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Understanding Pressure: Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
Understanding Pressure: Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
Define pressure. Pressure is defined as the _________ applied on a unit __________ ______.
F
P= where F = Force (N)
A 2
A = surface area (m )
P = Pressure (_______)
1 Pa = ___ N m-2
P = Weight (F) .
Minimum Area (A)
= ___12____
(0.08)(0.10)
= ……………
Problem Solving 1. Calculate the pressure on a wall when the palm of a hand with area 150
cm2 is pushed against the wall a force of 210 N.
2. A teacher who weights 637N has a foot with a surface area of 200 cm2.
When he stands with one foot, calculate the force applied per cm2.
Relationship between Situation 1 : Figure 3.1a, press a thumbtack into a piece of wood with your
pressure and force, thumb where as Figure 3.1b, hit using the hammer.
pressure and surface
area
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
(b) Which figure shows that the higher pressure is exerted to the table?
_____________________________________________________
b) Low pressure.
The flat base of each metal pole of a tent has a ___________ surface area
to _____________ the pressure exerted on the ground. The poles will
not sink into the ground because of the flat bases.
Exercise
1. A cylinder has a mass of 12 kg and a 2. Wind blows normally on a wall at a
cross-sectional area of 200 cm2. What pressure of 200 kPa. If the wall has
is the pressure acting at its base? an area of 5 m2., what is the force
acting on the wall?
A. 6 kPa B. 9 kPa
C. 12 kPa D. 15 kPa A. 40kN B. 800kN
C. 1000KN D. 1200kN
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
3. A 250 N force is applied at an angle 30o to the 4. A balloon is pressed with a force of 2.4 N
surface of a block. The surface is a square of using a finger. Find the pressure exerted on
sides 10 cm. What is the pressure exerted on the balloon if the area of fingertip is 2.0 x
the surface? 10-4 m2
5. The diagram below shows a concrete block of dimension 1.5 m x 2.0 m x 3.0 m.
Its weight is 60N. Calculate (a)maximum pressure, (b)minimum pressure:
6. A Perodua Myvi with a mass of 900 kg. Air pressure for each tyre is 2 x 105 Pa.
____________________________________________________________________
(b) Calculate the area in contact with the ground for each tyre.
c) Zamani drives his car to his school with a distance of 10 km and find his car tyre become harder
than usual. Explain why this is happen?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
7. Experiment : Based on the diagram below, complete the suitable planning experiment.
a) Inference :
b) Hypothesis :
c.i) Aim :
Responding : ……………………………
Constant : ……………………………
iii) Apparatus
& material
iv) Diagram
v) Procedure …………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….
vi) Result
vii) Analyse
data
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
4. The hole in both containers are at the same height. Draw the jet of water and oil.
water
oil
Formula for The pressure in a liquid is the product of depth, density and gravitational acceleration.
pressure in
liquid P = Pressure ( Pascal)
P= x x
ρ = density ( ______ )
g =_____________
h = height (m)
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
Example :1. An air bubble is at a depth of 5 m below the surface of a lake . What
is the pressure of water on the bubble if the density of the water is
1000 kg m-3?
P=hρg
= 5 x 1000 x 10
= _________ Pa
2. The figure shows a high tin with a length of 100 cm is filled to the
full with water.
If the pressure caused by the water at point P is 8000 Pa, What is the
value of L?(Density of water = 1000 kg m - 3 )
a. Inference :
b. Hypothesis :
c. Aim :
d. Variables i) Manipulated : ……………………………
ii) Responding : ……………………………
iii) Constant : ……………………………
e. Apparatus
& material
f. Procedure
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
…………………………………………………………………………………………
g. Result
i. Conclusion :
j. Precaution :
Applications of 1. 2.
pressure in
liquid
Exercise
1. Which of the following factor does 4. The density of water is 1000 kg m-3.
not influence the pressure of a liquid?
A. Depth
B. Acceleration due to gravity
C. Density
D. Volume
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
5. A container contains two layers of liquids. An oil layer 45cm thick floats on 60 cm of water. The
densityof oil is 750 kg m-3 and water is 1000 kg m-3. ( g = 10 m s-2 )
a) What is the pressure exerted on water by the oil layer?
6. The pressure at the bottom of the dam is 2.4 x 106 Pa. What is the depth of water if the density of
water is 1 000 kg m-3.
Wall Water
Observe the thickness of the wall at the top and bottom part of the dam in the figure above.
Based on the observations:
(c) With the use of apparatus such as a thistle funnel, beaker and other apparatus, describe
an experimental framework to test your hypothesis.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
Gas Pressure The gas pressure in a container is caused by the ………... of gas molecules with
the ……… of the container.
Atmospheric The atmospheric pressure is caused by the downward ……….. exerted by the air
pressure ( the weight of the atmosphere) on the Earth’s surface.
The greater ……… from the sea level, the ……… the atmospheric pressure.
Find this:
If density,ρ of mercury (Hg) = 13600 kg m-3 and density of water = 1000 kg m-3.
(b) …………………. (is made of a long glass tube about 1 meter in length fully
filled with mercury and then inverted (turned upside down) into a bowl of
mercury).
Example 1: The atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. What is the value of the
atmospheric pressure in Pascal? [ Density of mercury, ρ (Hg) = 13 600 kg m-3 ]
h = 760 mm = 76 cm = 0.76 m
Atmospheric pressure, P = h ρ g = (0.76)(13600)(10)
= ………………. Pa
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
Manometer
PA = _____ = Patm = 76 cm Hg
= (76 + 4) cm Hg = ______ cm Hg
C
= 80 cm Hg
h cm PA = _____ = Patm = 76 cm Hg
2 C D water
PC = PA + PHg PD = _____ = 80 cm Hg
= (76 + 4) cm Hg
= 80 cm Hg
PD = ____ cm water
PA = Patm = 76 cm Hg
PC = PA + PHg
3 Gas
flow
= (76 + ___ ) cm Hg
= ________ cm Hg
Pgas = PD = ______
= ______ cm Hg
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
Applications of 1.Siphon
atmospheric
pressure. ………………………………….
…………………………………..
…………………………………..
…………………………………..
2. Vacuum cleaner
………………………………….
…………………………………..
…………………………………..
…………………………………..
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
(c) State the change of length of the mercury column above the mercury surface
PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE
3.4
Definition Pascal’s Principle state that pressure exerted on an ………… fluid is transmitted
…………………………………. to every part of the fluid.
Pascal’s
Principle
A B
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
FB = FA AB = 20 x 8.0 FB = ________
AA 0.47
b) When piston A is moved downward for 2 m, how far the load has been move up.
Volume of liquid transmitted from A to B are equal.
VA = VB ; where as V = Ah
AAhA = ABhB
hB = ______
Exercise
1. Figure below shows a hydraulic jack. 2. Which of the following device is
Piston A and piston B have cross- based on the Pascal’s Principle of
sectional areas 5 cm2 and 100 cm2 pressure transmission?
respectively. If mass of 3kg is placed A. Hydrometer
on piston A, what is the maximum B. Car’s hydraulic brake
weight that can be lifted by piston B? C. Bunsen burner
D. Fire extinguisher
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
4 A hydraulic jack which is used for lifting a car at a service centre for motor vehicles. The
hydraulic jack made up of two pistons X and Y of cross-sectional area 0.02 m2 and 18 m2
respectively. When the compressor is switched on, a force of 200 N acts on piston X.
(c) State two advantages of using oil as the hydraulic fluid of water.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
(e) Calculate the maximum weight of a load that can be lifted by piston Y.
(f) If piston X move down by 45 cm, what is the distance moved by piston Y?
5. Cross section area of piston A and piston B are 4000 cm2 and 6 000 cm2 respectively.
i) Calculate the ratio of the force acting on piston A with the force acting on piston B
ii) If the piston B lifts a car 2.50 m high, how far to the right should piston A move?
iii) Why the system less effective when there is air bubbles in the piston.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. Given that the cross-sectional area of smaller piston and larger piston are 20 cm2 and 60 cm2
respectively. If the smaller piston is pushed with a force of 15 N.
Calculate;
a) i) Pressure exerted on smaller piston. ii) Pressure exerted on larger piston
b) the ratio of pressure acted on the smaller piston and larger piston
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
3.5
Example 1. An object of density, 40 g cm-3 and mass 500 g is immersed in a liquid of density
2 g cm-3. Calculate;
a) the volume of liquid displaced b) the mass of the liquid displaced
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
Application 1. Submarine
of
Archimedes’
Principle
3. Hydrometer
Exercise
1. A ship of mass 80000 kg floats on the 2. The diagram shows an object partially immersed
sea surface. If the density of the sea in a liquid. What is the mass of the object? ( g =
water is 1250 kg m-3, what is the 10 m s-2 )
volume of the displaced sea water?
A. 6.4 m3 B. 64 m3
C. 640 m3 D. 800 m3
A. 2.0 N B. 20 N
C. 0.020 kg D. 200 g
3. The diagram shows an object immersed 4. A body of density 800 kg m-3 floats in liquid A
in two liquids of different densities. and liquid B as shown. If the density of liquid B is
1000 kg m-3 , what is the possible density of
liquid A?
A. 790 kg m-3
B. 905 kg m-3
Which of the following related F1 and F2 C. 1000 kg m-3
correctly? D. 1050 kg m-3
A. F1 < F2 B. F1 = F2 C. F1 > F2
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
5. (a) A fisherman finds that his boat is at different levels in the sea and in the river, although
the boat carries the same load. The density of sea water is 1 025 kg m-3 and of river water
is 1 000 kg m-3.
Figure 1 and 2 illustrate the situation of the boat in the sea and in the river.
(ii) Using Figure 1 and 2, compare the levels of the boat and the volumes of water
displaced by the boat.
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………..
Relating the mass of the boat with its load, the volume of water displaced and the
density of the water, deduce a relevant physics concept.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Name the physics principle that explains the above situation.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
b) A submarine can sail on the sea surface and under the sea. Explain how a submarine on the surface
submerges.
(3 marks)
c) Figures 3.5(c) and 3.5(d) below illustrate the working principle of a hydrometer.
The depth to which the test tube sinks depends on its surrounding liquid.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
Draw a diagram that shows the design of your hydrometer and in your explanation, emphasis
the following aspects:
(i) the stability of the hydrometer
(ii) the sensitivity of the hydrometer
(iii) the ability to measure a wide range of densities of liquids
(iv) the calibration of the hydrometer. [10m]
3.6 B E R N O U L L I ’ S P R I N C I P L E
Definition In a steady flow of fluid, the __________in the fluid is ________ when the velocity of the
fluid is high and vice versa.
Reminder :
1. Bernoulli’s Principle is obeyed only for moving fluid .
2. Fluid will move from high pressure into the low pressure.
Figure below shows an _________ The upper region of the aerofoil has _________ air
AEROFOIL velocity than the lower region of the aerofoil.
By Bernoulli’s principle, the lower region has _________ pressure than the upper region
of the aerofoil. This causes a _________ _______ _____ on the aerofoil.
Situation 1.
that Water flows through a uniform tube
involved from _____ pressure to a _____ pressure
with area. Fluid pressure decreases linearly;
Bernoulli’s
Principle PA ____ PB____ PC
VA ____ VB____VC
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3.
When the air is not flowing the pressure is
same at every point. When the air is
allowed to flow in, the velocity of the fluid;
V__ > V____ > V___
Because the cross-sectional area at B is the
smallest.
4. Pressure of fluid;
P___ > P___ >P_____
4.
Exercise
1. If the height of the fluid in tube L is h1, 2. Aeroplane wings act as aerofoils. What is the
and that is tube M is h2, which of the funtion of an aerofoil?
following is true?
3. Which of the following instruments is not 4. Which of the following relates two quantities in
based on Bernoulli’s principle? Bernoulli’s principle?
A. Bunsen burner A. Velocity and force
B. Car carburettor B. Pressure and momentum
C. Hydraullic jack C. Velocity and pressure
D. Flight of an airplane D. Force and momentum
5. A boy standing by the road side. When a big lorry passed in front of him, the boy feels a pull towards
the lorry. This phenomenon can be explained by
A. Pascal’s principle
B. Bernoulli’s principle
C. Archimedes’ principle
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 3 Forces and Pressure GCKL 2011
6. As a researcher in a boat manufacturing company. , you are assigned to study metal characteristics
used to make the boat.
You are given four choices of metals P, Q, R and S. The table below shows
the characteristics for the four metals.
7.
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