 3) Tena b)ankemeast «ko north 4) 2am ron 16. Using the vector adiion rules east pus south equals 2) south of east, bleas of south downwards {computation neodes 17, Whats the other name for Newton's Second Low of Motion? 2) Action reaction by imeaction hers 18, Awooden blocks moving 3m/sto the ight Wht the direction ofthe fctlon force acting on? S)totheier tothe eet hdownwards upwards 19. Arace carver le pushed back ls set when he stepson the eclerator othe race cr ‘What explains this phenomenon? 3) Centrpetl fore ») contra force linera 4) aeserton 20, Alot the following materi can help reduce feton except Sjsina orcas hwo aol Biology an Physics 2014 09155057703 | 3998584rtetttte oi tt | 21, Work boomer 2) small barge oe 4) Canot be determines Iraslacement zero, 22.Aboy weighing 200N sts ana sesaw at distance of meters fom the pot a shown in ‘the dlatram. What forces needed at pout Fo balance the seesaw? 3)2008 ) 3000 <)4008 «1000 23. massis being acclerated bya net force. the forces reduced to one-half, what happens tothe acceleration? a} haved Dlncreases four tines doubles ‘increased by two 24. You cannot touch without being touched. This statement best demonstrates 2) Newtons 1st Law of Maton ) Newtons 2nd aw of Motion €)Newtons 3rd aw of Motion {)taw of Unverel Gratton 25. When aie les up tothe ky, hat happens toe mass? by mereases decreases {becomes txo 26.Two objects of masses 3k and 2kz move wth veloc of 2m/s and 3s respectively ‘Their knetic energies aren the ati, aya B23. 932 aoa 27. sang bola ag tinapon pataas na may long 25 metro, at matapos ay bumatkit ating passyor Ano ang dsalacement 80? 3)25m bom 5.0m 375m Bilgy and Physes 2014 09155057708 | 3888588ttn | 26, What willbe the effect onthe acceleration of a obec f the net force le doubled? 3) ecelration wl be doubles by accteration willbe halved €)aceleration wil be four tines the rgnal vale 4} there would be no effect on he aeration 28.Theforeefores acting ona book on atable is 3) ts weight lone ‘bythe normal fore exerted bythe able ) Raweight nd the normal free exered by the tble {here are no erces acting since Ris not mong 430. Acar moves in a chit rection na ccs track itmoves wth a veloc of2 m/s ‘throughout ts course. Which ofthe followings tre about the speed and the velocity of 2}:thasa changing speed and a constant velocity b)ehasa constant speed and a changing veocty haa constant speed anda constant veloaty 4) ithar a changing speed anda changing velooty 231, When you stand on two sales wih your weight equally divided between them, what wi ‘be the eang on ech sale? 2) both read your actual weight Boh read ora half of your welght ‘lane reads and the othe Fea your weight (bot read £32, Which term describe a refiected sound? 2) frequency by wave pen ‘echo 33 Given the graphs, which represent an ncrasing speed? a8 oe ae ao 34. Which one represents a constant speed? a) ye ac ap Bitoay and Physis 2014 (99155057703 | 3398584rent | 835, raw a graph showing constant accleratlon with vlocy and tine as your bases. Prepared by: Des Five PIS Review Since Lecturer Biology ond Phas 2014 consssosrves 2098588Test 2 PHYSICS 30 tems "Mutpe Chole, Chose the correct awe. Red carefully 1 Which of he ftowing sore) clare? b Velocity Speed Both bande 2 Which of the following densities wi ave the maximum volume if equal mass of sample vetaken? 10 g/en? 233 fem? Salem Sogfem? 2. Ablockaf meta scm lang, 4 cn wide and 25cm high hes.a mast of 304. density is epepe 100 gem? 10g/en" 26 gfon? 1008 4. When srtaces are made very smoot, ton between two objects becomes ». 6 ‘Unchanged Increased 1er0 None ofthe above 5. Acceleration the at of change of ». 4 Biology ond Physics 2014 Displacement Velocity None othe above coosssos77es 39965886 Abslonce messures ® Mass Volume ‘Weight Degrees nergy ® @ 8. Theta oat aot ort 00011 nthe direction of @ wave when passes obiavely from ane mes to another elle Dion Incerfrence 9. The eceleration ofan object movingin a crea pathis rected __the center ® @ ‘Toward Perpendicular way tom None ofthe above 10, nwhich ofthe ftlowing tutions work done? 8 Lian object rm the flor tothe able top ‘Supporting an abjecton your head whl standing i place Pushing 2 conerete wall Holding 2 ile of books whi standing nae All the above 1. The plants motion around the sun ustrates_ 4 ‘Unter motion Uniiorm rectiinesr mation Unite cela motion ‘ot he above ogy ond Phyie 2014 9155057703 | 3958586ret eerteie b | 12. Ableycle travel stance of meters in 2 seconds. the bicycle sari what sits average sped? rom et 2 Imi b. t0m/s © ams 6 ims © 25m/s 23, satelite matng cela ort round the earth does not move closer tothe center ofthecorh because 12 Thesatelite a weigtess ‘The satelite always moves perpendicular to theforce due to avy Thesarths ravty keeps the satelite moving with constant velocity 4. Thesateline's ott not reached bythe aroun eld oF he eth © Acentrpetaforce keeps the satalite tots ori 14, Aship traveled 270 km noth then 360 km west What the tance ofthe ship ati Instant rom ts inal postion? b. scokm 63754 15 What wil happen tothe dens of body the mass doubled andthe volumes reduced to one hal? Remains the sme Increseefourtimes Decreased by one fourth None ofthe above OpOpo 16. Asabat sa north at 15 km/h but dis westward with the wind 3 8 kh. What the estan velocty ofthe saiboat? Then? aBkm/h 16k 20em/n Cannot be determined ‘Btiogy and Phys 2014 0155057703 | 33988e423. MAT charges sped unifrmly from 25 m/sndetance ofS, What sceleration? 2. -a10m/s b 036m! © 086m? 6-040 mys? © None af the above 24, Faker youhal an hour to 1 km across town, whats your average sped? amis osm/s amis amis Sais eletederel 25, Which ofthe folowing quatisis not density? 2. 25ka/n 125 ka! © mse 4 61s 1 None ofthe above . aooo12 4 com 27.85 a body al aey in vac, the total energy b. Deceases © Remsinethe sme 46. Decreases than increases 28. Which ofthe flowing not a vector? & Veloty 4. Displacement Force Biology and Physics 2014 ‘0155057703 | 3058588ee 28. How many lometers ae therein 615 em? «. sisi 4. 00685 tm © Sem 30, Asan objet fal rom ait a. the netic energy inreaes 1. the potenti energy increases the lineic nergy ncrenes a the potential vary dereses 4. thetinetic nergy decreases 3 the potential ener increases fe. athe above statements are fle malrane Biology and Physics 2018 0515505703 | 2998588