Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • OG2020 Verbal PDF

    Uploaded by

    agarwalashwin32
    1K views436 pages

    Original Title

    OG2020 Verbal.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    1K views436 pages

    OG2020 Verbal PDF

    Uploaded by

    agarwalashwin32

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 436
    GMAT 2020 ee ee ME an Rue) Ammonia Mer e720) Book + [3] Online + rE Mobile The ONLY Er eel act) GMAT” questions SE acd This edition includes: SMe Ra ead a een Na er esc RUC Ui oy Came) GMAT” Online Question Bank GMAT What is the Online Ques Study the way you want withthe tools you need to focus your effors and improve your performance. Plus, get access to Integrated Reasoning practice questions only available within the Online Question Bank With the Online Question Bank, you will + Build your own practice sets based on difficulty and ‘question type. + Viow performance metres to align your study. + Even practice time management in exsm mode. ‘The Ontine Question Bank helps focus your studying te periormance ls there an extra cost? No! This Is @ complimentary feature as part of your GMAT™ Official Guide purchase How do | access it? |. Scratch off the block below to reveal your unique PIN, 2. cr 3, Register your PIN and begin te en account at gmat.iley.com Go to gmat.wiley.com For customer support, please visit cffcientiearning.com/gmat/support/help GMAT 2020 Cree ME aRCR sel amon rar Rec E eer) Book + Coyne ‘EB Mobile The ONLY Peer GMAT Official PreP &) Crum Neer Seu Oe Cluny Tee eae rs Noe aerate Pe ae UR nee Cc en RC amen Ee GMAT® Official Guide Verbal Review 2020 Copyright © 2019 by che Graduate Management Admission Council All Published by John Wiley & Sons Inc, Hoboken, New Jer. [No pe ofthis publication may be reproduced stored ina retieval system or trasnited in any form oF by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording scanning or otherwite, except as petted under Secdone 107 or 108 af the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without ethes the prior written permission ofthe Publisher, or authoriaton trough payment of the appropriate per-copy fe tothe Copyright Clearance Cente, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646- 8600, Fon the Web a wort copyrght.com. Requests co che Publisher for permision shouldbe adressed to che Permissions Department, John Wily 8 Sons, Inc, 111 River Stet, Hobkzo, NJ 07030, (201) 748- (6011, fa (201) 748-6008, o¢ online at hep://wvile.com/go/permisions. “The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect the aecuracy or completeness of the contents of this work nd specifically disclaim all waranies including without limitation waratis of fines fora particule porpose. No warranty maybe ereted or extended by sles or promotional material. The advice and satgie ctained herein may not be suitable for every situation, ‘This wos sold with the understanding thatthe publishers not engaged in esdering legal, accounting, ‘or other profesional service. If professional ssstance i requte, the service ofa competent profesional peteonchould be sought. Neicher the publisher nor the author shal beable fr damages arising here From The Fic that an onganization or Web siti refered to i this work asa citation and/or a potential source of farther information dace not men thatthe author or the publiher endorses che information the ‘organization or Web ste may provide recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Tntemet Web sites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this wodk was, ‘written and when tis ead. ‘Traders: Wiley the Wiley Publishing log, and related trademarks are trademarks o registered teademarks of Jon Wiley 8e Sons, Ine. and/or it afliates. The GMAT logo, GMAC™, GMASS™, GMAT™, Graduate Management Admission Counci™, and Graduate Management Admission Test™ se trademarks of GMAC inthe United States and other counties. ll other tralemarks ae the property of dei eespectve overs. Wiley Publishing, Ici nt associated with any product or vendor mentioned in his book. For general information on ou ater products and sevices orto obtain technical support please contact our Customer Care Department within the US. a (877) 762-2974, outside the US.at (17) 572-3998 o fx (G17) $72-4002 ‘Wile also pubes its book in avery of letronic Formate, Some content that appears in print may not be amlble in electronic books. Par more information about Wily prods, plese vst out Web site at sworn wileycom. ISBN 978-1-119.57611-2 (pbk; ISBN 979-1-119-5761346 (€PUB) Printed inthe United State of America env6t61_om019 ihe reserved. Table of Contents 2a Letter from the President and CEO, GMAC™ Whats the GMAT™ Exam? What the GAT™ Exam? Wy Take the GAT Ear? MAT Exam Format What th Content of the xan Let naa meting Assessment. brated Reasoning Section (usnatve Reasoning Secon ‘oral Reasoning Secten What We the Test Centers ae? How Be Sores Caled? How to Prepare How to repre How Shoda | Prepare to Take he Test? sig GMAT oat Prep Products ‘Where Can! Ge Adtorl Practice? General Testking Suggestions Reading Comprehension Reading Conerehension ‘Wats Measired ‘estTalng Stateles Seeton rstuctons Sample Questions sr Key nar Exlnations Critical Reasoning Cea Reasoning ats eases TestTahingStetepes Reasoning Concepts to Know forthe GMAT Sectin nstuctens Sample Qestons| Answer Key rswet Explanations Sentence Correction Sentence Corecten| Some Comets Aout How Works ‘The Eight Sentence CorectonCatearies Sty Suggestions ‘What Messed “TestTakng Sateges Secon nswuctons Saroie Questions | Doswer Key ‘oswer Explanations “ 8 16 2 Py 26 oa ‘The fal defor GMAT Ver Review 220, 60 70 ‘Appendix & Verbal Reviow Question indox ‘GMAT offcat Guide Verbal Reviw Onfine ndox ‘answer Shoots Reading Cavereensin Answer Sheet Ciel Reasoning Answer Shoot Sentence Coretion Answer Sook 402 au a5 as a7 Dear GMAT Test-Take, “Thank yu for your interest in graduate management edcaton. Today more than 7,000 graduate ‘program around the world use the GMAT™ exam toertiblih their MBA, busines master’ and ‘other graduate-level management dgieeprograns as hallmarks of excellence. Nine of out 10 new MBA enzolments globally are made using a GMAT score.” By using the GMAT™ Official Guide wo prepa forthe GMAT exam, youre aking x very important step twa achieving your gous and pursuing admission to the MIA or businest master program that fn the bet Bi for you, “This book, GMAT Oficial Guide Verbal Review 202, x designed to help you prepare for and build confidence todo your best on the GMAT exam. Is the only guide that featur real questions from past exams published by the Graduate Management Admission Counel (GMAC), the makers ofthe GMAT™ exam, For more than 60 yas, the GMAT exam ba helped candidates ike you demonstrate their command ofthe skills needed for succes inthe casroom and showcase to schools their comnitaent to pursing 2 graduate business degree. Schools use and aust the GMAT exam as part of their admissions proces [cause it» proven predictor of classroom sucess and your ability o excl in your chosen program, “The mision of CMAC is ensue no talent goasundiovered, We ae driven to conte improving the GMAT exam aswell as helping you find and connect withthe best-fir schools and programs for you. I applaud your commitment to educational success. This guide and the other GMAT™ Oficial Prep products available atm. com wil give you the confidence to achieve your pereonal best onthe GMAT exam and launch or reinvigorate rewarding ere 1 wish you the best succes on all your fatureelucatona and profesional endswvore Sincerely, 4 ‘Chowla ‘President & CEO of the Graduate Management Admission Council GMAT™ Official Guide Verbal Review 2020 1.0 What Is the GMAT™ Exam? 1.0 1.1 What Is the GMAT™ Exam? The Graduate Management Admission Tese™ (GMAT™) exam is sandardzed exam ved in admissions decisions by more than 7,000 graduate management programs woddwide a proximately 2,300 graduate busines schools worldwide. It helps you gauge, and demonstrate to schools, your ‘scademic potential for sacess in graduate-level management studi, The four-part exam measures your Analytical Weiing, Integrate Reasoning Verbal Rezoning, and (Quantitative Reasoning skillehigher-oder reasoning sil that management fal armssons profesionals and emplyers worldwide have identified as important for incoming students ta have "Higher-order" reasoning kills nvolve complex judgments, and inchade ctl thinking, analysis, and probiem solving, Unlike undergraduate grades and curcula, which vary in thee mesning across regions nd insiutons, your GMAT scores provide a standardized, seatisticaly valid and reliable measure of how you are likely to perform seademicall inthe core curriculum of graduate management progr. “The GMAT exams validity, fairness, and valu in admissions have been well-cablished though ‘mumerau sade sadie. “The GMAT ex is delivered entirely in English and solely on computer eis 1o¢a est of basins knowlege, subject-matter mastery, English vocabulary, or adranced compat ils The MAT team ao doesnot measure other factors elated to succes in graduate management sty sch s job experince, leadership bic, otvaon, and interperond dil Your GMAT soe is intended to be sed '8 one admissions rterion among ober, more subjective, cetera, sch a admisions way and interviews. Why Take the GMAT™ Exam? Launched in 1954 by «group of nine business schools to provide s uniform measure ofthe academic skills needed ro rata ‘ucee in thei programs the GMAT exam snow used toy more than 7,00 gradoate management programs at I dow'tachlovea high score spproximately 2,300 istiutons worldwide, ‘on the GMAT, I won't get nto iny top doie schools. “Taking the GMAT exam helps you stand oot the sulmissions process and demoostate your reaines and] F ~There are great schools commitment to pursing graduate management education. | svallable for candidates at any Schools use GMAT scares to lp them select the most GMAT score ange. *Acconling tothe assage, new Businsies are more likely to fail if they ..."" The paste compares the sa turtles thermoregulation to." Inference “These questions ask about ideas tha are not explicitly stated in a pasage but we implied by the author ‘or otherwise follow logically from the information inthe passage Unlike questions about supporting Ideas, which ack about information that is directly expressed in «paige, infrence questions ak about ideas or meanings tha must be inferred fom information tht i ect ated, ‘Authors can make their points in indict ways, suggesting ideas without actly stating them. Inference questions measure your abit to understand an author’ intended meaning in prof passage where the meming is ony suggested. They sometimes also measure your abi to understand Further implication that ley fellow rom the iafrmation in the passage, een ifthe aithor doce ‘not diet intend them tobe inferred Therefore, when you read a passage, you should conceneate not only on the explicit meaning ofthe authors words, but aso oa the sublet meanings and nstaed implications of thoe words These questions do no ask about obscure or tenvous mplcations chat ae very emote fiom the passage rather, they ask about things that any acute observant reader should be thle to infer from the passage after ited refleton ‘Among the types of inferences that you may be asked to draw re: * likely cause ofa phenomenon or situation described in the pasage likely effect of phenomenon a situation described inthe passage pec instance or subset based on a generalization given in the pasiye. For example, ithe passage indicates tha al reptiles havea certain property and al mention that erodes ae repels, you could infer that crocodiles have ee property in question, * a satement tha the author (or someone cefered to in the passage) likely consider true or flee * an erluative postion tha the author (or someone refered rin the pasage) key holds. For example, it may be possible o infer fom the authors words that she oF he disapprove of something tat i dacused in the passage the intended meaning of « word or phrase based on how ite wed in the passage, However, [GMAT reading comprchension questions will not ask yu to define «word dat ie wsed in the ‘passage with a standard meaning that coal be accurately guesed from background vocabulary nowedge Tnzome ese the inference you ae ald to deaw wil flow fom a single statement or seis of statermenc in the passage. I othe eats, it wil require consideration af two ax more separate pars of he pasage, and none of those parts wil be sufficient when considered alone. The relevant pars may be close together or Fr apat but in either cee they wl be significant arpect of the passage, not Jeelevant or highly obscure detais"The question may refer explicitly to one or more portions ofthe pase ait may lene it up to you to locate of remember the relevant information Tference questions often contin phrases sucha: Which of the fllowing statements about. is most taongy supported by the psig” “Te can be inferred fro the passage shat." the elas made by the author about... age tke which ofthe flloing is moe ikl lo trae?™Thepasage lenis that.” "The information inthe passage suggests tha." Some ofthe inferences ight depend on commonly known and obviously true fact in addition wo the information supplied by the passage For example, ifthe passage says that an eveat happened during 3 sainstocn, you could reasonably infer thatthe weather was not hota that location ath tie. Incorrect answer choies fr inference questions ate often statements that apgearsuperfcally elated to the pusige but ate nat supported by the information in question. When the question aks what can be inferred fom a specie aspect ofthe paeage, you shouldbe caret no oselet an snawer that follows fom some other part ofthe passage but not fiom dhe part in question, ‘You should not expec tobe able to tll which answer choices corect on the ass of whether itis true or file. Incorrect anewers ae often tue evea though they are not supported by the ifoeration inthe page Tn other case, the correct anser coud bea fale statement that implied by se information tn te pasage. For example, when the author explains why a theory is mistaken you might be asked to infer that if the theory were true, such and such Incorect information would lo hae >be eve, (Occasionally it my not be posible to rel merely from the wonding ofa question, whether is aking fr an inference ofr recognition of something thai diel expessed. For example, “Tn the pasage, the author suggest. could be asking ou to note hat the auchor explicitly makes a certain sagestion inthe passage. More peal a phrase like “The passage suggests.” be asking you about fomething the text implies even though the author dos no dey claim da it does so. However if you understand the passage and che rlaioships and implications of its parts you wil be able ro find the correct answer without having to woery about how the test writes may have clasified the question ‘Application Application questions measure your abit to discern relationships becween svations o ideas presented in the passage and other stations or ideas beyond the dee scope ofthe passage. The most ‘rill sil involved in sriwering these questions i that of abstracting key Features or principles fom ‘one context and applying them effectively to other contexts. This kil tha people often need when ‘working with scholarly eal, profesional or business wetings. The relevant features can be of various ‘ypes, especialy logical, practical, fonctions, or structural Application questions rake many forms. They ae often hypothetical or speculative and therefore may contain worde such a sould ul, might, shuld oe pases such a8 mat arty exemplifies, i most ‘imilr 0 sms iey rade ont. Some of these questions pos analogies between passage topics and other topic, Because application questions canbe about the relationships ofthe pasaget topics outside it cope, you should not expect tobe abl o eliminate any answer choice based on the act tat its topic does not 2.1 Resting Conpoison What i Measured ‘appear in the passage, For instance ll dhe answer choices fr an analogy question slating ta pasage’s "planation ofa water-teatment process might refer to book-publishing proceses, Hive are sme mor application types that you may encounter inthe tes: AneleisTaese could inlade: +a fimeton or purpose that ein to the Fancton or purpose af somethin dese nthe passage. ‘A question might ak, fr instance, "In which ofthe flowing ithe role pie bya compute progr ‘most analogs othe oe ofthe protein moleule in the perce discus inthe pcg?” ‘+ a method ot proceore thai similar to one desctibed in the paige cw though tis sed in ferent contre + xgoal or purpose that similar to the gal or purpose of something disused in the passage. Foe cxampl, protest demensration goa of bringing about a change in one country’ environmental polices would be more analogous to plitiel speakers goal of changirg another county’ food- ‘fey regulations than i would to an employe’ goal of finding a new jo. + apart-whole relationship cats similar to a part-whole relationship described in the passage This ‘oul be, fr example, the way in which a machine or organism relates to he ret ofthe system or ‘the vay in which a book chapter relates tothe bool at whole * ‘logical lationship thats similar to the relationship between pats ofthe passage or between Clements of someones reasoning described in the panage Principle, plicie and procedures You may be asked to identify for example, + rule or policy that if enforced cou help bring about a goal presented inthe passage + principle that snot expt formolaed inthe passage but can be understood as underyng the thor restoning + ageneaization thats likely to be te bse on a ange of specific instanes eed on the passage + an action or station shat would violate or conform ro arle or plieyentioned inthe passage + potential solution to problem dicutsed in the paseage ‘+ an alternative approach thar could have the same efcet as one dscusedin the passage Extensions of te author’ torial strategie Thee include euch things a + am example thet would efetvely illustrate a point made by the author + asatement presenting how the author would most likely respond toa objection to her or his position * am aitional rope that could be reevanly added to the discussion inthe passage + anda that snot expressed in the passage but thatthe author would probably agree or disagree With on the basis of eaten made i the pasige ‘hee wenarve You might need to identi for example, + hypothetical extension of rend or series of developments described i the passage: What ‘wot be alka consequence ifthe rend continued? + how a researcher conchaions wou have been logically affected if ome observed dat had been cltferent from the data epored in the passage + how cieumstances would likely have been differentia set of developments described in the passage had not cured + how someone whos views are described in the passage would likely espond if that person eead the passge. Evaluation “These question require you to analyze and evaluate the organization and lg ofa passage. Tey ill bronly inc two subeategorls, analysis and ertque ‘Analyis-typ evaluation questions require you to determine how pat ofthe pasage work and how ‘hey relite to other par. These are often expressed in terms ofthe author's purpose. Thus they have ‘something in common with main idea questions chat ask about author purposes, but for ain idea {questions you wll deny a holistic purpose ofthe entire passage. In those cae, you probably wll ‘ot need to explicitly analyze relationships among parts. In contrast, evaluation quertions target the purpose of pei elent within the passage, an those purpose usually involve ratonships to ‘ther parts, Some evaluation questions maya you o identify the login] strctre ofthe pssige or of | portion of the passage. Cetique-type evaluation questions requis you to judge the strengths, weaknesses relevance, or eectienes of parts ofthe passage and thee relaionships to potential objeccons or justifications, ‘These often involve some ofthe sme types of reasoning that you would encounter in erica reasoning «qvesions but with a lghly diferent approach and ina diferent context Nether cic reasoning {questions noe reading comprehension evaluation questions rey on technical knowledge of formal Togionor do they quire you tobe familar with specific terme of loge or aggumentation. You can snmver these using the information inthe passage and earefl reasoning. ‘Balun questions often contain phrases ach as “The purpose of..."°Moet securely desis the truce of "Most strengthens." Would mst justly .."Is mest valerate tothe objection that. “Which. tonal information would moat help..." Aniwer choices ae often abseace and ght not contin any words or concepts hat appear inthe pasage. For example, qin that asks abou the fantom of pargraph might have answer choices ofthe fom: "I ejects thay that is presented inthe eceing paragraph and offers some criteria tht an alternaive theory would nex co meet.” Hire ar some major application types that you may encounter in the test: nabs, Aswersco these questions might be, for example, statements or descriptions of + how the passage a wholes constructed. In such a case, the answer will sometimes be expressed ‘van abstract summary ofthe elements that make up the pasage + how portion ofthe passage constructed + the purpose o finetion of a specified part ofthe passage —for instance, does it define, compare ot contast, presenta ney idea or refit an iden? + how a specified portion ofthe patsaye relate logcllyo shetrialy to surounding parts + how the author tries to persuade readers to accept his or her ssertions + likey reason of motivation for view thatthe author expresses orattrutes to someone 3.2 Reading Compnsnnon Te Taking Setgle (Critique Ia these questions, you may be asked to enti for example, * an assumprion thats involved in the author reasoning or in somone ela reasoning dtcusaed in the pasage + crucial gaps inthe information provided in the pastage + potential discovery that would help resolve a issue discnsed in the passage + astatemest chat uve, woald stengthen or weaken che author reasoning a someone elec reatoning presented inthe passage ‘+ potential countererample toa general clsim made in the passage Style and tone Effective reading often depends on recognizing and evalvating the author’ aitude toward topic and ‘the effect thatthe author intends the writing to have on reads. These things ae often implicit in the passage’ style and tone rather than stated expicid ‘Some questions focus directly and exclusively onthe style or tone of she pasage a whole They often Jnvolve phrases sucha “The overall one ofthe pasiage can be most accurately described a.” "The passage aa whole functions primarily a .."or "The author’ approch t..-can be mort accurtely described as." the answer choices, you may be asked to select an aljetve or adjective phrase that accurately describes the tone ofa pusage-—for instance critic, qustioning, bition mio, oF ‘enthusiastic Answers may suo tke the form of nouns oF noun phrases euch a aden fra poi position, a soa portrayal of ioral tendo a jouralic expleration of ome atompt slo ‘prdlen They tay also be sore complex descriptions of che authors approach ‘To answer this typeof question, you wil typically have to consider the language of the paseage a ‘whole Tetakes more than one pointed, etcal word to make the tne ofan crite passage ot section trite. Sometimes, style and tone questions ask what audience the pasage wis probably intended for foc what ype of publication it would most appropriately appear ia To answer any question involving, style and tne, you must ak yourself what attitudes or objectives are conveyedby the words a passage ‘beyond the iteral meanings. ‘You may sometimes need to consider aye and tone in answering any typeof eng comprehension ‘question, even one that doesnot explcily ask abou that aspect of the passage Some question types are ‘more likly tha others to involve this type of consideration. An inference question, for expe, may ‘you to infer the author atitude toward a topic, so you may nee to consider the pasa’ tone in ‘order to confidently densify its purpose, and some ealation questions requir you (0 resognize the ‘hetorcal approach the author takes in 4 portion ofthe pasa. 3.2 Test-Taking Strategies 1. Do not expect o be completely familar wth any of the matoril presented in reading ‘comprehension passages, You may find some passages easier to understand than others, but all passages are designed to preseat challenge. If you ave some Fariiarity with che material presented in «passage, do not let {hie knowledge infence your choice of answer tothe questions. Answer all questions on the basis of wha is stator imp the punage ie GMAT" ofa Guide Verbal Revi 2020 2. Analyzo each passage carol, bocause the quostons require you to hare a specific and detaed Understanding of the material. ‘You may ind it easier to do the analysis int before moring to the questions. You may find that you prefer to skim dhe passage te int ime and ead mare carefully once you understand what ‘question ark. You may even waat to read the quetion before reading the passage You should howe the method most suitable for you. |. Fecuron key word and phrases, and make every effort to avoldlsing te senso of what lscussed in the passage. Keep the fllowing in mine: + Nore how each fice relates to an de or a argument + Note wire the pasage moves from one den to the next * Separate main ideas from sypportng ideas + Determine what conclusions ae reached and why. 4. Read the questions carefully, making certain that you understand whats asked. An answer choice that accurately estates infarmation inthe passage maybe incorrect fit does not animes the question. IF you need to, refer back othe passage for claicaton. 5, Read alto cholcos carefully. [Never assume that you have selected the best answer without fs reading ll che choices. 6, Select the choice that answers the question best in torms of tho information given in the passage Do not ely on outside knowledge ofthe material to help you answer the questions 7. Remember that comprehension—net speed—le the cca success factr whon come to reading ‘comprehension questions 3.3 Section Instructions Go to wysnbaconn/tonl to yew igtrctions fr the section and gets fel for what the test center seen wil ook at onthe sctval GMAT exam. To register for the GMAT exam go to www.mba.com 3.4 Sample Questions ach ofthe reading comprehension questions is based on the content of a passage. After reading the ‘passage, answer all questions pertaining to It on the basis of what is sated or imped inthe passage, For each question, seloct the best answer of the choices given. esto ote the Un Hanns fr tacit et sd a pase. crore oe nag Unt, scant Sioa as wie eee rd 1. ecard te pasa adios corpaate ech ms Geom ea en. (ees areas eee ets (6)_ercally his rena crates the very that the former onions that predestne employes to mediocre 1 igs mboscra Gocloto ta Dariomonces. Over tine, sper performance aie ene eres recites super lating, becais longer carport srvil doped on continua exon (40) ew uses an organizational opportunites hat (0) atl employees recognize and contort omirant corporate models ant to deve ‘can ceeate new sources of growth. Reena eee eee (ert ey se en bese gona ro a ‘Bar canon sb coy y Secon etoain epee tora 18) Sales mo cot ©} tt cre neon ene te Sle ver snl ade ‘rows omy oo ct Sevan hems ot Se fryer Sorat decimate eat {2 anced tf enone amt ‘oti eal vote na Soe (2) erg pe ro eh vrs vas (igre tno mn ng ee SShvwemepacisawiens commas | 2 Wenole abies debe oo st ecules ieee kas Se nee et such rgnzations ave deseredin he passage? Sige, nhs ed et twa (28 pw sony at ae a ara te er ed ‘enlace! tng ta ea Sena eae a orb ave kn eats et (©) _Deseng matartg programs Wat van new Suing nor des huang eves Desig meri aga hp serene tr balng geese hc snag efor cna atin (50 Sper cova beg er so Beet eae Shore bereits Saye hr tae Creatas (Sudan oem pete sou fond mig cco ket toed tears bi nite roy, tribes suo ok sao se ‘rocrmg et cn ‘According tothe aur of he passage, cmporate leaders the fate shoul do which ofthe flowing? o o © “Thay shuld encourage enploees to put longterm goa ead of sorter pois ‘Thay shuld exercise more onl over employees order to constrain prediction nits, ‘They shuld redefine icenves fr enployees’ perlormarce improvement, ‘Thay shuld rovie employees wih ‘opportunist gin new sls ad expand ther exis, ‘Thay shuld promote indual managers who _e commited to established carga pos. The primary purpose ofthe passage sto w endorse a traiona corporate structure inroduce a new approach to corporate leadership and eahate eis oft vlan competing thos about management practies and recor be anirast wo typical corporate organizational strates propose anataate to 2 common corporate aoproach 5.4 Reaing Comprehension Sample Question ‘Unto Ge Verbs Review 2020 Lae o 00) as) 20 25) (30) 65 0, Siructual nemployrant—the unemployment thatremans even atthe peak ofthe economy's upsings—is caused by an inbalance betwee the 'ypes and loans of aaa employment onthe ‘ne hare and the qualatons and locations of ‘wore onthe tor Nand. When such anibalance els, bth aor shortages and unemployment may occur despite alae beeen supply and demand foc orn the acon asa whe. Because lecholgical change is keto displace ‘same workers, isa maj factor in rodcing structural wongloyment Wile echo advance aost marl resus shits in ean for dierent yes of worker, doesnot necessary retin unemploymert. Relate sma (eral changes in dear ae thet cause te uoemployrent. the indium or even in ‘he labor market asa whale, oma tion may bo scent to vedce te sz ofthe wer Force in the acted occupations. Reeve lage oF ed ‘changes, however, can caus serous pecs Workers may ls ther jobs an fd tems vithat the skis recessary to tain new ots, hse this dslocerent eas to stuctal nerployment depends onthe amount of ple and pale sector resources devoted to etraring and Placing the wakes. Workars can be encouraged to move where tee ae jobs, to reed retain themsees, or tore. n addon oer actors aifecing uctral neeloyent, such a ep nove, canbe convo. Increased scr unemployment, shuld ce, nastiest for ha ecorony fo actove dstot ow rats of nantes wih oats of inl, teres a gromirg pol of workers wt ok the neces slo the avaiable jos nceases oa labor dean il pid generate shortages of quaed workers. Ashe wages of hase workers are bi ip, labor casts and ts prces, se. Ts herent nay be an portant atria tee rend served fer he past wo dec aes, of uneroeyent combined iin, Goverment poly has placed a riety on each atin, bt hee ofr have newrtess ‘caused unerphynent once, Questions 5-10 refer tothe passage. ‘Alo the folowing are mond as ways of arian he agit of sruchral urgent xcerr 1) using puedo create jobs (B) teaching new sils:0 placed workers (0) allowing dipced workers to rete (©) convo he mover of canta (© encouraging work o move ower bs ae alae ‘The passage suggests tht a pte outcome of hier structural upemplents (A) inreasd publi spaning for soci series (B81 placement o workin obs for wrich hay ae ot quad (0 igher wages for tase warers who ave sas thatare in demand (0) -anincrease ine length of meas remain nes {€)ashftio he goverment’ econocpoey roves ean be ered om the passage hat ven when there are unemployed workers, labor shortages are sil hay to occurit (ela rate is usu tgh (0) there inset technological novation (Cte level of sutra unemployment exceptoaly on (0) thejobs aval in certain laces rie sits that the labor force in those areas lacks the workers in soe nus are dssalisfed wi the pay ofred in those nasties suggests atthe penomenon of comtined unemployment and ian is w o © o © 8 socioeconomic problem that can ny be ess by goverenent intervention 2 socioeconomic problem that canbe characteristic of periods of sbuctua nerplyment anecoraic problem tha ess fom _orermert rtervertenin management abot ‘eltions an ocoramc problem that resis rom iperect apocatons of teinoiogy an economic probe that canbe cima by ell mall changes inthe bor force 2.4 Roan Comprehension Sampla Gots 9. The pasageis pinay concomed wih w o o o ® cling th detntion ofa concent proposing a way to ciate an undesirable canon discussing te sours and consoquencos ofa problem suggesting ways to ate the eles of & arta socal poy evalua the stps at nave Deen ken to armel an inbalnce 10. Accord tothe passage, smal dourward shtsin the rae for bor wil ret uly case urement because such shits are requ aecompatod by swings the economy (B)_ such shits usualy occur soy IG) workers canbe encoxaged to move to where there are jobs (D1 noxmal tion foe scien to edu the ‘ze fe work eos (6) workers ae usualy fexble enough to ean nee SIS and sch to nm js ine © uo} a5 @o, 25) 80) 35) In 1971 researchers hoping to pred earnaukes in the short em by ety recursory phenomena (those that acura few days bore ge quakes butt terns! tured ter ateton fo changes in seine woes that had boen detected prior to ‘ethquakes. An explanation fr such changes wos ‘ered by “taney theory” based ana wolknaan ‘herarenan observed in ork inthe boro assess bul, erates inock ose, ‘ecreaing the rok’ volume. But assess oninuos to erase the toc begs to rack and expan in volun, allowing greundaterto sep i, ‘weakening the rock. According to his theory, such ‘cts could a to several precursor phenomena in ‘heft, nclading a changin he velco esc ‘aves, and an crease in sm en tremors. Restarchars ial reported suce=sin ienbihing these posible precrsars, but subsequent analyses of ther data roves dsherieng. Seismic waves wth uneutvloeies wore recoded before same arthquakes, but whe he strcl record cers that most lege eathaskes ae preceded by moc tromors, tas foresocks ideale rtting about the magitudeof an impeeing quake and are indistingushbl om ober minor emers tat occur witout ing cartes Inthe 1980s, some researchers hed ther efforts rom sorter to fngterm predton Nojng that erties end occur reeatedn carta regions, inch ac Baker ateted to eiy Dutt of ecurence, or ert cles, on which ‘base predictions. na study of earthquakerone ses along the Sn kes Fal they deter ‘hat quakes occured at intervals of approsiately 22 ears near ne stead coreluded that there was & 95 percent probability ofan ert in that area by 1992. The earthquake di ot occur wtnthe tne frame predicted, however. Une Evidence agains tend of reeuor (40) earthquake yee hat Leh and Baker ied to estabish has come fam a elabrey nen ‘et, eeoseismobgyFalensesmobasts ave unearthed and date gobgea fextres such as fal scarps thal wee caused by (45) earthaukes thousands of years ago. They have otrminod that he average intra betwee en earthuakes that tok pce acne sie along the ‘San Andreas Faun te past two lea was 122 yours, but ndidualinionas ranged realy, 150) fom 44 to 332 yeas ‘Questions 11-16 refer tothe pass AL The passages primary concerned wth 1) expiaing wy one etd of earthaake breicton as poten more pacicabe tan an iterate method 1B) suggesting that acura earthquake forecasting ‘mist combine erent of ner an shoe tem prediction (Ch charging he uses of latancy theory ler exoainng the ocarence of pecursory penomens (D)dscussig the deen of two methods by hic esearcers ave altered to pre the occurence of earhuakes (El escring the devsepment of ethos or establishing pater in the occurrence of past earthquakes 12. Becoting to he passage laboratory evidence concening the oflets of stross on rocks might help seco er (erences in magnitude among earthquakes (8) certain phenomena that occu pi to eatbauskes (Certs nthe intervals between earthakes in a para area (0) cernces inthe Fequency with wich earthquakes occur in varios areas (© tie relat of storttr earthquake predtions 13, Mean be fred rom th passage that one problem with vi precursor phenomena to predict earbuakes shat minor emors WW ypicaly ocr some distance fa theses of te barge eartnuakes that flow them (8) are recy irked othe mechanisms Wat cause earthquakes (©) aredfcut to distinc rom major wemars (0) have proven dct to measure accurately (E) are not ays lone by tage earths 14, Accaring to the passage, some researchers based ‘her research about neta eathacke prediction ‘on hich of he alii acts? (W Thott! ecod cont that most cextbauakes have ben preceded by minor tremors, (©) The average interval beeen earthquakes none renin ol he San ees Fait 132 yar (©. Some repons toto be the sit of rurerous earthquakes ove the couse of many yeas (0) Changes inthe volume of ok can occur as 2 osu of burg sess ad can ead to the weakening of ok (© Paleoselsnogsts hve ben abet unearth and dat geological features caused by past earthquakes, 15. 16. 44 head Congshenon Sample Quasons The passage suggests which ofthe olin about the beosismolgst focngsdescrbedin es 42-50? (AL They suggest hat he equeney wh which eartauskes occured a parr ste ocreased sgicanty ove the past to milena. (8) They sugest ht pubosismolgits may Sameday be abl o make reasonaly acura longterm earthquake prefcons (Ci They suggest hat recearchers may sored be able to determine wich past occurences of ‘moor ems were actly flowed by lore earhuakes, 1D) Tey sugest at he ecurerce of earthquakes Ineatnquake prone sts isto mega to serve as abs fo earhaske pede, 1B) Tey inet that researchrs altering to

    You might also like