I.

INTRODUCTION

Policing is one of the most important of the functions undertaken by every sovereign government.
For the state machinery, police are an inevitable organ which would ensure maintenance of law and
order, and also the first link in the criminal justice system. Police typically are responsible for
maintaining public order and safety, enforcing the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating
criminal activities.

There has been an overwhelming amount of external change experienced by the Australian
Police Force, being born out of the idea of penal facility which has since grown into police force
that now oversees population of 23 million. The influence of the British on to the evolution of
Australia’s police force is undeniable, accounting for social norms and influences, pursuing class
structure and dictates that prosecuted the undesirables, removing them from society. In moving
forward, with the women’s right to vote, yet again, the police force, once dominated by men and a
patriarchal society has changed, and to its credit, continues to seek and maintain peace through
these changes, leading us into contemporary society and the ability to promote and support societal
norms which regulate appropriate and law abiding behavior.

New Zealand has a police force that is reliable, trustworthy and approachable. The New
Zealand Police solve a comparatively high number of crimes. The New Zealand Police work to
prevent crime and enforce the law by bringing lawbreakers to justice. They also handle traffic
management, patrolling roads for traffic offences and issuing tickets and infringement notices for
breaking the road rules.

Australian states lean towards more restrictive pursuit policies, in an effort to protect the
general public and reduce police officers' exposure to risk. Australian Capital Territory (ACT), for
example, restricted pursuits in 2016 to incidents where there was a serious risk to public safety or in
relation to a crime involving the injury or death of a person. The other end of the scale is the United
States, where chase policies are more liberal and estimates suggest one person dies every day as a
result of a police pursuit. New Zealand's chase problem is worsening, with 3797 police pursuits in
2017, increasing from fewer than 2500 in 2012. The number of deaths in pursuits has increased
from two in 2014 to 10 (from nine events) in 2017.

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 II. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND

AUSTRALIA

Australia, the smallest continent and one of the largest

countries on Earth, lying between the Pacific and Indian oceans in
the Southern Hemisphere. Australia’s capital is Canberra, located
in the southeast between the larger and more important economic
and cultural centres of Sydney and Melbourne.

Australia has been called “the Oldest Continent,” “the Last

of Lands,” and “the Last Frontier.” Those descriptions typify the world’s fascination with Australia,
but they are somewhat unsatisfactory. In simple physical terms, the age of much of the continent is
certainly impressive—most of the rocks providing the foundation of Australian landforms were
formed during Precambrian and Paleozoic time (some 4.6 billion to 252 million years ago)—but the
ages of the cores of all the continents are approximately the same. On the other hand, whereas the
landscape history of extensive areas in Europe and North America has been profoundly influenced
by events and processes that occurred since late in the last Ice Age—roughly the past 25,000 years
—in Australia scientists use a more extensive timescale that takes into account the great antiquity
of the continent’s landscape.

Form of Government in Australia

Australia's formal name is the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia is both a representative

democracy and a constitutional monarchy with Queen Elizabeth II as Australia's head of state.

 Federation

The Commonwealth of Australia was formed on 1 January 1901 when six partly self-
governing British colonies united to become states of a nation. The rules of government for this
new nation were enshrined in the Australian Constitution - external site, which defined how the
Commonwealth government was to operate and what issues it could pass laws on.

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 The birth of our nation is often referred to as 'federation' because the Constitution created
a 'federal' system of government. Under a federal system, powers are divided between a central
government and individual states. In Australia, power was divided between the Commonwealth
federal government and the six state governments.

 Australian government

The Australian Parliament - external site consists of the Queen (represented by the Governor-
General), the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Parliament passes laws which affect
the whole country. Section 51 of the Constitution defines a number of issues that the Parliament
can make laws on.

There are three arms of government in Australia:

 The legislature, also known as the Parliament of Australia, or simply Parliament, is

made up of democratically-elected representatives from around Australia. These
representatives meet at Parliament House in Canberra to discuss legislation and
make laws for the benefit of the nation. The issues that they can make laws on are
defined by sections 51 and 122 of the Constitution.

The Parliament of the Commonwealth comprises two separate chambers:

 the House of Representatives (or 'the lower house')

 the Senate (or 'the upper house')

The House of Representatives has 150 members, each representing a different area of the
country ('electorate'). Each electorate has roughly the same number of registered voters within its
boundary, meaning that states with larger populations have more electorates and therefore more
representatives in the House.

The Senate is composed of 76 members. Unlike the House of Representatives, membership

of the Senate is divided evenly between the states. Each state has 12 senators, and the Northern
Territory and the Australian Capital Territory have 2 senators each. The Senate was established

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this way to ensure that the larger states could not use their majority in the House of
Representatives to pass laws that disadvantaged the smaller states.

The Constitution is silent on the role of political parties in Parliament. It does not make any
reference to a government party, an opposition party or minor parties, or to roles like Prime
Minister and Leader of the Opposition. These are conventions that have been adopted to assist the
smooth operation of the legislature.

 The executive is the administrative arm of government. The Australian

Government is formed by the party or coalition of parties with the support of a
majority of members in the House of Representatives. A government minister is a
member of the legislature who has been chosen to also work as part of the
executive, usually with responsibility for matters on a specific topic (his/her
portfolio). The main roles of the Government are to make important national
decisions, develop policy, introduce bills (proposed laws), implement laws and
manage government departments. The public service, working in departments and
agencies, puts those laws into operation and upholds those laws once they have
begun to operate. Canberra, located in the Australian Capital Territory, is
Australia's national capital. The Parliament of Australia is located in Canberra, as
is most of the Australian Government public service.

 The judiciary is the legal arm of the government. Independent of the legislature and
the executive, it is the role of the judiciary to enforce Australia's laws. It must also
ensure that the other arms of government do not act beyond the powers granted to
them by the Constitution or by Parliament. The High Court of Australia is, as its
name suggests, Australia's highest court. Underneath the High Court are a number
of other federal courts.

 State and territory government

Although the six states joined together to form the Commonwealth of Australia, they still
each retain the power to make their own laws over matters not controlled by the Commonwealth

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under Section 51 of the Constitution. State governments also have their own constitutions, as well
as a structure of legislature, executive and judiciary.

Territories are areas within Australia's borders that are not claimed by one of the six states.
Territories can be administered by the Australian Government, or they can be granted a right of
self-government. There are eight Australian territories in addition to the Australian Capital
Territory (ACT) and Northern Territory (NT): Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Australian Antarctic
Territory, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Jervis Bay Territory,
Norfolk Island and Territory of Heard Island and McDonald Islands. These territories are
governed according to Commonwealth law and the laws of a state, the ACT or NT. Most have an
appointed Administrator. Norfolk Island is no longer self-governing. The Norfolk Island
Legislation Amendment Bill 2015 has replaced the Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly and an
elected Regional Council will be established on 1 July 2016.

Unlike the states, whose powers are defined through the Constitution, the powers of these
territories are defined in Commonwealth law which grants them the right of self-government.
This also means that the Parliament can alter or revoke these powers at will. Under Section 121
of the Australian Constitution - external site, territories can become states with the approval of
the Parliament. State and territory government provides more information on the six state
governments, the federal-state relationship, and the government of Australia's territories.

 Local government

The six states and the Northern Territory have established one further level of government.
Local governments (also known as local councils) handle community needs like waste collection,
public recreation facilities and town planning. The states and the Northern Territory each have
many local governments within their borders. The state or territory government defines the
powers of the local governments, and decides what geographical areas those governments are
responsible for. The naming conventions for local governments vary across Australia. They can
be called cities, shires, towns, or municipalities, but they are still controlled by the state or
territory government above them. In the Australian Capital Territory, the responsibilities usually
handled by local government are administered by a department of the territory government.

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 Capital of Australia
 Early Canberra

For thousands of years the indigenous Ngunnawal people lived in the Canberra region and the
name 'Canberra' is believed to be derived from an indigenous word meaning 'meeting place'. The
first European explorers arrived in the Canberra area in 1820 and the first settlers came in 1824.
During the 19th century the European settlement slowly grew but the indigenous people were
devastated by European diseases. The Anglican Church of St John the Baptist the oldest building in
Canberra. It was built in 1845 of sandstone and bluestone. It had an adjoining schoolhouse, which
is now a museum.

Another old building in Canberra is Blundell's Cottage, which was built in 1859. It takes its
name from a family who once lived there. In 1901 the different Australian colonies formed the
Commonwealth of Australia. The new country needed a capital and both Sydney and Melbourne
wanted the honor. However, in 1908 it was decided to build a new capital at Canberra. A
competition to design the new city was held and in 1912 American architect Walter Burley Griffin
(1876-1937) won it. He planned a garden city with roads in concentric circles. On 12 March 1913
the foundation stone of Canberra was laid by Prime Minister Andrew Fisher. However, the First
World War interrupted building. Furthermore, the growth of Canberra was halted by the depression
of the 1930s. As a result, Canberra only really began to grow in the second half of the 20th century.

In 1947 Canberra still only had a population of 15,000. However, by 1967 it had more than
100,000 people. Meanwhile Government House was built in Canberra in 1927. It is the official
residence of the Governor General. The Australian National University was established in Canberra
in 1946.

 The Growth of Canberra

From 1958 to 1989 the National Capital Development

Commission oversaw the growth and development of
Canberra. They created 4 new towns, Woden-Weston Creek,
Belconnen, Tuggeranong and Gungahlin. Walter Burley
Griffin Lake was created in 1963 by damming the Molonglo River. Captain Cook Memorial Jet

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was added in 1970. It sprays water 147 meters into the air. Naturally as the seat of government
Canberra is the home of many important buildings. One of these is the Royal Australian Mint,
which opened in 1965. The National Library of Australia opened in 1968. It is the largest reference
library in Australia and it contains more than 5 million books. The Australian architect Walter
Bunning (1912-1977) designed it. The library is also famous for its stained-glass windows made by
Australian artist Leonard French and tapestries by French artist Mathieu Mategot (1901-2001). The
High Court of Australia is also in Canberra. Work on the building began in 1975 and took 5 years.
Its style of architecture was called 'brutalism'. The High Court in Canberra was opened by Queen
Elizabeth II in 1980.

The High Court is known for its murals by Jan Sensberg. A number of famous judgments were
made at the court including the Mabo judgement (1992) and the Wik judgement (1996). Old
Parliament House was built in 1927. In 1988 New Parliament House opened. Italian architect
Romaldo Giurgola designed it. This huge building has 4,700 rooms. In the center is a flagpole,
which is 81 meters high and weighs 2220 tones. Outside the entrance is a mosaic by artist Michael
Tjakamarra Nelson. In the foyer are 48 grey-green marble columns meant to look like a eucalyptus
forest. The Australian War Memorial, which was built in 1941 and later enlarged contains the
names of over 102,000 fallen Australians. Anzac Walk opened in 1965. In 1970 the British gave the
Australians the National Carillon. Canberra is a thriving tourist destination. It is known for the
National Museum of Australia, which was founded in 1980 and moved to its present site in 2001.
Other attractions in Canberra are the National Zoo and Aquarium and the Australian Institute of
Sport, which opened in 1981. The Australian National Botanic Garden has over 5,000 species of
plants. Cockington Green is a miniature British village, which opened in 1979. Looking down from
the top of Black Mountain is the 195-meter-tall Telstra Tower, which opened in 1980.

Near Canberra is the Stromlo Observatory. It dates from 1924 but it was severely damaged by
a bush fire in 2003 and it had to be rebuilt. Canberra Stadium was built in 1977 and the National
Gallery of Australia opened in 1982. It includes the Aboriginal Memorial of 1988 and outside the
museum is a sculpture garden. Monaro Mall opened in 1963. It was redeveloped and opened as the
Canberra Centre in 1989. Canberra Museum and Art Gallery opened in 1998.

 21st Century Canberra

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 Today Canberra is a flourishing city. In recent years new amenities have been added. In 2002
Prime Minister John Howard opened Reconciliation Place. The same year he opened
Commonwealth Place. In 2006 Howard opened R. G.
Menzies Walk. Today the population of Canberra is 356,000.

Currency of Australia

With the establishment of the first colony of New South Wales in 1788, the need for currency
soon became apparent. Convicts received no wages and the early settlers and military personnel had
their needs supplied from communal stores. With only a small quantity of English and foreign coins
brought with the First Fleet, most of the dealings in the first few years consisted of bartering, with
rum being the main means of exchange.

Handwritten notes of credit, issued by government officials and backed by the English
treasury, were a common form of currency, but these were subject to counterfeiting and
devaluation. The earliest currency used was English money, and also the Spanish dollar brought by
the early ships. Because of the shortage of English money, and to prevent the Spanish dollars being
taken back on the ships, Governor Macquarie had their centres cut out and they became known as
'holey dollars', while the cores became 'dumps'. In 1813 they had "New South Wales 1813"
stamped on them, with "Five Shillings" on the reverse side. The 'dump' had "New South Wales
1813" stamped on their cleaned and smoothed surface with "Fifteen Pence" on the reverse side.

In 1817 the Bank of New South Wales was established. The first issue of banknotes comprised
five shillings, ten shillings, one pound and five pounds and paper tokens for one shilling, one
shilling and sixpence, two shillings, and two shillings and sixpence. In 1825 the British
Government imposed the sterling standard throughout its Empire and English coins were minted in
Australia.

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 In 1901, following Federation, the British silver and bronze coins continued in use but in 1910
Australian Commonwealth silver coins were introduced. In 1911 bronze pennies and halfpennies
were introduced. In 1913 the first series of Australian notes was issued, based on the old British
sterling system.

Decimal currency was introduced on 14 February 1966. Dollars and cents replaced the
pounds, shillings and pence. The new coinage consisted of silver and bronze. In 1996 Australia's
paper-based notes were converted to polymer in an effort to prevent counterfeiting. The technology
which produced the notes was developed in Australia. The 5c, 10c, 20c and 50c coins are made of
75% copper and 25% nickel. The $1 and $2 coins are made of 92% copper, 6% aluminum and 2%
nickel.

 The $100 note features Dame Nellie Melba (1861-1931), world-renowned soprano,
and General Sir John Monash (1865-1931), civil engineer and distinguished soldier.

 The $50 note features David Unaipon (1872-1967), Aboriginal writer and inventor,
and Edith Cowan (1861-1932) first female Australian politician.

 The $20 note features the Reverend John Flynn (1880-1951), founder of the Royal
Flying Doctor Service, and Mary Reibey (1777-1855) former convict, pioneer
businesswoman.

 The $10 note features A.B. ('Banjo') Paterson (1864-1941) poet, author of Waltzing
Matilda and Man from Snowy River, and Dame Mary Gilmore (1865-1962) poet and
social reformer.

 The old $5 note features Queen Elizabeth II, and Parliament House.

 The new $5 note features Sir Henry Parkes (1815-1896, politician and architect of
Australian Federation, and Catherine Spence (1825-1910) writer and feminist.

 All Australian coins have the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the front. The reverse side of
$2, $1 and 50c coins frequently feature commemorative designs.

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  The $2 coin was introduced in 1988 to replace the $2 note. It features an Aboriginal tribal
elder, the Southern Cross and native grass trees.

 The $1 coin was introduced in 1984 to replace the $1 note. It features kangaroos on the
reverse side.

 The reverse of the:

 50c coin features Australia's Coat of Arms.

 20c coin features the platypus (soon to be replaced with an image of Sir Donald
Bradman).

 10c coin features a male lyrebird dancing.

 5c coin features an echidna.

 (2c and 1c coins were phased out in 1990)

Language of Australia

Though Australia has no official language, English is regarded as the de facto national
language and is spoken by the majority of the population. Though Australia has no official
language, English is regarded as the de facto national language. Even so, Australia is a
linguistically and culturally diverse country with influences from more than 160 spoken languages.

Australian English has a unique accent and vocabulary. Collectively, Australians have more than
200 spoken languages. In the 2011 census, 76.8% Australian spoke English at home. Mandarin is
the biggest non-English dialect spoken in Australia. Immigration patterns have had a significant
influence on the most widely spoken language in the country other than English. Early European
settlement in Australia almost eradicated the indigenous languages, and few of these aboriginal
languages have survived today. National Statistics of Languages Spoken in Australia

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 The 2011 analysis of language spoken at home indicate that majority of Australians speak
English only as compared to non-English Speakers. Overall about 76.8% of the people speak
English only, 18.2% are non-English speakers. Apart from English, Mandarin is the dominant
language spoken at home by 1.6% (336,178 people) speakers. Other emerging languages include
Punjabi, Filipino/Tagalog, and Arabic. Sydney, Australia’s most multicultural city records about
30% of the population, do not speak the English language at home. Sydney and Melbourne house
more than 65% of non-English migrants who in general speak some 240 foreign languages. Many
immigrants use their mother tongue and have smattering English. As a result, about 1 million
migrants cannot speak English which is a huge number especially in a country of about 20 million
people out of which 15% (3 million) residents speak a second language at home.

 English

Australian English and British English are similar, but the former has a colorful vernacular
called “strine” thrown in for good measure. Strine or Ozspeak is the country’s greatest creative
product characterized by- abbreviations, profanities, and hyperboles, word-tweaking and vulgar
expressions. Strine is a slang which originated from the early convicts of Cockney (London) and
Ireland. It then developed as a rebellious subculture. Nevertheless, the uses of strine and slang
words vary from state to state. Also, the Australian English comprises of many words with an
Aboriginal descent. Since the people cannot decide on which English to use, misspellings such as
labor/labour and Program/programme abound. Besides, many words used every day in the country
have different meanings to Australian unlike other English-speaking countries around the world.
For example, Crook means ill, game (brave), ring (top performer), shout (round of drinks), tube
(can of beer), and globe (light bulb). Everything is abbreviated in Australia. Some words have the
vowel e, or o added as seen in derro (derelict), reffo (refugee), and Garbo (dustman). Others have a
suffix (I, ie, or y) such as in Aussie (Australian), Barbie (barbecue), Chrissy (Christmas), footy
(football), mozzie (mosquito), and cossie (swimming costume).

 Tasmania or Palawa Languages of Australia

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 Tasmania languages were the indigenous language of Tasmania Island. Based on short
wordlists, Tasmanian had five to six tongues. Some records indicate that the six languages were not
mutually comprehendible hence a lingua franca became a necessity. It is unknown if the lingua
franca was a Creole, Koinem, Pidgin, or a mixed language. The last record of this language as a
means of communication was the 1830s, and the last full-blooded Tasmanian died in 1888. The last
Tasmanian speaker died in 1905. Today Tasmanian Aborigines speak English.

 Torre Strait Island Languages Spoken In Australia

Torre Strait Islanders and the English-based Creole have two indigenous languages; the
transitioning agglutinative western-central language and Meriam Mir. The western-central language
is known for its dialect names such as Kalau Kawau Ya, Kaiwaligau Ya, Kulkalgau Ya and Kalau
lagau Ya. The four dialects are closely related. The western-central dialect has masculine and
feminine genders but no neuter gender. This language belongs to the Pama-Nyungan language
family which covers most of the country. Meriam Mir, the eastern Torres Straight language is a
Papuan dialect related to Papua New Guinea languages. Meriam Mir had two dialects, Meriam Mir
and Erubim Mir. The Eastern Torres Strait language is the only Papuan dialect native to Australia.
Creole which developed in the 1880s is considered an indigenous language of Torres Straits and
has five dialects- Cape York, Eastern, Papuan, TI, and Western Central. Australian Creole is a
mixture of English, Aboriginal languages, and other dialects. The tongue is a pidgin language
which developed as a primary language of a community. Brokan language is non-typical Pacific
English Creole.

 Minority Languages of Australia

Other minority languages spoken in the country include Italian spoken by 1.4% of the
population, Arabic spoken by 1.3% of the population, Greek spoken by 1.3% and Cantonese
spoken by 1.2% of the population. There are also the Auslan Yolŋu Sign Language and other
Aboriginal sign languages in the country.

Economy
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 Australia is an open market with minimal restrictions on imports of goods and services. The
process of opening up has increased productivity, stimulated growth, and made the economy more
flexible and dynamic. Australia plays an active role in the WTO, APEC, the G20, and other trade
forums. Australia’s free trade agreement (FTA) with China entered into force in 2015, adding to
existing FTAs with the Republic of Korea, Japan, Chile, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore,
Thailand, and the US, and a regional FTA with ASEAN and New Zealand. Australia continues to
negotiate bilateral agreements with Indonesia, as well as larger agreements with its Pacific
neighbors and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries, and an Asia-wide Regional Comprehensive
Economic Partnership that includes the 10 ASEAN countries and China, Japan, Korea, New
Zealand, and India.

Australia is a significant exporter of natural resources, energy, and food. Australia's abundant
and diverse natural resources attract high levels of foreign investment and include extensive
reserves of coal, iron, copper, gold, natural gas, uranium, and renewable energy sources. A series of
major investments, such as the US$40 billion Gorgon Liquid Natural Gas Project, will significantly
expand the resources sector.

For nearly two decades up till 2017, Australia had benefited from a dramatic surge in its terms
of trade. As export prices increased faster than import prices, the economy experienced continuous
growth, low unemployment, contained inflation, very low public debt, and a strong and stable
financial system. Australia entered 2018 facing a range of growth constraints, principally driven by
the sharp fall in global prices of key export commodities. Demand for resources and energy from
Asia and especially China is growing at a slower pace and sharp drops in export prices have
impacted growth.

NEW ZEALAND

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 In the period between the first European landings and the First World
War, New Zealand was transformed from an exclusively Māori world
into one in which Pākehā dominated numerically, politically, socially and
economically. This broad survey of New Zealand’s ‘long 19th century
begins with the arrival of James Cook in 1769 and concludes in 1914,
when New Zealand answered the call to arms for ‘King and Country’. It
would be 127 years before the next recorded encounter between
European and Māori. The British explorer James Cook arrived in Poverty
Bay in October 1769. His voyage to the south Pacific was primarily a scientific expedition, but the
British were not averse to expanding trade and empire. The French were not far behind. As Cook
rounded the top of the North Island in December 1769, the French explorer Jean François Marie de
Surville was only 40 km to the south-west. New Zealand’s isolation was at an end.

Form of government

New Zealand has a constitutional monarchy system of government, and the chief of state is
Queen Elizabeth II. Unlike most countries, New Zealand has no written constitution. Instead, acts
of parliament serve as law in addition to decisions of the courts, documents issued by authority of
the sovereign chief of state, unwritten constitutional conventions, English law, and pertinent acts of
parliament from the UK.

The governor general represents the sovereignty of New Zealand and is the commander-in-chief
of the country. They are appointed by the queen upon advice from the prime minister. The governor
general is mandated to execute constitutional and ceremonial responsibilities within the country.
The governor general relies upon the advice of the prime minister to carry out the duties as long as
the prime minister enjoys the confidence of the House of Representatives. Some of the tasks of the
governor general include summoning and dissolving parliament, presiding over the Executive
Council, granting Royal Assent for a bill to become law, appointing the cabinet ministers, making
state visits to other countries, and hosting other heads of state.

Capital of New Zealand

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 Wellington is a capital city, port, and major commercial centre of New Zealand, located in the
extreme south of North Island. It lies on the shores and hills surrounding Wellington Harbour, an
almost landlocked bay that is ranked among the world’s
finest harbors. Mount Victoria rises 643 feet and 196
meters near the centre of the city. Wellington is in a
fault zone and has survived several earthquakes. In 1839
a ship belonging to the New Zealand Company arrived
with officials who were to select a site for the company’s first settlement. The site chosen, at the
mouth of the Hutt River, proved unsuitable, and a move was made to Lambton Harbour on the west
shore. The settlement was named in 1840 in recognition of the aid given the company by Arthur
Wellesley, 1st duke of Wellington. It was made a borough in 1842 and a city in 1886. In 1865 the
seat of the central government was transferred there from Auckland. The city is part of the
Wellington local government region.

Currency

 New Zealand dollar- 1 USD = 1.60257 NZD

o The Pound was New Zealand’s currency before

the New Zealand Dollar was introduced.

o In 1957, the New Zealand government set up a

group to investigate decimal currency, and in
1963 the government decided to decimalize the
New Zealand currency.

o In 1964, the Decimal Currency Act was

approved, and the transition took place on July
10, 1967. On the same date, the New Zealand
Dollar was introduced, replacing the Pound at a rate of 2 Dollars = 1 Pound.

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 Language

 The Maori Language

Maori became an official language in 1987. New Zealand is the only country in the world
where Maori is spoken. Despite its official status, the language continues to struggle against being
lost.

In the 1840 Treaty of Waitangi, Queen Victoria gave her word to the Maori that their language
would be protected. however, it was only in recent years that the Maori language gathered its
widespread support. Currently, the Maori language is used in the media and in schools.

In the 1940s when Maori people moved out of rural areas and into the cities the Maori language
began to decline and children were raised in English rather than Maori.

By the 1970s, the Maori language was close to extinction and therefore an effort was made to
include the native language into the media and school curriculums.

Economy

New Zealand’s economic history has been largely defined by agriculture. For decades, overall
economic growth was restricted due to the country’s remote geographic location and its
longstanding concessionary dependence on the British market. Thanks to rapid transformations
over the last 30 years, however, New Zealand now boasts an industrialized free market economy
that competes on a global scale. These changes have made a substantial difference in the lives of
many New Zealanders and have also led to an influx of expats and foreign investors. New Zealand
has also become a hub for tourism, its single-biggest generator of foreign exchange since 2008.

Today, New Zealand’s national economy is the 53rd-largest in the world by national GDP. Its
international trade partners include Australia, the U.S., China, the European Union, Japan, and
South Korea. New Zealand is closely aligned to Australia’s economy through the Closer Economic
Relations free trade agreement.

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 III. POLICE FORCE

FEDERAL POLICING IN AUSTRALIA

While the AFP began operations on 19 October 1979, federal policing in Australia can trace
its origins to the closing stages of World War 1 to an incident when Queensland Police would not
follow the directions of Prime Minister William Hughes.

On 29 November 1917 while campaigning to introduce military conscription, Hughes was

the target of eggs thrown by protestors when he arrived at Warwick Railway Station in southern
Queensland. Prime Minister Hughes was incensed that the attending Queensland Police would not
arrest the offenders under federal law, so when he returned to Parliament, he set about drafting
legislation to create the Commonwealth Police Force (CPF). The 'Warwick Incident' was the last
straw for the Prime Minister who was engaged in a range of jurisdictional struggles with the
Queensland Government at the time.

While the CPF operated for only two years, it was the first time the Australian Government
clearly recognized that it needed a law enforcement agency at the federal level. During the
following years a variety of federal agencies were formed to meet the Government's law
enforcement needs. Included in those agencies was the Commonwealth Police (Federal Capital
Territory), which was formed in 1927 after Federal Parliament was installed in Canberra. In time
this organization was renamed the Australian Capital Territory Police.

The creation of a third Commonwealth Police came in 1960 by combining the

Commonwealth Investigation Service and the Peace Officer Guard. Further attempts to consolidate
all federally-funded law enforcement agencies emerged in the mid-1970s, but were abandoned in
the wake of the 1975 dismissal of the Whitlam Government.

The 1978 bombing of the Hilton Hotel in Sydney during the Commonwealth Heads of
Government Regional Meeting revived the idea of a single federal law enforcement agency and led
directly to the amalgamation of the Commonwealth Police, ACT Police and the Narcotics Bureau
to form the Australian Federal Police (AFP) in 1979. Since that time, the AFP has proven that it is
highly successful in policing in international, national and community environments and that it can
quickly adapt and respond to the ever-changing law enforcement challenges in those areas.

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 The AFP's role is to enforce Commonwealth criminal law, contribute to combating
complex, transnational, serious and organized crime impacting Australia's national security and to
protect Commonwealth interests from criminal activity in Australia and overseas. The AFP also has
responsibility for providing policing services to the Australian Capital Territory and Australia's
territories, including Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Norfolk Island and Jervis Bay.

The AFP works closely with a range of other law enforcement and government agencies at
state, territory, Commonwealth and international levels, enhancing safety and providing a secure
regional and global environment.

Priorities

The AFP's priorities are informed by the Ministerial Direction.

Areas of operational emphasis include:

 investigating complex, transnational, serious and organized crime

 protecting Australians and Australian interests from terrorism and violent extremism
 representing Australian police and law enforcement on an international level
 developing unique capabilities and exploiting advanced technology to support Australia's
national interests.

Continued responsibilities include providing:

 community policing services under contracted arrangement, to the Australian Capital

Territory and territories of Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Norfolk Island and
Jervis Bay.
 a national protection capability to ensure the protection of specific individuals,
establishments and events identified by the Australian Government as being at risk.
 a national counter-terrorism first response capability focused on aviation security and
protection of critical infrastructure.

Vision
 Policing for a safer Australia.

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 Mission
 As Australia's national policing agency, we protect Australians and Australia's interests.

Functions
 Combat complex, transnational and organized crime and terrorism
 Disrupt crime offshore and support regional security as Australia's principal
international law enforcement representative
 Protect Australian high office holders, foreign dignitaries, Australian government
infrastructure, and designated international airports
 Provide policing services to the Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay and Australia's
external territories

Approach

Through leadership, collaboration and innovation we:

 adapt by being intelligence-informed

 build partnerships in Australia and abroad
 drive Australia's international policing interests to combat crime
 develop leading-edge policing capabilities and knowledge

Values and culture

 Integrity

Integrity is a core requirement of the AFP. On an individual level, integrity is displayed

through soundness of moral principle, honesty and sincerity.

As an organization, the AFP demonstrates integrity through:

 a genuine commitment to the success of individuals

 complete honesty and forthrightness in all commitments with people
 high standards of personal conduct and character at all times
 complete trustworthiness when handling property, money and information

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  Commitment

Commitment is characterized by dedication, application, perseverance and a belief in one's

ability to achieve and add value.

In the AFP, commitment is displayed when individuals:

 apply themselves to all tasks/jobs for which they have responsibility

 persist with jobs until objectives are achieved or are no longer reasonably attainable
 strive to uphold the vision and mission of the AFP
 strive to achieve individual, team and corporate milestones
 Excellence

The AFP believes there is always room for improvement – and that the never-ending search for
improvement leads to excellence. We aim for excellence in everything we do.

To promote excellence at the AFP we:

 empower our employees and involve them in providing a quality service

 coach and develop people rather than control and direct them
 strive to deliver the product that best serves the needs of our clients
 constantly improve work performance by seeking to remove waste and inefficiencies
 dedicate time and effort to self-improvement
 encourage innovation, experimentation and risk taking
 support teamwork by: communicating with each other; participating together with
problem solving; sharing work; delegating and taking responsibility for individual
tasks; dealing with conflict, performance problems and discipline issues
 Accountability

Accountability is about ownership of work or results, and being answerable for outcomes.

In the AFP, this means we:

 accept personal responsibility for the consequences of our efforts

 ensure people know what is expected of them, how their work will be evaluated and
how success is measured or determined

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  allow individuals and teams to make decisions about their work
 do not assume credit for the work of others
 give feedback on work performance
 Fairness

Fairness means being impartial and equitable.

In the AFP, that means we:

 apply anti-discrimination, fairness and equity principles in our daily work

 do not act from malice, prejudice or personal bias when making decisions
 approach people and issues with tolerance and an open mind
 Trust

Trust means having faith and confidence, and being able to rely and depend on others.

In the AFP, that means we:

 assume people can be relied on to do the right thing

 declare conflicts of interest if they arise
 do not subject people to abuses of power
 foster an environment in which people do not fear punishment for making honest
mistakes
 Respect

Respect means treating ourselves and all others with consideration.

In the AFP, that means we:

 value our employees

 appreciate and leverage the inherent diversity our employees bring to the workplace
 consider the interests of others in our daily behavior regardless of roles and status.

Professional Standards
 The Australian Federal Police (AFP) operates in an increasingly complex and dynamic
environment. It is critical to the continued success of the AFP that the organization

21 | P a g e
 maintains the confidence and trust of the Australian government, national and international
partners and the Australian community which it serves.
 Central to the confidence and trust placed in the AFP is the integrity and professionalism of
AFP appointees and the ability of the organization to prevent and counter fraud and
corruption.
 The term 'Professional Standards' relates to the expectations the Commissioner has of all
AFP appointees and the functional area of the AFP that deals with professional standards
issues.
 These 'Professional Standards' of AFP appointees are underpinned by the AFP Core Values
and the AFP Code of Conduct
 AFP Professional Standards is responsible for developing and maintaining the highest
professional standards throughout the organization including the oversight and investigation
of complaints about the conduct of AFP appointees.
 Minor complaints will be actioned by managers within the workplace and oversighted by
Professional Standards.
 Serious complaints will be investigated by the Professional Standards.
 Complaints relating to corruption matters will be referred by the AFP Commissioner to the
Australian Commission for Law Enforcement Integrity (ACLEI) for appropriate action.
 All complaints are subject to external oversight by the Commonwealth Law Enforcement
Ombudsman and corruption matters are subject to oversight by the ACLEI.

Honours and awards

Honours and Awards recognize the service of current and former members of the Australian
Federal Police and other jurisdictional police. Members of the AFP may be recognized through
Australian Honours and Awards, Foreign Awards, AFP Internal Awards, ACT Government
Honours and Awards, other jurisdictions, and International Organizations. You can find more
National Awards information on the It's an honour website.

Awards at this level are recognized in two forms and are administered by Government House.
The first being nominations and the second being service. Nominated awards pertinent to AFP will
include:

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  Orders of Australia  Public Service Medal
 Bravery Decorations  Australian Police Medal

 Order of Wear for AFP Internal Awards

The following Order of Wear has been established for the wearing of awards on the right-
side of uniform or civilian attire, and includes correct positioning of bars and clasps

The Order of Wear is to mirror those awards within the Australian Honours System in so
much that they are to be worn from left to right i.e. highest award closest to the heart and others
following outward.

Court/swing mounted full size medals 95mm drop. Miniature medals 50mm.

 Australian Federal Police Bravery Medal

 Commissioner's Medal for Excellence
 Commissioner's Medal for Innovation
 ACT Community Protection Medal; this is now obsolete, but may be worn by
serving awardees.
 Commissioner's Commendation for Bravery, this is now obsolete, but may be
worn by serving awardees.
 Royal Humane Society (Stanhope Gold) Medal
 Royal Life Saving Medal
 Royal Humane Society (Silver) Medal
 Royal Humane Society (Bronze) Medal
 Commissioner's Commendation for Conspicuous Conduct (95mm drop)
 Commissioner's Commendation for Excellence in Overseas Service (95mm
drop)
 Commissioner's Commendation for Hazardous Overseas Service (95mm drop)
 AFP Operations Medal (clasps sewn 2mm from base of ribbon, and 2mm apart
for subsequent clasps)
 ACT Emergency Medal; (clasps sewn 10mm from base of ribbon)

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  Australian Federal Police Service Medal (year bars worn 10mm up from base of
ribbon, and replaced by subsequent awards – rosettes central to ribbon bar, and
replaced by any subsequent /higher number rosette)
 ACT Community Policing Medal
 Australian Protective Service Medal
 Other Jurisdictional Valor Medals, Commendations & Meritorious Service
Medals
 Other Jurisdictional Service Medals; and
 Jordan International Police Training Centre Medal.

Ceremonial events and functions

On 19 October 1979, the Commonwealth Police and ACT Police were incorporated to form
the AFP. The AFP has since become the Commonwealth's primary law enforcement agency with a
proud history of achievements and traditions.

To recognize, celebrate and respectfully honour the achievements and commitments made
by members of the AFP, the AFP Ceremonial Team conducts and participates in a variety of police
and community functions and ceremonies.

Ceremonial events include:

 Annual National Police Remembrance Day Service at the National Police Memorial
in Canberra on 29 September
 medal presentations
 parades
 police funerals
 memorial services
 official opening of Police Stations and Policing Facilities
 inauguration events
 Public relations events

The Ceremonial Team coordinates the AFP Ceremonial and Protocol Officer (CAPO)
Network and the AFP Pipes and Drums to perform ceremonial duties at these functions and

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ceremonies.

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Organizational Structure

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 Eligibility requirements

Before you register your interest, check that you meet the AFP's minimum requirements.

To be eligible for entry level Protective Service Officer and Police Officer roles, you need to meet
the minimum requirements when you are invited to submit an application.

Applicants who do not undertake or successfully meet a mandatory gateway or who do not satisfy
the requirements of these pre-engagement clearance processes cannot be engaged by the AFP.

All applicants must at time of application:

 Hold Australian citizenship and provide required documentation.

 Be 18 years of age or over.
 Hold a valid driver’s license. Provisional (P Plates) and Automatic (only) licenses will be
accepted.
 At a minimum hold a Year 10 certificate with a Cert IV/Diploma level qualification or
Trade Certificate. University level qualifications are also welcomed. NOTE: you may be
required to provide evidence and uploaded educational certificates when requested.
 Complete and submit the Employment Suitability Questionnaire. The employment
suitability questionnaire is assessed against our published employment character guidelines.
 Provide a copy of your current traffic history (from the local Motor Registry) for each state
or territory where a driver’s license has been held.

 Additional requirements

As you progress through the recruitment process (when requested) you will also be required to:

 Provide a first aid certificate, including CPR component that is valid and current for
duration of the training program period)
 Provide evidence of the ability able to swim 100 meters freestyle non-stop and unaided
(evidence of this will be required on AFP form)
 Provide a fingerprint sample and undertake drug testing to test for illicit drugs in accordance
with the AFP's Illicit Drug Free Work Force Policy (prior to your engagement).

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  Undergo the security clearance process to obtain at a minimum a Negative Vetting Level 1
security clearance.
 The AFP may conduct Lateral police recruit programs (Federal Police Lateral Program –
FPLP) for ACT (Community) Policing and National Operations, aimed at current serving
police officers from State and Territory police jurisdictions from time to time.
 The FPLP is a bridging conversion course at the AFP College, Barton, Canberra.  Your
salary within this program is dependent on your years of policing service, and when
entering the AFP as a lateral you will not necessarily keep your current rank, as ranking
systems do vary from State to State.
 To be eligible to apply for a FPLP you need to meet our lateral recruitment minimum
requirements:
 have not less than two years (unless specified) contemporary experience in exercising police
powers and responsibilities, and
 have a separation period of no longer than three (3) years from a state/territory police
jurisdiction (former police officers only).
 be an Australian citizen at time of application
 possess a Diploma of Public Safety (Policing) or equivalent

While these are our minimum requirements, it is important to note that each vacancy will
outline specific pre-requisites, as per the role requirements.

All applicants for the FPLP are required to complete all mandatory gateways, which include
(but are not limited to);

 Employment Suitability Questionnaire– including uploading a copy of current and complete

traffic history
 Ability and psychometric testing
 AFP Fitness Assessment
 Interview
 Medical and psychological assessments (Organizational Health clearance)
 Security clearance
 Drug testing
 Fingerprinting

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  Recruit Assessment Validation Centre

 Recruit Training

The AFP may conduct Lateral police recruit programs (Federal Police Lateral Program –
FPLP) for ACT (Community) Policing and National Operations, aimed at current serving police
officers from State and Territory police jurisdictions from time to time.

The FPLP is a bridging conversion course at the AFP College, Barton, Canberra.  Your salary
within this program is dependent on your years of policing service, and when entering the AFP as a
lateral you will not necessarily keep your current rank, as ranking systems do vary from State to
State.

To be eligible to apply for a FPLP you need to meet our lateral recruitment minimum
requirements:

 have not less than two years (unless specified) contemporary experience in exercising police
powers and responsibilities, and
 have a separation period of no longer than three (3) years from a state/territory police
jurisdiction (former police officers only).
 be an Australian citizen at time of application
 possess a Diploma of Public Safety (Policing) or equivalent

While these are our minimum requirements, it is important to note that each vacancy will
outline specific pre-requisites, as per the role requirements.

All applicants for the FPLP are required to complete all mandatory gateways, which include
(but are not limited to);

 Employment Suitability Questionnaire– including uploading a copy of current and complete

traffic history
 Ability and psychometric testing
 AFP Fitness Assessment
 Interview
 Medical and psychological assessments (Organizational Health clearance)

29 | P a g e
  Security clearance
 Drug testing
 Fingerprinting
 Recruit Assessment Validation Centre

Rank

Since 19 October 2006, a single generic

shoulder patch is worn on all AFP
uniforms. This generic AFP shoulder
patch consists of the AFP badge on a
black background with subdued white
piping.

For most of the 20th century, Australian police services followed the British police practice of
uniformed officers displaying few tangible signs of police insignia, apart from the hat badge and
chevrons or shoulder boards with insignia for senior officers.

In the 1970s, a gradual move occurred in which each Australian jurisdiction introduced some form
of shoulder patch which identified the service the officer was from. This move was a copy of
European and American practices. Some of the early styles contained only words, such as the patch
worn by Commonwealth Police.

By the late 1970s, each State and Territory police had developed a shoulder patch that included
either the service's logo, crest or jurisdiction's Coat of Arms (e.g. the ACT Police patch). Some
police services would later change their patches for another design.

As an interesting side note, the first proposal for an AFP shoulder patch was halted just prior to
issuing because the Minister at the time thought that the proposal to include wattle on the patch
made officers look like Texas Rangers.

The AFP had two styles of patches in the early 1980s, the general policing patch and the 'Police
Protective Services' patch which was worn by members undertaking protective duties. This patch
was issued only to Protective Service Police at Government House in Canberra.

30 | P a g e
It was designed to be issued in conjunction with the floral design patch to identify General Duties
Police from Protective Service Police, but was rejected by the joint AFP Associations. It was in
service only for a very short time. This patch was phased out when the protective services
component was separated to form the Australian Protective Services.

 Pre-October 2006 AFP shoulder patch

The pre-October 2006 AFP shoulder patch has a

line across the middle with the words & 'Australian
Federal Police' below the line. Above the line is the
Australian Coat of Arms (minus the wattle), which was
designed and enacted in 1912.

The Coat of Arms consists of a shield composed of

quarters representing the six States of the
Commonwealth enclosed by an ermine border. The quarters provide a place for each of the States
on the shield. Devices representing the six States are arranged in two rows on the shield. From left
to right in the top row are the devices of New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland (Quarters 1, 2
and 3) and in the bottom row are the devices of South Australia, Western Australia and Tasmania
(Quarters 4, 5 and 6). The ermine border signifies the federation of the States into the
Commonwealth.

The Crest of the Arms is a seven-pointed gold Commonwealth Star on a gold and blue wreath,
which is a traditional element represented as a twisted ribbon or torse of the two alternate colours
gold and blue. The supporters, the kangaroo and the emu, are two typical Australian creatures
which were also included in the 1908 Arms. Both are indigenous to Australia and are regarded as
suitable for heraldry, design and reproduction uses.

There are only two officially approved operational variations of the pre-October 2006 AFP
shoulder patch:

 "Subdued' patch. This dull-coloured patch is worn by tactical teams such as the Special
Operations Team or Bomb Response; and
 Chaplain's patch

31 | P a g e
 AFP Rank Insignia
 The Chevron

Chevron is an architectural term denoting the rafters of a roof meeting an angle at

the upper apex. The chevron in heraldry was employed as a badge of honor to mark the
main supporters of the head of the clan and it came to be used in various forms as an
emblem of rank for knights and men-at-arms in feudal days.

 St Edwards Crown

Also known as the Queen's Crown, St Edwards Crown is one of the most important
items of Royal regalia and has been the official crown used on police, government and
service insignia since Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne in 1952.

 Bath Star

The Bath Star (pip) is an adaptation of the insignia worn by the Knight Grand Cross
of the Military Division of the Most Honourable Order of Bath. It is the highest order of
British Knighthood dating back to 1603.

The Bath Star is composed of rays of silver, charged with an eight-pointed (Maltese)
cross. In the centre, on a silver background, are three imperial crowns surrounded by a band
in which the Order's motto, Tria iuncta in uno (Latin for Three joined in one) is inscribed.
This central device is surrounded by two branches of laurel.

The motto was first used in the reign of James I (and VI of Scotland) and was
historically thought to refer either to the Union of England, Scotland and France, or to the
Union of England, Scotland and Ireland, or to the Holy Trinity.

 Tipstaff

The Tipstaff is a truncheon (baton) or rod. These tipstaffs were first carried in the
1700s and early 1800s.

 Laurel Wreath

32 | P a g e
 The wreath symbolizes victory.

AFP BADGE

The AFP Badge is comprised of:

 The Crown

The current style of Crown within the badges of the British

Commonwealth defense and police forces is commonly referred to
as the 'Queen's Crown' and is based on the Sovereign's St Edward
Crown. The placement of the Crown in military badges, upon
which police badges are based, dates back to 1751.

 The Commonwealth Star

The Commonwealth Star (also known as the Federation Star, the Seven Point Star, or the
Star of Federation) is a seven-pointed star symbolizing the Federation of Australia which came into
force on 1 January 1901.

Six points of the Commonwealth Star represent the six original states of the Commonwealth
of Australia, while the seventh point represents the territories and any other future states of
Australia.

 The Wreath

The wreath represents victory. In Roman times a victor, be it in battle or in sport (e.g.
chariot racing), was awarded a wreath which was worn on the head as a crown of victory.

 The Commonwealth Coat of Arms

The Commonwealth Coat of Arms is the formal symbol of the

Commonwealth of Australia that signifies Commonwealth authority
and ownership.

The AFP emblem

The platypus has been adopted by the Australian Federal Police as a

symbol representing the diverse requirements placed upon members

33 | P a g e
in the execution of their duty. This unique and tenacious Australian animal is a survivor against
increasing pressure from today's environment. It leaves no stone unturned in its daily pursuits and
has equipped itself with a range of features to adapt to changes over many years.

Although generally a peaceful animal, the platypus is able to defend itself, if necessary, with a
venomous spur. It is capable of passing unnoticed if required, yet it demonstrates an unfailing
dedication to explore all possibilities in an effort to maintain its special place in Australia's
environment.

This is done, at times, against larger and more powerful opponents – a quality admired and
respected by members of the Australian Federal Police.

Platypus is Latin for "flat foot". Flat foot is also an old English term for police officers, who were
always on their feet. As well as a general symbol, the platypus has been used by some specific
aspects of the AFP.

The AFP's water police section has used the platypus as its symbol for some time and in 1963
named the first AFP water police boat The Platypus. It was stored in Canberra until Acton was
flooded and Lake Burley Griffin was formed.

Crime Situation
 Crime Rate by Area
Crime rates can be categorized by specific areas, illustrating how certain suburbs in
Sydney may have higher crime rates than others. It may be natural to assume that crime-
prone areas are simply areas where many crime-prone individuals reside. However, factors
including attractive commercial or residential targets, poverty, unemployment and income
inequality all contribute to crime-prone areas. It is essential to recognize that although some
areas are crime-prone, crime occurs in every single area of Sydney.
o Sydney’s suburb, Blacktown has a crime rate of 831.3 per 1000,000
population. (BOSCAR)
o Parramatta has a 1178.1 crime rate per 100,000 population. (BOSCAR).
o Between January 2018 and December 2018, Sydney’s Kemps Creek suburb
had the highest rate of crime regarding robbery with a firearm. (BOSCAR).

34 | P a g e
 o Suburbs including Sydney’s Olympics Park, Centennial Park, Granville had
the highest recorded rates of homicide between January 2018 and December
2018. (BOSCAR).
o The Liverpool suburb has the highest rate of sexual offences incident, at
161.6 rate per 100,000 population. (BOSCR)
 Crime by Category
The Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research suggest that most major categories of
crime are declining in New South Wales. The analysis of crimes by category illustrate the
changes of our social morals and values as certain categories of crime are declining in rate,
whilst others are increasing.

o Robbery offences with a firearm have dramatically fallen 90% from

1990 to 2017. (Lexology).
o 65% of domestic violence related assault incidents were cleared within
90 days of reporting. (BOSCAR).
o Between 1990 and 2017, reports of Sexual Assault rose by 172%.
(Lexology).
o Youth crime is decreasing as teenagers spend more time on their phones.
(Business Insider).
o The number of Sexual assault victims in NSW increased by 12% from
2010 and 2017. (ABS).
 The Rise and Fall of Specific Crimes
The overall rate of crime has declined dramatically. The fall of crimes such as breaking
and entering and car theft have fallen which has contributed to the decline in the overall
decline in crime. However, specific crimes, such as drug offences and sexual offences
continue to rise. Current changes in morals values illustrate the continuous rise and fall of
specific crimes.

o Cocaine and ecstasy possession reports to police inflated more than 30%
within the past 5 years. (SMH).

35 | P a g e
o Social activities, such as music festivals have led to the increased use of
prohibited drugs.
o The rate of drug offences has more than doubled. (SMH).
o Sexual Assault offences have increased by 40% within the past decade.
(SMH).
o Breaking and Entering offences have decreased from 27,811 to 26,500 from
2017 to 2018. (BOSCAR).
o Offences including theft have decreased from 4,556 to 4227 in 2018.
(BOSCAR).
o NSW has the most complaints about sexual assault at 125.3 per 100,000 per
capita, an increase of almost 25% since 2010. (Lexology).

36 | P a g e
NEW ZEALAND POLICE

New Zealand Police is working with the community to make

New Zealanders be safe and feel safe. With over 12,000 staff, we
provide policing services 24 hours a day, every day. We operate by
land, sea and air, manage over 860,000 emergency calls a year and are
always actively preventing crime and crashes.

We’re working towards specific goals and targets that highlight

our intent to work collaboratively with iwi and communities, other
government sectors and business partners to deliver ‘Our Business’ and
achieve long-term change.

Functions
 Keeping the peace
 Maintaining public safety
 Law enforcement
 Crime prevention
 Community support and reassurance
 National security
 Participation in policing activities outside New Zealand
 Emergency management.
Vision
New Zealand Police aims to have the trust and confidence of all. To achieve this, we operate in
accordance with our values and work in partnership with individuals, communities, businesses, and
other public sector agency to achieve Safer Communities Together.
Mission
Our mission is for New Zealand to be the safest country in the world
Values
 Professionalism
 Respect
 Integrity
 Commitment to Maori and the Treaty
 Empathy
 Valuing Diversity

37 | P a g e
 Organizational Structure

The chief executive of Police is known as the Commissioner and is appointed by the
Governor General. Mike Bush (MNZM) is the current Commissioner of New Zealand Police. The
Commissioner of Police is accountable to the Minister of Police for the administration of police
services, but acts independently in carrying out law enforcement decisions.

Nationally we have 12 districts, which are administered from Police National Headquarters
in Wellington, and a number of national service centers that provide administrative and specialized
support, such as forensic services.

Each of the 12 districts have a District Commander and a team of Area Commanders who
manage the day-to-day operations.

Recruitments and Qualifications

 Entry requirements

To become police officer, you need to complete the police training course, which

38 | P a g e
 involves:

 16 weeks of training at the Royal New Zealand Police College in Porirua

 Two years of supervised police work, which gets assessed regularly
 A compulsory university distance learning course.

To enter police training you must:

 Be at least 17 years old

 Hold a full driver's license
 Be a New Zealand or Australian citizen or permanent resident
 Pass psychological, math’s and problem-solving tests
 Pass physical fitness and eyesight tests
 attend an interview
 Notify police of any convictions. Some convictions, such as for drink driving,
violence, drugs and dishonesty offences, will see your application automatically
rejected.
 Secondary education

There are no specific secondary educational requirements to become a police officer.

However, NCEA Level 2 English and math’s may be useful, as the police entrance exams test
English and math’s to this level. Physical education and social studies may also be useful.

 Personal Requirements

Police officers need to be:

 Good communicators
 Able to relate to a wide range of people and cultures
 Mature and responsible, and able to keep information private
 Good at solving problems and making decisions
 Patient and helpful
 Disciplined and able to remain calm in emergencies
 Good at written and verbal reports
 Able to work as part of a team.

39 | P a g e
  Useful experience

Useful experience for police officers includes:

 Being part of a team such as a sports team

 Working in security
 Working with people from a diverse range of communities, ethnicities and
backgrounds
 Involvement in community-based activities such as coaching sports, mentoring
young People and volunteering.
 Physical requirements

Police officers need to be fit, healthy and strong, with good hearing and eyesight. People
who wear glasses or contact lenses, or who have colour blindness must contact the police
recruitment office to arrange an eye test.

 Deployment

Prevention First is designed to support and enhance the delivery of Police key goals:

 Prevent crime and victimization

 Target and catch offenders
 Deliver a more responsive Police service

It puts all people– victims, offenders and staff at the centre of everything Police do through:

 Deploying to beat demand

 Targeting the drivers of police demand (Alcohol, Youth/Rangatahi,
Families/Whānau, -Roads, Organized crime and drugs, Mental health)
 Having the right mind-set: taking every opportunity to prevent harm.

These three components are supported through meaningful partnerships with others in the
community. Prevention First emphasizes the need for Police to engage effectively with their
partners.

40 | P a g e
 By taking every opportunity to prevent harm, Police will deliver on its intent of making
New Zealand the safest country in the
world.

Ranks

Crime
Situation

41 | P a g e
 IV. BEST PRACTICES
Relations with Police (AUSTRALIA)

Rough Treatment by Police

That Police Services take all possible steps to eliminate:

a. Violent or rough treatment or verbal abuse of Aboriginal persons including women and young
people, by police officers; and

b. The use of racist or offensive language or the use of racist or derogatory comments in log books
and other documents, by police officers.

When such conduct is found to have occurred it should be treated as a serious breach of discipline.

Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, Tasmania and South Australia acknowledged that they
had not fully implemented this recommendation - New South Wales and the Northern Territory
claimed full implementation. However, the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Survey
1994 cast doubts on these claims, indicating that nearly one quarter of all Aboriginal young people
aged 15-19 years reported police harassment during the past year. 2

The cases investigated by the coroners also cast doubts upon the claims of implementation. The
cases were not listed as breaches of this recommendation because the Coroner did not accept the
claims, but several of the Queensland deaths involved allegations of rough treatment by police. In
one case, allegations that a woman was carried and thrown into a police van were rejected by the
Coroner. No explanation was made in the findings as to the head injury which the post mortem
report listed as one of the causes of death (32QLD). In another case, the de facto spouse of the
deceased alleged that police had struck the deceased while he had been holding his baby (45QLD).

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Again, the Coroner did not accept the allegation. In another case there were several allegations of
mistreatment, including kicking, but the Coroner rejected all allegations (53QLD).

In a Townsville case, police stood by passively while a crowd used racist taunts to encourage
vigilantes pursuing (and fighting with) an Aboriginal man (41QLD). The Coroner noted that a
pursuer struck blows to the head of the deceased. The Aboriginal man was found dead the next
morning near where police had watched him being pursued. He had drowned in the river. The
transcript of the inquest was forwarded to the Criminal Justice Commission to determine whether
the police inaction amounted to official misconduct.

The Coroner in a South Australian case referred to a 15 minute 'struggle' between two police
officers and a brain damaged Aboriginal man, who had one leg amputated below the knee and the
other leg amputated at the ankle (29SA).

Aboriginal Legal Services around Australia regularly receive complaints about offensive and
abusive language and behaviour from police, and dispute that racist behaviour is regarded by police
as a 'serious breach of discipline'.

Appropriate Use of Specialist Response Units

That all Police Services review their use of paramilitary forces such as the New South Wales
SWOS and TRG units to ensure that there is no avoidable use of such units in circumstances
affecting Aboriginal communities.

The Royal Commission was highly critical of methods used by police paramilitary units, especially
in light of the death of David Gundy in New South Wales. All jurisdictions except Victoria claimed
to have implemented the relevant recommendation, and concern about the inappropriate use of such
units arose in only one of the cases. In this matter, a member of a paramilitary unit shot a
psychiatrically disturbed traditional Aboriginal man on Elcho Island (18NT). The Aboriginal
community felt that the use of the unit was unnecessary. The Coroner did not accept this criticism
of the police. However, he did mention the failure to attempt negotiation through the use of the
Aboriginal Police Aides present.

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The responsible use of such a unit was evident in the recapture of an Aboriginal prisoner on 16
March 1996. The New South Wales Police Service State Protection Group negotiator used taped
messages from family members to achieve the peaceful surrender of a prisoner within forty
minutes, following earlier unsuccessful negotiations during a ten hour siege.

Decriminalisation of Public Drunkenness

That in jurisdictions where drunkenness has not been decriminalized, governments should legislate
to abolish the offence of public drunkenness.

Sobering-up Shelters
That the abolition of the offence of drunkenness should be accompanied by adequately funded
programs to establish and maintain non-custodial facilities for the care and treatment of intoxicated
persons.

Duty on Police to Use Alternatives to Cells

That legislation decriminalising drunkenness should place a statutory duty upon police to consider
and utilize alternatives to the detention of intoxicated persons in police cells. Alternatives should
include the options of taking the intoxicated person home or to a facility established for the care of
intoxicated persons.

Monitoring of Alcohol Restricted Areas

That governments should closely monitor the effects of dry area declarations and other regulations
or laws restricting the consumption of alcohol so as determine their effect on the rates of custody in
particular areas and other consequences.

Review of Local Laws

That:

a. The Northern Territory Government consider giving a public indication that it will review the
two kilometre law at the end of a period of one year in the expectation that all relevant
organizations, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal, will negotiate as to appropriate local
agreements relating to the consumption of alcohol in public that will meet the reasonable
expectations of both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people associated with particular localities; and

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b. Other governments give consideration to taking similar action in respect of laws operating within
their jurisdictions designed to deal with the public consumption of alcohol.

Negotiated Plans for Drinking Arrangements

That issues related to public drinking should be the subject of negotiation between police, local
government bodies and representative Aboriginal organizations, including Aboriginal Legal
Services, with a view to producing a generally acceptable plan.

Monitoring of Inappropriate Detentions

That:

a. Police Services monitor the effect of legislation which decriminalises public drunkenness
with a view to ensuring that people detained by police officers are not being detained in
police cells when they should more appropriately be taken to alternative places of care.

NEW ZEALAND
In November 2001, the Victorian Government started the arrive alive!-road safety strategy with the
aim of having reduced road trauma by 20 percent in 2007 (http://www.arrivealive.vic.gov.au/).
Under this program speed enforcement efforts were increased, with more mobile speed camera
hours, new fixed speed camera locations and a reduction in the enforcement threshold. In Victoria,
the four government agencies that form the "road safety partnership" are VicRoads, Victoria Police,
the Department of Justice and the Transport Accident Commission (TAC). Each agency has
specific responsibilities in the area of speed enforcement, but many of these responsibilities are
undertaken in consultation or in partnership with the other road safety partners, local government
and non-governmental organizations.

In New Zealand, the National Road Safety Committee (NSCR) is the principal inter-agency forum
for communicating and agreeing top level strategy between agencies on matters related to road
safety. The Secretary for Transport, the Commissioner of the Police, the Chief Executives of Land
Transport New Zealand, the Local Government New Zealand, the Crashes Compensation
Corporation and Transit New Zealand all participate in this committee. The Director General of
Health, the Secretary for Justice, and the Secretary for Labor are associate members. The Road

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Safety to 2010 strategy indicates the direction for road safety in New Zealand and describes the
road safety targets for 2010.

Effects

Evaluation of the Victorian road safety strategy by the Auditor General Victoria showed favorable
results. In the years 2002-2005 there was a reduction in fatalities of around 16%, and approximately
8% in serious injuries. Many factors contributed to these changes, but it is very likely that reduced
travel speeds have been a major contributor. The most significant trauma reductions were obtained
in metropolitan Melbourne's low speed zones, where fatalities decreased by around 40% and
serious injuries by 15%. This reduction corresponded with a reduction in free travel speeds in these
zones. Travel speeds in both metropolitan Melbourne and country 100 and 110 km/h speed zones
remained relatively stable over time, and likewise the trauma reductions on these roads were small.
Finally, there have been large decreases in fatalities and serious injuries for pedestrians, where
urban speeds are a major determinant of severity.

Overtly operated mobile speed cameras have been used in New Zealand since late 1993. Their
operation has been confined to specific sites (called 'speed camera areas') which are mainly road
sections with a record of speed-related crashes. A trial of hidden speed cameras began in mid-1997
in 100 km/h speed limit areas in one of New Zealand's four Police regions. Although motorists
could not see the cameras, publicity and warning signs alerted them that they were entering a
speed-camera zone. Keall et al. found an additional reduction of mobile inconspicuous cameras of
17% for injury crashes (not significant) and 31% for casualties in a 2-year period (significant), as
compared to a conspicuous camera program only, running elsewhere in New Zealand. In that study,
the generalized effects of the extra hidden camera program (extending to the whole trial area
containing (publicly) open rural roads, including roads with and without conspicuous camera
operations) were estimated as an 11% reduction in crashes and a 19% reduction in casualties (both
significant).

Success factors

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 In Australia and New Zealand, speed enforcement activities are performed by partnerships between
national, regional and local agencies that all have an interest in road safety. According to the
association of Australian and New Zealand road transport and traffic authorities the following
elements of speed enforcement are very important for success:

 Finding a balance between crash based, intelligence driven targeted operations, and
managed targeting to wider areas in a random nature. A complete reliance on a targeted
approach to a small number of selected sites is not desirable since it will lead to predictability
and lack of general deterrence. Monitoring performance and outcome measures. Recommended
performance measures are the number of vehicles checked, total hours of enforcement, number
of separate speed checks and number of locations checked per exposure measure (e.g. number of
registered vehicles, population size or vehicle kilometers travelled in an area) as well as the
number of hours of traffic enforcement conducted by specialized traffic personal or general
duties police, also per exposure measure. Recommended outcome measures are, first, changes in
crashes and driving speed, and second, changes in community attitudes and infringement rates.
When assessing changes in crash rates, the contribution of other initiatives besides speed
enforcement should be recognized, although quantification may not be possible. When looking
at changes in crash rate, one would also need to take account of changes over time in crash
reporting rates between jurisdictions
 To support enforcement operations by public campaigns. Public education campaigns are
an effective means of heightening the impact of enforcement and an essential part of winning
support for speed enforcement activity. Campaigns have to be carefully thought out in terms of
current community perceptions, the target audience, attitudes and beliefs, the previous history of
the issue, and the available time and resources. One single message should be delivered in each
campaign. Pretesting can help to ensure that the right message is being delivered in the right
format.
 To apply penalties that reflect community views on the seriousness of offences. Demerit
points are an effective deterrent for speeding motorists. Loss of license is an effective deterrent
for excessive speeding.
Procedures and guidelines in New Zealand

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The Safety Administration Program (SAP) is the primary planning and funding program for road
safety activity undertaken by the New Zealand Police, Land Transport New Zealand and
community groups [41]. In their annual program, the SAP details specific projects, their objectives
and the performance measures against which their result is to be assessed. The SAP is collaborative
(built on strong partnerships nationally, regionally and locally), evidence-based (driven by analysis
of comprehensive road safety data) and accountable (detailing desired outcomes and quantitative
and qualitative performance measures).

The SAP plans and allocates resources for strategic enforcement at the national level, and is
directly inspired by a risk targeted road policing model. The annual SAP and the risk targeted road
policing model are elaborated on the local situation by way of quarterly/biannual road safety action
plans (RSAPs). In general RSAPs:

 Are based on data from all key partners

 Are outcome focused, have local targets
 Set out responsibilities and contributions of all parties
 Have evidence based performance measures
 Include community, local and national campaigns
The RSAPs are implemented through crash books and risk targeted patrol plans. Crash books
provide long-term risk profiles of roads and areas and risk target patrol plans allocate strategic
enforcement hours by location and time. They are instruments to ensure that enforcement is
directed toward higher risk locations, behavior and times to maximize its effect.

In the area of speed control the SAP outlines the following desired outcomes:

 For rural roads with a speed limit of 100 km/h: a mean speed of 99 km/h and a 85th
percentile speed of no more than 107 km/h
 For urban roads with a speed limit of 50 km/h: a mean speed of 55 km/h and an 85th
percentile speed of no more than 61 km/h.
Qualitative performance measures are the extent to which speed control output is in accordance
with the RSAPs and RTPPs, the satisfaction of local authorities and regions with police
consultation process in the development of the RSAPs and RTPPs, the attention for targeted issues,
and the percentage of road users who believe there is a high probability of detection of speeding.

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In 2007, 75% of New Zealand adults agreed with the statement 'Enforcing the speed limit helps to
lower the road toll'. In 2007, 61% agreed or strongly agreed with the statement 'Using speed
cameras helps lower the road toll'. This has fluctuated around 60% in the years after 2001. 64%
agreed that 'the way speed cameras are being operated is fair'. Also, 63% said they supported or
strongly supported the use of hidden cameras. Support for hidden cameras increased from 56% in
2004, when the question was first asked.

V. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES

AUSTRALIAN FEDERAL PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
POLICE POLICE

49 | P a g e
 SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES SIMILARITIES
1. General functions and 1. Some basic 1. General functions and
mandate. requirements for their mandate.
-To enforce the law. police officers. -To enforce the law.
-To promote and -Driver’s License -To promote and
preserve public order. (Australia). preserve public order.
-To protect internal -Complete and submit -To protect internal
security. the Employment security.
-To protect properties. Suitability -To protect properties.
-To prevent crimes. Questionnaire -To prevent crimes.
(Australia).
2. The basic -Copy of your Current 2. The basic
requirements on Traffic History requirements on
recruiting their police (Australia). recruiting their police
officers. -First Aid Certificate officers.
-Citizen of Australia. (Australia). -Citizen of the
-Must be at least 21 -Must undergo Philippines.
years old before Security Clearance -Must be at least 21
entering the Process (Australia). years old before
organization. entering the
-Must have a high 2. Police Hierarchy organization.
educational (Australian Federal -Must have a high
attainment. Police) educational attainment
-Field work -Commissioned (College Degree).
experience or field Police Ranks -Field work
training. -Non Commissioned experience or field
-Must pass the Police Ranks training (12 months).
entrance and -Recruit or Cadet -Must pass the
psychological entrance and
examination, physical 2.1 Police Hierarchy psychological
fitness test and final (Philippine examination, physical

50 | P a g e
 interview. National Police) fitness test and final
-Commissioned interview.
Police Ranks
-Non
Commissioned
Police Ranks

3. Equipment
-hand guns,
handcuffs, night
sticks, pepper spray,
bulletproof vests
(Kevlar Fiber)

NEW ZEALAND PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE

POLICE

51 | P a g e
 SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES SIMILARITIES
1. General Functions and 1. Some 1. General Functions and Mandate
Mandate Qualifications
- responsibilities such as keeping the
- responsibilities such as -Drivers License peace and maintaining public safety,
keeping the peace and - In New Zealand, prevention of crimes ,keeping the peace
maintaining public safety, you Must pass the and maintaining public safety, assisting
prevention of crimes psychological, math with national security and emergency
,keeping the peace and and problem solving management.
maintaining public safety, Police Ranks: The - handle traffic management, patrolling
assisting with national NZ Police consist of roads for traffic offenses and issuing
security and emergency only 9 ranks. While tickets and infringement notices for
management. the PNP consist of breaking the road rules.
- handle traffic 16 police ranks and
management, patrolling distributed as Non 1. Qualifications
roads for traffic offenses commissioned and
- must be 18 to 25 yrs old, must be a
and issuing tickets and commissioned
Filipino citizen, a and has good moral
infringement notices for personnel.
character. Code of Conduct that means
breaking the road rules.
showing ethical and good behavior.
2. Equipments: NZ
2. Qualifications Police don’t uses
Guns, they use
- At least 17 yrs old and
pepper spray, batons
must be a new Zealand
and tasers. While the
citizen or Australian
PNP uses guns and
citizen, good moral
batons.
character. Code of
Conduct that means
showing ethical and good
behavior.
VI. CONCLUSION

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 In conclusion, the researchers discovered that in every policing system, there are similarities

and differences that sometimes reflects on one’s country and resources. This research will be a

guide for the future students that will take up Comparative Models of Policing subject. This will

help them to understand the policing system of Australia more.

In conclusion, we found out that even though the functions of police in every country has

similarities, they still have their differences. Sometimes, it depends upon the culture and policing

system of the said country. Comparing countries will lead the students into a deeper understanding

about the different law enforcement of each country

REFERENCES:

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works
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works/australian-government
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government

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Retrieved by: https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/indigenous-deaths-custody-

chapter-6-police-practices

Canberra (Tim Lambert); Retrieved by: http://www.localhistories.org/canberra.html

http://www.aussie-info.com/tourist/money2.php

Australian Federal Police; Retrieved by: https://www.afp.gov.au/about-us/our-organisation

New Zealand; Retrieved by:

https://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/specialist/knowledge/speed_enforcement/best_practice_e
xamples/australia_and_new_zealand_en

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zealand-have.html

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Retrieved by:https://internationalliving.com/countries/new-zealand/the-economy-in-new-
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