Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr. P. K. Mani
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya
E-mail: pabitramani@gmail.com
Website: www.bckv.edu.in
What is RADAR?
• Radio Detection and Ranging
• Radar is a ranging instrument
• (range) distances inferred from time elapsed
between transmission of a signal and
reception of the returned signal
3
Types of radar:
• Nonimaging radar
– Traffic police use hand held Doppler radar system
determine the speed by measuring frequency shift
between transmitted and return microwave signal
• Imaging radar
– Usually high spatial resolution,
Disadvantages
• Very costly
• Imagery is complex and typically hard to interpret
• Little to no information on composition of the surface materials
Imaging Radar - Advantages
• Active system (works day or night).
– There is also passive microwave imaging
(radiometer) mode. This senses surface radio-
emission, which can be converted to radiant
temperatures.
• Not affected by cloud cover or haze if λ > 2 cm. It
operates independent of weather conditions. Water
clouds have a significant effect on radar with wavelength
λ < 2 cm.
• Unaffected by rain λ > 4 cm.
• Can penetrate well-sorted dry sand in hyper-arid regions
to a depth of about 2 m.
Active and Passive Radar Imaging
Systems
Active radar systems
transmit short bursts or
'pulses' of
electromagnetic energy
in the direction of
interest and record the
origin and strength of
the backscatter received
from objects within the
system's field of view.
Passive radar systems
sense low level
microwave radiation
given off by all objects
in the natural envt.
Component of RADAR
• A Radar system has three primary functions:
- It transmits microwave (radio) signals
towards a scene
- It receives the portion of the transmitted
energy backscattered from the scene
- It observes the strength (detection) and the
time delay (ranging) of the return signals.
Note that the slant range distance (the direct sensor to target distance)
between the buildings is less than PL/2
i.e. A-B is < PL/2 cannot resolve A & B 22
Dependence of range resolution on pulse length
For a SLAR system to image separately two ground features
that are close to each other in the range direction, it is necessary
for all parts of the two objects reflected signals to be
received separately by the antenna. Any time overlap
between the signals from two objects will cause their images to
be blurred together.
Because of this propagation of
wavefront, pulse has had time to
travel to B and have its echo
returns to A while the end of
the pulse at A continues to be
reflected. Consequently, the two
signals are overlapped and will
be imaged as one large object
extending from building A to
building B. If the slant range
distance betweenA and B were
anything greater than Pl/2, the
two signals would be received
separately, resulting in two
separate image responses.
Although the slant-range resolution of an SLR system does
not change with distance from the aircraft, the corresponding
ground-range resolution does. As shown in Figure 8.6, the
ground resolution in the range direction varies inversely
with the cosine of the depression angle. This means that the
ground-range resolution becomes smaller with increases in
the slant-range
distance.
Accounting for the depression angle effect, the ground
resolution in the range direction Rr is found from
t ⋅c
Rr =
2 cos γ
• t.c called pulse
length. It seems the
short pulse length
will lead fine range
resolution.
• However, the t.c/2 t.c/2
shorter the pulse
length, the less the
total amount of
energy that
illuminates the
target.
Azimuth (or along-track) Resolution
S ⋅λ
Ra =
L
Sλ Hλ
Ra = =
L L sinγ
L = antenna length
S = slant range = height H/sinγ
λ = wavelength
As shown in Figure 8.7, the resolution of an SLR system in the azimuth
direction, Ra, is determined by the angular beam width β of the antenna
and the ground range GR. As the antenna beam "fans out" with increasing
distance from the aircraft, the azimuth resolution deteriorates. Objects at
points A and B in Figure 8.6 would be resolved (imaged separately) at GR 1
but not at GR2. That is, at distance GR1 , A and B result in separate return
signals. At GR2, distance, A and B would be in the beam simultaneously and
would not be resolved.
Azimuth resolution Ra is given by
A given SLAR system has a 1.8-mrad
antenna beamwidth. Determine the
azimuth resolution of the system at ranges
of 6 and 12 km.
Azimuth resolution: SAR
30
The Radar Equation
December 2004
tsunami flooding
in red 60
SIR-C Image of Vesuvius
and Naples, Italy
• Mt. Vesuvius, one of the best known
volcanoes in the world primarily for the
eruption that buried the Roman city of
Pompeii in AD 79, is shown in the
center of this radar image. The central
cone of Vesuvius is the dark purple
feature in the center of the volcano.
This cone is surrounded on the northern
and eastern sides by the old crater rim,
called Mt. Somma. Recent lava flows
are the pale yellow areas on the
southern and western sides of the cone.
It shows an area 100 kilometers by 55
kilometers (62 miles by 34 miles.)
Shuttle Imagery Radar-C, April and
Sept. 1994, 10 days each.