Report For Mid-Term Evaluation

on
Flood inundation modelling and simulation
using RS & GIS techniques.
Submitted By
KAUSTAV MONDAL
M.Tech III rd Semester
(Scholar No.172125105)
Under the Guidance of
Dr. S.K.Katiyar
Professor

Centre for Remote Sensing, GIS &GPS

Department of Civil Engineering

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal

 Table of Contents

1. Introduction.................................................................................................3

2. Objective.....................................................................................................6

3. Literature review.........................................................................................6

4. Study Area...................................................................................................9

5. Data required and software used...............................................................12

6. Methodology.............................................................................................13

7. References.................................................................................................14

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 1. Introduction
Flooding is defined as the submerging of land under water, especially due to heavy rainfall, a
river or lake over flowing etc. And inundation is defined as the process of being flooded.
Floods are among the most frequent and catastrophic natural disasters around the world
impacting human lives and infrastructure. Due to flood disaster, about 100,000 persons are
reported to lose their life and about 1.4 billion people are estimated to be affected in the last
decade of the twentieth century (Jonkman 2005). India is one of the most flood prone
countries in the world. Flood occurs often in the region triggered by heavy monsoon
precipitation, which cause extensive damage to lives, property, crop and infrastructure. High
amount of floods during the monsoon season are considered to be India’s recurring and
leading natural disaster (Kale et al. 1994). During August, 2010 the town of Leh and its
adjoining areas were affected by flash floods and mudslides triggered by a cloud burst over
the Leh region (Bhatt et al. 2011). Sever flooding was observed in parts of Punjab and
Haryana due to heavy rains (July 2010) and overflowing of Ghaggar River(Sharma 2012).
The unprecedented flood situation in Uttar Pradesh(September 2010) along the Ganga River
(C.M. Bhatt et al. 2014). Disastrous flooding in west Bengal(September 2010) along Ajoy
river that took lives of more than 1000 and 20 million people were affected in the state of
west Bengal, according to the National Disaster Management Authority report(2008).
According to the West Bengal government, the damage to standing agricultural crops alone
was worth 3000 crore rupees (Prashant Kadam et al. 2011). At the peak of the monsoon
season the northern state of Uttarakhand was face to face with floods caused due to the cloud
burst that hit three of the four famous Char Dham pilgrim sites, (2013 North India floods)
leaving tens and thousands of inhabitants as well as pilgrims stranded or swept away due to
the floods, and not to mention the damage cause to life, property and business (Bindi
Varghese et al. 2013). The most recently occurred flood event in India is the Kerala floods,
the Central Water Commission (CWC) of Union water resource development ministry in its
report suggested that Kerala floods occurred due to huge runoff generated within a short
period of three days which was beyond the carrying capacity of most of the rivers in the state.
This has resulted into over bank flow from most of the river. In West Bengal, Paschim
Midnapore, if more rainfall occurs than the normal rainfall by any cause several blocks gets
flooded. In a year the Ghatal block might get flooded 3 to 5 times, mainly due to excessive
monsoonal rainfall from July to September month and additional dam discharge water from

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Mukutmanipur and D.V.C reservoir causing flooding in this Block that create a great havoc
to the people’s life (Kishor Dandapat et al. 2017).
Flood risk for an area may be informally defined as a combination of the annual inundation
likelihood, with the impact that this causes resulting from the depth and velocity of flood
flow and its interaction with building and other infrastructure(P.D Bates et al. 2006). Floods
in India occur mainly due to inundation of riverine areas due to overtopping of banks by the
main river and its tributaries, drainage congestion especially near outfalls of the tributaries
during high flood stages of a river and rising water levels of the ocean during cyclone and
high tide. For the control of losses due to floods, two types of measures are adopted:
structural and non-structural (Prashant Kadam et al. 2011). Flood hazard mapping is a non-
structural measure and it can be put to a broad spectrum of use for effective reduction of
flood damage.
For the preparation of flood hazard maps by a hydrologic-hydraulic approach, the flood
depth, area and duration of flood inundation for the peak level of a specific return period are
determined using hydrologic and hydraulic models. Many mathematical models have been
developed for flood plain delineation, flood inundation and flood simulation, which may be
used as a tool to delineate flood plain zones bordering the rivers and calculate the associated
risk considering the hypothetical floods of various return periods. Computational models of
flood inundation allow a detailed assessment of flood risk of an area, when used in
conjunction with spatial analysis of infrastructure in GIS and assessment of flood exceedence
probabilities or return period. Generally flood models for an area are developed based on past
events for which observational data are available, allowing model validation. Once developed
it is possible to assess a range of “what if” scenarios including, for testing of mitigation
scenarios. A generalized model is illustrated in the diagram below.

Fig 1. Data flow in an idealized flood modeling system for flood hazard mapping using GIS.

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Over the last two decades, one of the primary drivers of research in the development of flood
inundation models is the advent of fine spatial resolution topographic and flood extent data
acquired using airbone remote sensing particularly those from LiDAR (P.D Bates et al.
2006). These topographic data are much more detailed and accurate than other sources of
data which may be available, such as stereo photographs, SAR data etc. Satellite remote
sensing technology has emerged as one of the most important means of capturing such
disastrous flood events, providing information in time and space and also a permanent record
or such events (Sharma et al. 1996; Jain et al. 2005; Schumann et al. 2007). Recent advances
in remote sensing and space technology provides surface, meteorological and atmospheric
information to detect, monitor and assess flood hazard (Prasad et al. 2006).Earth observation
satellites provide the basic support in pre-disaster preparedness programs, in-disaster
response and monitoring activities, and post-disaster reconstruction (Jayaraman et al. 1994).
Satellite images provide near real-time, comprehensive, synoptic and multi-temporal
coverage of inaccessible areas at frequent intervals, which is required for quick response and
planning of emergency operations. Multi-spectral remotely sensed estimates provide timely
and cost-effective hydrologic monitoring in sparsely gauged basins, irrespective of the
political boundaries and other geophysical barriers (Khan et al. 2011, 2014). Techniques
utilizing satellite remote sensing data can provide objective information which help to detect
floods and to monitor their spatiotemporal evolution (Smith 1997; Brakenridge et al. 2003,
2007). Meteorological satellites like National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA),
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), Geostationary Meteorological
Satellite (METEOSAT) and Indian National Satellite (INSAT) have been widely used for
monitoring flood-affected areas (Islam & Sado 2000).
The present study focuses on the unprecedented flood events that take place in Silabati River,
West Bengal. The flood situation observed is explained with the aid of pre and post-flood
satellite images, coupled with hydrological data (river water level at river gauge station) and
meteorological (rainfall) data (C.M. Bhatt et al. 2016). Then we will try to model flood
inundation simulation and from the simulation we will extract flood inundation maps for
same observed flood situation. Afterwards we will validate the model and check its accuracy
with the flood inundation maps prepared by the method of inundation layers extraction based
on multi-temporal satellite data analysis. In the latter part of the study we will generate flood
hazard zone maps and identify the location for construction of flood shelters, warehouses,
different transport facilities with help of ArcGIS.

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Fig 2: Flood Situation in Ghatal area,September,2009. Fig 3: Ghatal area, May,2011.

2. Objective
 To prepare flood inundation simulation.
 To prepare Flood inundation maps.
 To predict the floodplains along the river course.
 To determine the velocity profile of the stream.
 To prepare flood hazard maps

3. Literature review
Kishor Dandapat et al. (2017) Ghatal is situated in Paschim Medinipur district state of West
Bengal. If we are going through the river pattern of Ghatal block, the block divided into three
parts. Namely, interfluves part of Silabati and Sankari River, interfluves part of Sankari and
Darakeswar River and interfluves part of Silabati and Rupnarayan River. Ghatal town
situated in the interfluves part of Silabati and Rupnarayan River. If more rainfall occurs than
the normal rainfall by any cause the Block gets flooded. In a year the block has been flooded
3 to 5 times (Author Field Interview). Mainly excessive monsoonal rainfall from July to
September month and additional dam discharge water from Mukutmanipur and D.V.C
reservoir are mainly responsible for flooding in this Block and create a great havoc to the
people’s life. Cyclone formation on the head of Bay of Bengal from the month of October to
November is also the cause of flood in this Block. Being a depositional plain, the rivers
sweep over the meandering channel under low gradients forming extensive flood plains in

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Ghatal Block. Ghatal Block is situated in the Gangetic Plains of West Bengal with a high
concentration disaster affected people, extensive damage of standing crops and domestic lives
due to high intensity of floods. In this condition situation analysis of a flood are very much
essential to increase the awareness in the sense of time, duration, depth, areas of flooding and
causes of floods too much obligate in the flood plain dwellers. And it has also been a very
good instrument, which enhance to formulate an effective management strategy for reducing
the potential damages of flood.

P.D Bates et al. (2000) A new model is developed for simulating flood inundation is
outlined. The model is designed to operate with high resolution raster Digital Elevation
Models( DEM) and is based on the hypothesis to be the simplest possible process
representation capable of simulating dynamic flood inundation. The model is applied to a
35km reach of the River Meuse in the Netherlands using only published data source and used
to simulate a large flood event that occurred in January 1995.This event was captured as air
photo and synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data for flood inundation extent are available to
enable rigorous validation of the developed model. 100, 50 & 25m resolution models were
constructed and compared to two other inundation prediction techniques: a planar
approximation to the free surface, and a relatively coarse resolution two-dimensional finite
element scheme. The model developed in this paper outperforms both the simpler and more
complex process representation, with the best fit simulation correctly predicting 81.9% of
inundated and non-inundated area.

P.D Bates et al. (2006) An airborne synthetic aperture radar was used to map river flood
inundation synoptically at fine spatial resolution (1.2 m) along a 16 km reach of the River
Severn, west-central England. Images were obtained at four times through a large flood event
between 8th and 17th November 2000 and processed using a statistical active contour
algorithm to yield the flood shoreline at each time. Intersection of these data with a high
vertical accuracy survey of floodplain topography obtained from airborne laser altimetry
permitted the calculation of dynamic changes in inundated area, total reach storage and rates
of reach dewatering. In addition, comparison of the data to gauged flow rates, the measured
floodplain topography and map data giving the location of embankments and drainage
channels on the floodplain yields new insights into the factors controlling the development of
inundation patterns at a variety of scales. Finally, the data were used to assess the
performance of a simple two-dimensional flood inundation model, LISFLOOD-FP, and

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allows us, for the first time, to validate the dynamic performance of the model. This process
is shown to give new information into structural weaknesses of the model and suggests
possible future developments, including the incorporation of a better description of floodplain
hydrological processes in the hydraulic model to represent more accurately the dewatering of
the floodplain.

Prashant Kadam et al. (2012) A flood model was used for hydrodynamic simulation for
Ajoy River, in West Bengal, from the Ilambazar road bridge to the confluence of river Ajoy
with the river Bhagirathi. The flood inundation simulation for the Ajoy River flood plain was
carried out using modelling tool MIKE-FLOOD, which integrates the 1-D MIKE-11 model
with the 2-D MIKE-21 model. River network layout, cross sections, boundary conditions and
hydrodynamic and simulation parameters were the inputs for 1-D MIKE-11. The MIKE-11
hydrodynamic model was calibrated by using the gauge data at a single station (Nutanhat)
and the calibrated setup was validated for the same gauging station. The simulated values for
the validation period were having good agreement with observed values. Manning’s
roughness coefficient, n, was the only calibrating parameter. The bathymetry (Digital
Elevation Model in MIKE-compatible format) of the study area for the MIKE-21
hydrodynamic setup was the only important input for 2-D MIKE-21. The MIKE-FLOOD
setup consisted of simulation files of both MIKE-11 and MIKE-21, where the river banks in
MIKE-11 were connected with MIKE-21 cells with lateral links. The simulation of MIKE-
FLOOD was carried out for two monsoon months of year 2000 as the flooding was severe for
this year. This simulated flood inundation extent by MIKE-FLOOD is compared with
Dartmouth Flood Observatory’s flood inundation extent map.

C.M.Bhatt et al. (2016) The present study focuses on the unprecedented flood situation
captured through multi-temporal satellite images, witnessed along the Ganga River in Uttar
Pradesh during September 2010. At three gauge stations (Kannauj, Ankinghat and Kanpur),
river water level exceeded the previous high-flood level attained by river more than a decade
ago. The present communication with the aid of pre and post-flood satellite images, coupled
with hydrological (river water level) and meteorological (rainfall) data, explains about the
unprecedented flood situation. In the latter part of the study, a novel and cost-effective
method for building a library of flood inundation extents based on historical satellite data
analysis and tagging the inundation layer with observed water level is demonstrated. During
flood season, based on the forecasted water level, the library can be accessed to fetch the

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spatial inundation layer corresponding to the forecasted stage and anticipate in advance,
likely spatial inundation pattern and submergence of villages and hence in alerting the
habitation at risk. This method can be helpful in anticipating the areas to be affected in
situations where satellite images cannot be effectively utilized due to cloud cover and also for
providing information about the areas being partially covered in satellite data.

M.M. Rahman et al. (2015) A study was carried out to develop flood extend map and flood
inundation depth map of the Jamuna River. One dimensional hydraulic model HEC-RAS
with HEC-GeoRAS interface in co-ordination with ArcView-GIS is applied for the analysis.
The Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient (NSE) values have been found greater than 0.60 for both
calibration and validation. The percentages of area inundated by 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100-year
return period’s floods are 26, 46, 51, 55, 57 and 59% respectively. The classification of flood
depth area showed that most of the flooding area had water depth between 1.2 m to 3.6 m.
Thus, finding of the study may help in planning and management of flood plain area of the
Jamuna River to mitigate future probable disaster through technical approach. The automated
floodplain mapping and analysis using these tools provide more efficient, effective and
standardized results and saves time and resources.

C.Goodell et al. (2006) Flood inundation mapping study using HEC-RAS and a case study,
demonstrating the capabilities of HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS. Flood inundation mapping is
an important tool for municipal and urban growth planning, emergency action plans, flood
insurance rates and ecological studies. Mapping a floodplain requires a forecasting of the
behavior of the stream in question for various recurrence interval storm events and the ability
to translate the forecasted results into a plan-view extent of flooding. The Hydrologic
Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) has the ability to model flood
events and produce water surface profiles over the length of the modeled stream. With the
companion GIS utility, HEC-GeoRAS, those water surface profiles can easily be converted to
flood inundation maps.

4. Study Area
Dwarakeswar originates from the high lands of purulia district, West Bengal. River
Ganddheswariri rising from Bankura district, West Bengal meets Dwarakeswar near Bankura
town receving water from streams like Arkasha, Berai enters Hooghly district and meets

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Silabati to from Rupnarayan. Silabati river also originates in Purulia district and traverses
through the district of Midnapore to form Rupnarayan.
Rupnarayan is a combination of number of streams. The tidal reach below confluence of
Dwarakeswar and silabati is known as Rupnarayan. The floodplains of these three rivers
namely Dwarakeswar-Silabati & Rupnarayan which is mainly in the district of Midnapore,
Silabati River in West Bengal, is our main study area and mainly we will be studying the
behavior of the Silabati River and its adjacent flood plain which lies mainly in the district of
Medinipur, West Bengal.
Table: 1- Gauge level fluctuation on river Silabati, 2013 Flood.
Place BANKA GADGHAT
(Silabati) (Silabati)

Year D.L – 15.08 m D.L –8.99 m

E.D.L– 15.69m E.D.L – 9.60 m
H.F.L – 16.34m H.F.L – 11.22m

14.10.2013 14.82 7.07

15.10.2013 15.08 7.92
16.10.2013 14.30 8.32
17.10.2013 12.75 8.29
18.10.2013 12.11 8.20
19.10.2013 11.62 7.92
20.10.2013 11.35 7.59
21.10.2013 11.56 7.37
22.10.2013 11.35 7.17
23.10.2013 12.14 7.01
24.10.2013 11.96 6.97
25.10.2013 11.71 6.91
26.10.2013 14.94 7.13
27.10.2013 15.55 7.89
28.10.2013 15.43 8.50
29.10.2013 13.92 8.53
30.10.2013 12.66 8.38
31.10.2013 12.14 8.04
Source: West Bengal Irrigation and Waterways Department, 2015.

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Fig 4: Map of Study Area

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 Fig 5: Map of Silabati basin.

5. Data required and software used

1. Multi-temporal satellite images of earth observation satellites.

2. River network digitized from topographic maps or from Google Earth-Pro.
3. Daily water level data at river gauge station.
4. DEM.
5. Village boundary maps.
6. Roads and Railway network maps
7. Arc GIS (ver. 10.2) is used to prepare the inundation maps and for vector based
analysis.
8. ERDAS Imagine is used for various raster based analysis.
9. MIKE-11, MIKE-21 and MIKE-FLOOD for model making and flood-inundation
simulation.

6. Methodology

HISTORICAL
SATELLITE DATA
GENERATION OF FLOOD INUNDATION MODEL IN MIKE 11 AND MIKE 21

EXTRACTION OF WATER
12 SPREAD EXTENT USING ERDAS IMAGINE SOFTWARE
GENERATION OF FLOOD INUNDATION SIMULATION IN MIKE FLOOD
 GEOTAGGING WATER SPREAD WITH WATER LEVEL DATA FROM CW

EXTRACTION OF FLOOD INUNDATION MAPS AT DIFFERENT WATER LEVELS

LIBRARY OF INUNDATION EXTENT

OM THE MODEL WITH THE MAPS THAT HAVE BEEN PREPARED FROM THE SATELLITE IMAGE OBSERVATIONS AND CWC WATER LEVEL DATA FOR CHE

ONE MAPS AND IDENTIFICATION THE LOCATION FOR CONSTRUCTION OF FLOOD SHELTERS, WAREHOUSES, COLDSTORAGE AND DIFFERENTS TRANSP

7. References
C.M. Bhatt & G.S. Rao (2016). Ganga flood in Uttar Prasesh,north India: a perspective
analysis using satellite remote sensing data. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, Vol. 7,
No. 2,747-763.

CM Bhatt, G.S. Rao, P Manjushree, V Bhanumurthy,(2011). Potential of high resolution

satellite data for disaster management: a case study of Leh, Jammu & Kashmir (India) flash
floods, 2010. Journal of Geomatics Natural Hazards Risks. 2:365 -375.

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Goodell. C Warren C (2006).Flood Inundation Mapping using HEC-RAS. West Consultants,
2601, 25th St SE, Suite 450, Salem.

G.R. Brakenridge, E. Anderson, S. Nghiem, S Caquard, T.B. Shabaneh, (2003).Food

warnings, flood disaster assessments, and flood hazard reduction: the roles of orbital remote
sensing. Proceedings of the 30th International Symposium on Remote Sensing of the
Environment;10-14, Honolulu (HI).

G.R. Brakenridge, S.V Nghiem, E Anderson, R Mic (2007). Orbital microwave

measurement of river discharge and ice status. Journal Water Resource Res. 43:W04405. doi
10.1029/ 2006WR00S238.

M. M. Rahman and M. M. Ali (2016). Flood Inundation Mapping of Floodplain of the

Jamuna River Using HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS. Journal of PU, Part: B Vol. 3 No:2, pp
24-32 PRESIDENCY UNIVERSITYISSN: 2224-7610.

P.B.Bates, A.P.J.De Roo (2000). A simple raster-based model for flood inundation
simulation. Journal of Hydrology,236, 54–77.

Paul D. Bates, Matthew D. Wilson , Matthew S. Horritt, David C. Mason, Nick Holden
,Anthony Currie(2006). Reach scale floodplain inundation dynamics observed using airborne
synthetic aperture radar imagery: Data analysis and modeling. Journal of Hydrology, 328,
306– 318.
Prashant Kadama and Dhrubajyoti Sen (2012). Flood inundation simulation in Ajoy River
using MIKE-FLOOD. ISH Journal of Hydraulic Engineering , Vol. 18, No. 2, June 2012,
129–141.

S Sharma (2012). Catastrophic hydrological event of 18 and 19 September 2010 in

Uttarakhand, Indian Central Himalaya- an analysis of rainfall and slope failure. Current
science,102:327-332.

S.K Jain , R.D Singh, M.K. Jain,A.K. Lohani,(2005). Delineation of flood prone areas using
remote sensing techniques. Journal water Resource Management, 19.333- 347.
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S.N. Jonkman,(2005).Global perspectives on loss of human life caused by floods. Natural
Hazards, 34:151-175.

V Jayaraman, M.G. Chandrasekhar, U.R. Rao,(1997).Managing the natural disaster from

space technology inputs. Acta Astronaut, 40:291-325.

V.S.Kale, L.E.Lisa, Y.Enze, V.R.Baker,(1994). Geomorphic and hydrological aspect of

monsoon flood on the Narmada and Tapi River in central India. Geomorphology, 10:157-168.

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