archived as http://www.stealthskater.com/Documents/Sarfatti_10.

pdf

note: because important web-sites are frequently "here today but gone tomorrow", the following was
archived from http://groups.yahoo.com/group/SarfattiScienceSeminars/message/4105 on
July 8, 2003 . This is NOT an attempt to divert readers from the aforementioned web-site.
Indeed, the reader should only read this back-up copy if it cannot be found at the original
author's site.

Black Hole Singularity vs. a Dark-Energy "Gravastar"

Message 4105 of 4108
From: Jack Sarfatti <Sarfatti@P...>
Date: Tue Jul 8, 2003 1:52 pm
Subject: black hole singularity versus a dark-energy "gravastar"

On Tuesday, July 8, 2003, at 10:12 AM, StealthSkater wrote:

> New concept of "black holes" being a special "form" of 'dark energy' and not a singularity
=> "Frozen Stars" at http://www.sciam.com. "What you have been taught in school is almost
certainly wrong, because classical black hole spacetimes are inconsistent with quantum
mechanics," says physicist George Chapline of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
>
> Does this help -or- hurt your UFO matrix-engineering model?

Helps. The "special form of dark energy" is actually "dark matter" exotic vacuum w = -1 with
positive instead of negative zero point quantum pressure. "Dark energy" exotic vacuum /\zpf(x) >
0 with negative pressure anti-gravitates. "Dark matter" exotic vacuum /\zpf(x) < 0 with positive
pressure gravitates.

I knew George well in late 1960's at UCSD where he would come down often from Cal Tech in
his black AC Shelby Cobra that I would drive around in with him. He is mentioned in my book
"Destiny Matrix". We were part of the Gregory Benford crowd described in the SF novel
"Timescape" about messages from the future. There are no accidents in this Tech-Gnostic Glass
Bead Game. <click> on http://www.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/techgnosis.html [follows below]

================================= =============== ===

note: because important web-sites are frequently "here today but gone tomorrow", the following was
archived from http://www.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/techgnosis.html on July 8, 2003 . This is NOT an
attempt to divert readers from the aforementioned web-site. Indeed, the reader should only read this
back-up copy if it cannot be found at the original author's site.

TECHGNOSIS, INFOMYSTICISM, AND THE

WAR AGAINST ENTROPY
The Techgnostic Worldview

1
 Along with the technological expansion of the Information Age, the 20th century has also seen an
expansion in our understanding of the nature of information. Through theoreticians such as Claude
Shannon, humanity has begun to understand the fundamental relationship that appears to exist between
language, information, energy, and entropy. A "physics of information" has begun to develop which
suggests that information relationships are as important as material, causal ones mediated in space and
time. Some cosmologists now look at the cosmos as a system of various kinds of information-
processing, perhaps even an "infoverse." Thus, the Information Age marks a change in our worldview,
as well as our technology. The mechanistic view of the Industrial Era is giving way to something new.

The thinkers who have best explored the metaphysical implications of this idea are neither mystics
nor information scientists. Rather, they have been science fiction writers such as Thomas Pynchon,
Philip K. Dick, Isaac Asimov, and Michael Moorcock. The essence of this mystical view could be
summarized as follows: the Universe is a living, self-evolving, multidimensional system. Where the
flow of information is restricted and narrowed (closed systems), entropy and degeneration set in; within
open systems which receive energy and information transfers from outside, "dissipative structures"
actually expel entropy, raise improbability, and promote complexity); the importance of information is
ultimately to make the Universe self-aware and overcome its own inevitable entropic "heat death."

Some Fundamentals
The concept of entropy came into physics with the second law of thermodynamics. It derives from
the simple fact that heat tends to flow toward things which are less hot until things reach equilibrium
temperatures. Many people understand the concept of entropy to mean that everything in the Universe is
"running down." Engineers like to think of entropy as the amount of energy in a machine no longer
available for useful work, which always increases over time. Although energy is never created or
destroyed, it can be converted into less usable forms. For example, when you drive your car, the
chemical energy contained within the gasoline is converted into kinetic energy in your tires. However,
friction with the surface of the road changes that energy into heat, which the car can no longer use (and
is released into the surrounding environment) and eventually you run out of gas. Entropy is the reason a
perpetual motion machine cannot be built. Work -- whether in machines or organisms -- is always being
converted into "useless" heat which spreads out evenly over space.

However, from another point of view, entropy is also a measure of disorder and probability.
(Disorder is always more probable than order; if you throw a bunch of legos into the air, it's highly
likely they'll fall into a random pile, and very unlikely they'll land and arrange themselves into a house.)
It may also be the basis of the "arrow of time". Heat is essentially the motion of molecules. The most
likely state for the molecules of any substance is to be spread out evenly over space. The most
improbable state is for them to be clustered into orderly arrangements (i.e., into matter.) Essentially,
entropy is nothing more than the law that systems tend to move from states of improbable order to more
probable disorder (I use the word "disorder" rather than chaos, for reasons I will discuss later.) The laws
of physics suggest the Universe must eventually fall into "heat death," with no stars, planets, or other
aggregations of matter and energy - only a thin, featureless, totally at-equilibrium film of heat.

But the question must arise: if entropy exists, how come we observe any order whatsoever in the
universe? Clearly, there must be a force counter to entropy which creates complexity or order. Some
physicists call this "negentropy" or negative entropy. Some biologists see evolution as a negentropic
force; however, most mechanistic biologists deny this because they claim there is no evidence that the
complexity of organisms has increased over time. Some "simpler" organisms have a more "complex"
genome than human beings. Theorists like Ilya Prigogine suggest that negentropy may actually be
created by a form of "chaos" (i.e., nonlinear processes) -- "dissipative structures" such as the
Zhabotinsky reaction, where chemical reactions actually raise their complexity by expelling entropy into
2
the surrounding environment. Most importantly, through such processes, self-replicating structures (such
as DNA) -- which are far from equilibrium -- can come into being.

The physicist James Clerk Maxwell was the first to intuit that information might have something to
do with entropy. He posited his famous Maxwell's demon as a thought experiment: could a tiny demon
in a box, controlling a gate, force slower moving molecules into one side of the box, and move faster
molecules into the other, thereby reducing entropy? Ultimately, Maxwell realized that there was a
problem with his demon. In order to know which molecules were faster or slower, he would have to
shine a flashlight on them. The very act of obtaining information about them would change their motion.
So the demon was doomed to failure. But this was only true if the box was a closed system. Maxwell
never bothered to consider that the demon might be able to transfer negentropy from outside the system.
That information could actually be negentropic ... after all, it's the knowledge that your mechanic has of
what your car is supposed to be like, that enables him to keep it from falling apart: but only by adding
new replacement parts from outside.

Bell Labs researcher Claude Shannon, in his theories of information and communication, helped
complete the picture in the 20th century. Consider the realm of all possible messages from sender to
receiver. The most probable messages are gibberish, totally disordered. A sensible message is more
improbable. Shannon suggested that as a message is transmitted over time, its particular kind of entropy
(what he called noise or unintelligibility) also increases. You can see this in the game "telephone", for
example, where sentences become more and more meaningless as they pass from speaker to speaker. So
how is it that human beings can make meaningful utterances at all? The existence of language, or more
precisely a grammar or structure, makes this possible. Since both speaker and listener know certain rules
of communication (protocols), the Universe of all possible utterances is constrained. Each knows what
the other couldn't possibly have said at all, which helps them figure out what they did say.

In a nutshell, Shannon noted certain features (such as redundancy) which reduce errors and occur in
natural information systems (such as the genome or human languages.) Some of these same systems are
used in today's electronic communications and media technologies to preserve the signal and reduce
noise. What he and cyberneticist Norbert Wiener came to realize is that the relationship between
information and entropy is as direct as that between matter and energy. If a system can be described by a
certain number of statements, clearly a more ordered system requires more complex description than a
more disordered system. Its information content is inversely related to entropy. And through
communication or information exchange with other systems, an open system can raise its information
content, and reduce its entropy. Through feedback from the environment, it can autocorrect errors and
increase self-organization.

The Physics of Information

Ever since Maxwell and Boltzmann, physicists have begun to look at information as a fundamental
quality of the universe, perhaps as fundamental as matter, energy, space, and time. Outside of
information theory proper, the role of information is becoming clearer and clearer in quantum
mechanics, biology, and neurology. Many quantum physicists now see photons and other "messenger
particles" (which are essentially mass-less and time-less) as carriers of information, telling electrons and
other particles what orbital shell they "belong" in. Biologists studying biocommunication have looked
at such things as "biological clocks" which seem to 'time' various cellular rhythms. The study of
pheromones and hormones shows that organisms use many kinds of internal and external signaling
systems. Some, like Robert O. Becker, even suggest that organic life has a fundamental
electromagnetic basis, and that cells may function as a kind of "information transceiver".

3
 In neurology, the brain is now seen to be a dual information-processor. The right hemisphere
processes information analogically and in parallel (all at once); the left hemisphere processes
information digitally and serially (one bit at-a-time.) It seems like these two kinds of information seem
to be the two kinds that make up the Universe itself: continuously varying qualities (waves) and
discretely varying quantities (quanta). Other physicists now suggest that the Universe is somehow made
out of information - the "It from Bit" hypothesis of John Wheeler, or the idea that the fundamental
particles are themselves made of continually varying cellular automata. Others utilize the holographic
paradigm of David Bohm who sees the Universe as containing a certain kind of enfolded information
which he calls the "implicate order". These theories lead to the idea that the Universe might be a sort of
"giant computer" or information processor.

This view may be found in the extreme version among people like Ed Fredkin who sees the
Universe as a computer, the laws of physics as algorithms, and "reality" as a highly complex
computational process. Fredkin's view becomes a bit more palatable if we realize that computers might
be something else than the machines we know today. For one thing, in the future they might be more
indistinguishable from what we call "organic systems". For another, they might process information
through analog and holographic means and not just digitally. "Emergence theory" suggests that a
sufficiently complex computer might itself become self-aware, conscious, perhaps even "alive" once it
reaches a certain level of organization. If we think of the Universe as an unbelievably complex (and
improbable) computer, this view is not so ridiculous as one might think.

Returning to "info-biology," some "trans-Darwinian" evolutionary biologists are trying to smuggle

teleology back into organic evolution. The issue ultimately revolves around the "central dogma" of neo-
Darwinism and the "Weissman barrier." Essentially, that central dogma -- the 'bulwark' against
Lamarckian inheritance -- is that organisms cannot store acquired information. Therefore there is no
inheritance of acquired characteristics, and thus no progressive evolution. Each generation is better
adapted to the conditions of its current environment (once the 99% of unfit random mutations are
eliminated through natural selection), but nothing more. However, the "central dogma" is being chipped
away. It turns out the DNA-RNA information flow isn't one-way. The human genome is full of "meta-
information" (i.e., information about itself and the location and sequence of genes), and the
environment (and perhaps the organism itself!) in some mysterious way may have some influence on the
germ plasm after all.

The most audacious of these non-Darwinian evolutionists are starting to suggest that not only is
biological evolution teleological but also it's not even restricted only to organisms. That is to say, the
processes of evolution we see in organisms are subsets of Universal processes of change going on
throughout the entire cosmos. The whole Universe is increasing its capacity to process information more
efficiently, perhaps utilizing life and consciousness as its key tools. Organisms with nervous systems do
this faster and more efficiently than ones without one; and conscious organisms who are self-aware and
use language (i.e., human beings, although we are likely not the only beings in the Universe with these
properties) even more so. The next phase of evolution - "auto-evolution" (where humans start to directly
control their own genome) may be beginning now.

The Metaphysics of Information

The physics of information ultimately leads people into deeper questions, including the one raised
originally -- eschatology or the fate of the Universe. Some physicists suggest the Universe has only two
possible fates available to it, depending on the curvature constant of spacetime: continual expansion, in
which case it will spread out into entropic heat death; or recollapse, into the Big Stop, which might
possibly be the seed of a succeeding Big Bang. But this pondering of the fate of the Universe doesn't
take into account a third possibility. Some physicists like Frank Tipler suggest that at the last possible
4
moment, all conscious life with unite into one "Omega Point" supermind, and place the cosmos under
its control, annulling heat death. This viewpoint is the inverse of Deism, essentially postulating the
Creator at the end of time rather than at the beginning.

Tipler's assumption is that various negentropic processes are actually driving the Universe toward
improbability - in this case, the most improbable thing imaginable, a "Universal Mind". But one can take
a sort of "weak" position with regard to Tiplerian theory, and merely state that the Universe is becoming
more and more self-aware (through the sense organisms of conscious life), and -- as a result -- a more
self-organizing system, reducing its own entropy. (Whether it ever becomes totally self-aware can be left
to the mystics.) That is to say, the Universe isn't a box which requires a Maxwellian demon roaming
about. The box is the demon, becoming more and more aware of what's inside of it, and also what's
outside.

The other thing such theorizing about the end of the Universe is that, as usual, it assumes the
Universe is a closed system. Einsteinian physics suggests that it is (sort of) - finite yet "unbounded". But
is our Universe the only one? Or does it co-exist with other parallel universes, cross-connected through
space-time wormholes, in which case it's an open system capable of importing negentropy from outside?
Further, the "heat death" prediction doesn't take chaos into account. As was suggested earlier, chaos is
not the same thing as disorder. What physicists call "chaos" (i.e., nonlinear iterative processes) are in
fact often descriptions of systems that obey non-equilibrium thermodynamics -- which is to say they
appear to be negentropic. And further, as the examinations of fractals and "strange attractors" show,
chaos displays a bizarre sort of non-obvious, higher level order.

Following Teilhard de Chardin, a number of non-idealist "info-mystics" are suggesting that, while
the Universe is made of matter, it is evolving toward becoming pure information or "pure mind" (the
noosphere). While the matter in the Universe is falling into entropy, ultimately life and consciousness
may be able to escape this fate by becoming forms of information which are material-independent (i.e.,
patterns of organization) and enter into hyperspace or other dimensions. I suggest that these mystics are
non-idealist in that they subscribe to "emergence. They don't see mind as prior to matter but rather
'something' which emerged out of matter and may eventually be able to leave its material substrate. It
may be the "escape route" from entropy.

Ultimately, metaphysics always turns on the question of teleology or purpose and meaning.
Infomysticism begins from the premise that there seem to be purposeful things about the Universe - the
curious constants which are the basis of the Strong Anthropological Cosmological Principle (the
Universe seems optimized for the emergence of conscious observers which -- according to one
interpretation of quantum mechanics -- need to exist in order to "collapse" the Universe's wave
function.) But it tends toward pantheism in that this is ultimately part of Universe's "Plan" to save itself
from entropy, a fact of necessity and Universal law rather than prior intention. The emergence of
reproductive (self-replicating), reflexive (self-organizing), and then reflective (self-aware) systems --
capable of preserving or even creating order -- is part of this 'plan'.

Technology, Organism, Spirit: False Dichotomies

In many mystical traditions, there is a critical dichotomy between flesh and spirit. The first is
governed by machine-like, earthly passions, and the second by the more subtle needs of the spiritual
realm - transcendence. In the philosophical tradition of Gurdjieff and Ouspensky, this is particularly
heightened. The physical body is an automaton subject to blind, mechanical forces of nature; but the
spiritual body (which does not exist at birth, maintains Gurdjieff, but instead can be brought into being)
can attain autonomy and remove itself from the "law of accident". In ecospirituality, the dichotomy of
the organic and mechanical is emphasized, with technology being associated with mechanical-ness,
5
artificiality, and a blind, purposeless worldview, and "wild nature" being seen as in fact the source of the
regeneration of the spirit.

Many spiritual traditions still eschew technological techniques in favor of more "authentic" ones; so
unassisted meditation is said to be better than the use of mind machines, electronic biofeedback, or
psychotropic chemicals, and the use of technology as a sign of attachment to "worldly" things or reliance
on external crutches rather than "self-realization". Some of the "neo-Luddites" like Kirkpatrick Sale
look to past spiritual teachers -- such as St. Francis of Assisi and Mahatma Gandhi -- for their
inspiration. And obviously there are many religious sects such as the Amish or even some charismatic
fundamentalists who make the resistance to modernization, technology, and complexity a key part of
their tradition. From the "infomystical" point-of-view, this conservatism makes them closed systems,
doomed to entropic disappearance.

Like some Eastern traditions, what I'm calling techgnosis or infomysticism is different from these
other dualistic philosophies. It is a monistic philosophy which ultimately views flesh and spirit,
organism and machine, nature and culture, genes and memes as complementary forms of information
within the vast mind of the Omniverse. From the techgnostic point-of-view, computers or other
artificially generated beings could have "souls" and attain Enlightenment. "Soul" or life force or prana
or whatever-you-want-to-call-it is an emergent property of organisms which could also appear in other
complex systems including "mechanical" ones. Techgnosis is also based on binarism, though, in that it
sees all things that lead toward unity, interconnection, and evolution as "good", and all things that lead
toward disharmony, disconnection, and entropy as "bad".

Like 1st-century Gnosis or certain kinds of Yoga, techgnosis is ultimately a path of knowledge, and
so it doesn't see science or knowledge as the enemy of growth. The main techgnostic critique of Western
science might be that it fails to realize or deal with the subtler aspects of matter, and that it tends toward
analysis and dissolution rather than synthesis and holism. Still, the emergence in the 20th century of
synthetic viewpoints in science -- chaos and catastrophe theory, systems theory, cybernetics, holarchy,
ecology, etc. -- suggests an opposite trend. Techgnostic authors like to point out the rather heretical
origins of science -- how people like Giordano Bruno, Isaac Newton, Robert Boyle, and so on were
grounded in a Rosicrucian, Hermetic underground tradition which was "surfacing" in the 17th century.
A Gnostic tradition hostile to organized religion, but not necessarily toward spirituality.

Ultimately, the Gnostic viewpoint is that knowledge of the Universe leads to self-knowledge and
thus Enlightenment. "As above, so below." Through knowing all aspects of the world, we come to know
ourselves. The infomystical viewpoint is that this knowledge is part of the world-process itself talked
about by Alfred North Whitehead and others: knowing is doing is the bringing forth of worlds. Self-
liberation is merely the first step in the Magnum Opus of Universal liberation. Human beings are not the
only ones in the Universe involved in this process; there are countless others, each at differing levels of
consciousness. Ignorance -- the refusal to consider new revelations, keeping focused only toward the
past, eschewing technology and artifice -- only leads to entropy, isolation, and physical and spiritual
death.

The Techgnostic Vision

Although this provides the bare outlines of what can be called the techgnostic or infomystical
worldview, it has so far left out one of its most critical elements: the idea of some prior "fall" or
"disruption" which has left humankind cut off from the Universal intercommunication, akin to the
"shattering of vessels" described in the Hebrew Kabbalah. The best exponent of this viewpoint was
Philip K. Dick, whose later writings suggested that at one point the Earth was part of some vast pan-
galactic information network centered around Albemuth or Sirius, but that this connection was severed
6
(for unknown reasons, although the time he gives for this event was the destruction of the Temple of
Jerusalem in 70 CE) and as a result, a "Black Iron Prison" descended around Earth. Finding the Earth cut
off from the rest of the universe, the Sirians dispatched a satellite (VALIS) to try and pierce the noise
blanketing the planet with a "divine invasion" of a pure, rational, restoring signal.

From the techgnostic viewpoint, isolated and closed systems must necessarily degenerate. Entropy
sets in once they can no longer exchange matter, information, and energy with the rest of the universe.
Human beings would do so quite rapidly if they weren't constantly taking in new matter from the
environment (apparently we replace every molecule of substance in our bodies every seven years or so).
Living organisms and ordered systems are ultimately whirlpools or vortices, patterns of organization
which "suck in" new matter and energy all the time. They expel entropy into the environment (waste
matter) but reduce it in themselves. (They can't do this forever; eventually multicellular life must
succumb to entropy in the form of biological death.) But closed systems are entropic systems.
Fundamentalisms block new ideas, closed societies block new innovations, and closed biotic
communities block the introduction of new gene flows. They fall into entropy more rapidly than open
systems.

Thus, the problem of theodicy or the existence of entropy becomes explained as a severing of
communication. The goal of Earth is not merely to join all human minds into one Gaian planet-mind. It
is to shatter the "Black Iron Prison" and rejoin this galactic network, reducing the entropic (Kali Yuga-
like) state in which it's currently in. Dick even hints that this might mean the "triumph over death".
Some biologists think organisms acquire genetic errors throughout their lifetime (whether through
"wear and tear" or some preprogramming or both), and that death results when the errors so overwhelm
the "signal" or code of the organism that it can no longer maintain itself in dynamic homeostasis. The
inability of the body to function shuts off blood to the brain, and thus the "code" of the personality or
identity of the person is extinguished as well. Death is the extinguishing of information (but sexual
reproduction and culture preserve some of it in the form of genes and memes.)

Biological immortality would be very dangerous for the planet. If there were nowhere else for
organisms to go, then the planet would quickly become overcrowded and swamped in biological waste
products. But our planet, we know now, is not a closed system. There are other planets throughout the
universe. Through space travel, humans have essentially eliminated one of nature's key rationales for
mortality. And so, Dick and other science fiction writers have dared to suggest and possibly opened an
avenue for overcoming it. Indeed, "panspermians" suggest that life is constantly being "seeded"
throughout the Universe by comets and meteors, and thus arises throughout the cosmos. Humans will
become part of the panspermian process soon also once we bring ourselves, the microorganisms that live
within us, and other lifeforms to other worlds. Perhaps through "terraforming," lifeless worlds can be
made to support life.

So, what are we to make of our current information age? Techgnostics would suggest this is just
merely one stage of a key ongoing process. Nanotechnology opens the possibility that life may start
taking more direct control over matter. Biotechnology, that we may start taking more control of our own
genetic code. Neurobiology, that we may unravel the "brain code". And global internetworking (the
Internet) may be part of a planetary effort to combat other entropic processes (global warming and other
forces of ecological disruption) that this stage of life has set in motion. Ours seems to be a time of crisis
and cataclysm, but from the viewpoint of complexity theory this is to be expected. Evolving systems are
always "poised on the edge of disaster" far enough from equilibrium to evolve, but balanced enough to
not fall over the edge into total disorganization.

The Techgnostics would say that this is all just the beginning of an important adventure for humans.
Or whatever form of post-humanity it is that we're becoming or creating. Our role is not central; there
7
are undoubtedly other forms of self-aware, intelligent life out there as well. But our role is critical for
our planet as well as for ourselves. We are about to re-weave a "Universe Wide Web" of cosmic
intercommunication. We may be on the verge of understanding our Universe as an "infoverse" in which
mind is a key force rather than an accidental epiphenomenon. We are about to take a much larger role in
a Universal process we've only glimpsed through a glass darkly until now. A war against entropy and
death, waged through the opening of heretofore sealed doors.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bibliography

Bohm, David, The Undivided Universe: an ontological interpretation of quantum theory, Routledge,
New York, 1993
Chaisson, Eric, The Life Era: cosmic selection and conscious evolution, Norton, New York, 1987.
Dick, Philip K., The Shifting Realities of Philip K. Dick: selected literary and philosophical writings,
Pantheon Books, New York, 1995.
Dozier, Rush W., Jr., Codes of Evolution: the synaptic language revealing the secrets of matter, life,
and thought, Crown Publishers, New York, 1992.
Feistel, Rainer, Evolution of Complex Systems: self-organization, entropy, and development, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Boston, 1989.
Haken, Hermann, Information and Self-Organization: a macroscopic approach to complex systems,
Springer-Verlag, New York, 1988.
Lewin, Roger, Complexity: life at the edge of chaos, Macmillan, New York, 1992.
Litvak, Stuart, and Senzee, A. Wayne, Toward a New Brain: evolution and the human mind,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1986.
Ouspensky, P.D, A New Model of the Universe: principles of the psychological method in its
application to problems in science, religion, and art, Vintage Books, New York, 1971.
Pagels, Heinz R., The Dreams of Reason: the computer and the rise of the sciences of complexity,
Simon & Schuster, New York, 1988.
Prigogine, Ilya, Order Out of Chaos: man's new dialogue with nature, Bantam Books, New York,
1984.
Shannon, Claude E., The Mathematical Theory of Communication, University of Illinois Press,
Urbana, 1964.
Smith, James D., Weber, Bruce H., and Depew, David J., eds.; Entropy, Information, and Evolution:
new perspectives on physical and biological evolution, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1988.
Stock, Gregory, Metaman: the merging of humans and machines into a global superorganism,
Simon & Schuster, New York, 1993.
Tipler, Frank, The Physics of Immortality: modern cosmology, G-d, and the resurrection of the dead,
Doubleday, New York, 1994.
Wiener, Norbert, G-d and Golem, Inc: a comment on where cybernetics impinges at certain points
on religion, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1964.
Wright, Robert, Three Scientists and Their Gods: looking for meaning in an age of information,
Times Books, New York, 1988.

Return to CyberAnthropology => http://www.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/cyberanthropos.html

8
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