MA 8251 - Engineering Mathematics - II

Unit -II Vector Calculus

Part A

1. Find ∇r where ~r = x~i + y~j + z~k and r = ~r .

 

∂r ∂r ∂r x y z 1 ~r
Solution: ∇r = ~i + ~j + ~k = ~i + ~j + ~k = (x~i + y~j + z~k) = .
∂x ∂y ∂z r r r r r
2. Prove that ∇ (rn ) = nrn−2~r .
~r
Solution: ∇rn = nrn−1 ∇r = nrn−1 = nrn−2~r .
r
3. Find the unit normal vector to the surface xy+ yz +zx =3 at (1,1,1).
Solution: Let φ = xy + yz + zx − 3.
∂φ ~ ∂φ ~ ∂φ ~
∇φ = ~i +j +k = i(y + z) + ~j(z + x) + ~k(y + x) =⇒ ∇φ(1,1,1) = 2~i + 2~j + 2~k
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇φ 2~i + 2~j + 2~k ~i + ~j + ~k
∴ Unit normal = = √ = √ .
|∇φ| 4+4+4 3
4. Find a unit normal to the surface x3 + y2 = z at (1, 1, 2) .
Solution: Let φ = x3 + y2 − z .
∂φ ~ ∂φ ~ ∂φ
∇φ = ~i +j +k = 3x2~i + 2y~j − 1~k =⇒ ∇φ(1,1,2) = 3~i + 2~j − 1~k
∂x ∂y ∂z
∇φ 3~i + 2~j − 1~k 3~i + 2~j − 1~k
∴ Unit normal = = √ = √
|∇φ| 9+4+1 14
5. Find |∇φ|, if φ = 2xz4 − x2 y at (2, −2, −1) .
Solution: φ = 2xz4 − x2 y .
∂φ ~ ∂φ ~ ∂φ ~ 4
∇φ = ~i +j +k = i(2z − 2xy) + ~j(−x2 ) + ~k(8xz3 )
∂x ∂y ∂z √ √
=⇒ ∇φ(2,−2,−1) = 10~i − 4~j − 16~k =⇒ |∇φ| = 100 + 16 + 256 = 372 units.

6. What is the greatest rate of increase of φ = xyz2 at (1, 0, 3) .

Solution: φ = xyz2
∂φ ~ ∂φ ~ ∂φ ~  2  ~ 2 ~
∇φ = ~i +j +k = i yz + j(xz ) + k(2xyz) =⇒ ∇φ(1,0,3) = 9~j . ∴ |∇φ| = 9 units.
∂x ∂y ∂z
7. If the directional derivative of the function x2 + y2 + z2 at (1, 2, 3) in the direction
of a~i + ~j + ~k is 2, then find a .
Solution: φ = x2 + y2 + z2 .
∂φ ~ ∂φ ~ ∂φ ~
=⇒ ∇φ = ~i +j +k = i(2x) + ~j(2y) + ~k(2z) =⇒ ∇φ(1,2,3) = 2~i + 4~j + 6~k.
∂x ∂y ∂z
a~i + ~j + ~k
Given Directional derivative of φ in the given direction = ∇φ ·   = 2 units.
a~i + ~j + ~k

1
 2~i + 4~j + 6~k · (a~i + ~j + ~k)
 
2a + 4 + 6 √
∴ √ = 2 units =⇒ √ = 2 =⇒ 10 + 2a = 2 a2 + 2.
a2 + 1 + 1 a2 + 2
23
Squaring on both sides and solving we get a = − = −2.3
10

8. Find the maximum directional derivative of φ = zyx2 + 4xyz2 at (1, −2, 1) .

Solution: φ = zyx2 + 4xyz2
∂φ ∂φ ∂φ ~
∇φ = ~i + ~j +~k = i(2xyz+4yz2 )+ ~j(zx2 +4xz2 )+~k(yx2 +8xyz) =⇒ ∇φ(1,−2,1) = −12~i+5~j−18~k
∂x ∂y ∂z √ √
The maximum of directional derivative of φ is |∇φ| = 144 + 25 + 324 = 493 units.

9. In what direction from (2, 1, −1) is the directional derivative of φ = x2 y2 z4

maximum ?
Solution: φ = x2 y2 z4
∂φ ~ ∂φ ~ ∂φ ~
∇φ = ~i +j +k = i(2xy2 z4 ) + ~j(x2 2yz4 ) + ~k(x2 y2 4z3 ) =⇒ ∇φ(2,1,−1) = 4~i + 8~j − 16~k
∂x ∂y ∂z

10. If φ = 3xy − yz , find grad at (1, 1, 1) .

Solution: φ = 3xy − yz
∂φ ~ ∂φ ~ ∂φ ~
grad φ = ∇φ = ~i +j +k = i(3y) + ~j(3x − z) + ~k(−y) =⇒ ∇φ(1,1,1) = 3~i + 2~j − ~k.
∂x ∂y ∂z

11. Find the directional derivative of φ = x2 yz + 4xz2 at (1, 1, 1) in the direction of

~i + ~j + ~k .

Solution: φ = x2 yz + 4xz2
∂φ ~ ∂φ ~ ∂φ ~
∇φ = ~i +j +k = i(2xyz + 4z2 ) + ~j(x2 z) + ~k(x2 y + 8zx) =⇒ ∇φ(1,1,1) = 6~i + ~j + 9~k
∂x ∂y ∂z
~i+~j + ~k
Directional derivative of φ in the given direction = ∇φ · 
~i+~j + ~k


6~i+~j + 9~k · (~i+~j + ~k)

 
16
= √ = √ units.
1+1+1 3

12. Define divergence and curl of a vector.

Solution: The divergence of V ~ = ∂V1 + ∂V2 + ∂V3
~ = V1~i + V2 ~j + V3~k is defined as ∇ · V
∂x ∂y ∂z
~ ~ ~ ~
The curl of V = V1 i + V2 j + V3 k is defined as
 
 ~i ~j ~k 
∂ ∂ ∂  ~ ∂V3 ∂V2 ∂V3 ∂V1 ∂V2 ∂V1
  ! ! !
~ = 
∇×V = i − − ~
j − + ~
k −
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
 
 
 V1 V2 V3  

13. If F~ = 3~i + z~j + y~k , show that curlF~ = ~0 .

2
 Solution: To prove: ∇×F~ = ~0
 
 ~i ~j ~k 
∂ ∂ ∂  ~ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
  ! ! !
∇×F~ =   = i (z) − ~j (3) + ~k (3) = ~0.

(y) − (y) − (z) −
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y

 3 z y 

14. If F~ = x3~i + y3 ~j + z3~k , then find div curl F~ .

Solution:
 
 ~i ~j ~k 
∂ ∂ ∂  ~ ∂  3  ∂  3  ~ ∂  3  ∂  3  ~ ∂  3  ∂  3 
  ! ! !
curl F~ = ∇×F~ =   = i x +k x = ~0.

z − y −j z − y −
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
x3 y3 z3
 


Therefore, div curl F~ = ∇ · ∇×F~ = ∇ · ~0 = 0.

   

15. Prove that div curl F~ = ~0 .

Solution: To prove: ∇ · ∇ × F~ = 0 Let F~ = f1~i + f2 ~j + f3~k.
 

 
 ~i ~j ~k 
∂ ∂ ∂  ~ ∂ f3 ∂ f2 ∂ f3 ∂ f1 ∂ f2 ∂ f1
  ! ! !
∇×F~ = 

 = i − ~
−j − ~
+k −
 ∂x ∂y ∂z  ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y

 f1 f2 f3 

∂ ∂ f3 ∂ f2 ∂ ∂ f3 ∂ f1 ∂ ∂ f2 ∂ f1
! ! !
∇. ∇ × F~ =
 
− − − + −
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂y ∂x ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂y
∂ f3
2 ∂ f2
2 ∂ f3 ∂ f1 ∂ f2 ∂ f1
2 2 2 2
= − − + + −
∂x∂y ∂x∂z ∂y∂x ∂y∂z ∂z∂x ∂z∂y
∂2 f ∂2 f
!!
=0 since =
∂y∂x ∂x∂y

16. Prove that the vector F~ = (3x + 2y + 4z)~i + (2x + 5y + 4z) ~j + (4x + 4y − 8z) ~k is both
solenodial and irrotaional.
Solution: To prove: ∇ · F~ = 0 (solenoidal), ∇ × F~ = ~0 (irrotational)
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ · F~ = (3x + 2y + 4z) + (2x + 5y + 4z) + (4x + 4y − 8z) = 3 + 5 − 8 = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z 
~i ~j ~k
 

∂ ∂ ∂
 
∇×F~ = 
 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 3x + 2y + 4z 2x + 5y + 4z 4x + 4y − 8z 
 

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
! !
= ~i (4x + 4y − 8z) − (2x + 5y + 4z) − ~j (4x + 4y − 8z) − (3x + 2y + 4z)
∂y ∂z ∂x ! ∂z
∂ ∂
+~k (2x + 5y + 4z) − (3x + 2y + 4z)
∂x ∂y
= (4 − 4)~i − (4 − 4) ~j + (2 − 2) ~k = ~0.

3
 ~ = (x + 3y)~i + (y − 2z) ~j + (x + 2αz) ~k has divergence zero, find the value of α .
17. If V
Solution: Given ∇ · V~ =0
∂ ∂ ∂
=⇒ (x + 3y) + (y − 2z) + (x + 2αz) = 1 + 1 + 2α = 2 + 2α = 0 ∴ α = −1.
∂x ∂y ∂z
~ = (3x − 2y + z)~i + (4x + αy − z) ~j + (x − y + 2z) ~k is solenoidal.
18. Find α such that V
Solution: Given ∇ · V ~ =0
∂ ∂ ∂
=⇒ (3x − 2y + z) + (4x + αy − z) + (x − y + 2z) = 3 + α + 2 = 5 + α = 0. ∴ α = −5.
∂x ∂y ∂z
19. Find the value of a, b, c so that the vector
F~ = (x + y + az)~i + (bx + 2y − z) ~j + (−x + cy + 2z) ~k may be irrotational.
Solution: Given ∇×F~ = ~0 
~ ~ ~

 i j k 
∂ ∂ ∂

  ~
=⇒   =0
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 x + y + az bx + 2y − z −x + cy + 2z 


∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
! !
=⇒ i~ (−x + cy + 2z) − (bx + 2y − z) − j ~ (−x + cy + 2z) − (x + y + az)
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z
∂ ∂
!
+~k (bx + 2y − z) − (x + y + az) = ~0
∂x ∂y
=⇒ (c − 1)~i − (1 + a) ~j + (b − 1) ~k = ~0 = 0~i + 0~j + 0~k
Equating the coefficients of ~i, ~j, ~k , we get c = 1, a = −1, b = 1.

~ = ax2 − y2 + x ~i − (2xy) ~j is irrotational.

 
20. Find a so that the vector A
Solution: Given ∇×A ~ = ~0 
~i ~j ~k 


∂ ∂ ∂

  ~
=⇒  =0
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 
 ax − y2 + x −2xy 0 
 2 

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
! ! !
=⇒ ~i (2xy) − ~j (0) − (ax − y + x +~k ax − y + x = ~0

(0) − 2 2 (−2xy) − 2 2
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
=⇒ (0)~i − (0) ~j + (−2y + 2y) ~k = ~0.
~ is irrotational.
=⇒ For all values o f a, A

21. If ∇φ = yz~i + xz~j + xy~k find φ.

Solution: ∇φ = yz~i + xz~j + xy~k
∂φ
∴ = yz ⇒ φ = xyz + f (y, z)
∂x
∂φ
= xz ⇒ φ = xyz + f (x, z)
∂y
∂φ
= xy ⇒ φ = xyz + f (x, y)
∂x
∴ φ = xyz + c.
~r
!
22. Find ∇ ·
r
~r 3 1 ~r
! !
1 1 1 1 3 1 2
Solution: ∇ · = ∇ · ~r + ∇ · ~r = (3) − 2 ∇r · ~r = − 2 · ~r = − = .
r r r r r r r r r r r

4
23. If ∇φ2 = 0 , show that ∇φ is solenoidal.
Solution: Given ∇φ2 =0. But ∇φ2 = ∇.∇φ = 0, this implies ∇φ is solenoidal.

~ and B
24. If A ~ are irrotational , prove that A×
~ B~ is solenoidal.
~ = ~0, ∇× B
Solution: Given ∇×A ~ = ~0
~ B)
Now, ∇·(A× ~ =B
~ · (∇×A)
~ -A
~ · (∇× B)=
~ B·~ ~0-A
~ · ~0 =0. ~ B
∴ A× ~ is solenoidal.

25. If F~ = 5xy~i+2y~j , find ~ r where c is the part of the curve y = x3 between x=1and
R
c
F.d~
x=2.
~ r = 5xydx + 2ydy. Along the curve c, y = x3 , dy = 3x2 dx
Solution: F.d~

Z Z 2
∴ ~ r=
F.d~ 5x4 dx + 6x5 dx = 94 units.
c 1

Z
26. If F~ = x2~i + xy2 ~j , evaluate the line integral F~ · d~r from (0, 0) to (1, 1) along the
c
path y = x .
Solution: F~ · d~r=x2 dx + xy2 dy. Along y = x, dy = dx, x → 0 to 1

Z Z 1 Z 1
7
F~ · d~r =

∴ x dx + xx dx =
2 2
x2 + x3 dx = units.
C 0 0 12

27. If F~ = 3x2 + 6y~i + 14yz~j + 20xz2~k , evaluate F~ · d~r from (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1) over the curve
R
c
x = t, y = t2 , z = t3 .
Solution: F~ · d~r = (3x2 + 6y)dx + 14yzdy + 20xz2 dz.
Along x = t, y = t2 , z = t3 dx = dt, dy= 2tdt, dz= 3t2 dt, t varies from 0 to 1

Z Z 1 Z 1
F~ · d~r= (3t +6t )dt+14t t 2tdt+20tt 3t dt =
2 2 2 3 6 2
(9t2 +28t6 +60t9 )dt = 13 units.
C 0 0

~ 2xy+z3 ~i+ x2 ~j+ 3xz2 ~k is a conservative force field.

     
28. Determine whether F=
Solution: To prove: ∇×F~ = ~
  0
 ~i ~j ~k 
∂ ∂ ∂
 
∇×F~ = 
 
 ∂x ∂y ∂z 


 2xy+z3 x2 3xz2 
 

∂  2 ∂  2 ~ ∂  2 ∂  ∂  2 ∂ 
! ! !
= ~i 3xz − x −j 3xz − 2xy+z3 + ~k x − 2xy+z3
∂y ∂z  ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
~ 2 2 ~
= (0−0) i− 3z −3z j + (2x−2x) k = 0. ~ ~

∴ F~ = ∇φ , F~ is a conservative vector field.

29. State Green’s theorem in a plane.

Solution: If C is a simple closed curve in the XY-plane and R be the region bounded by

5
 "
∂v ∂u
Z !
C, then udx + vdy = − dxdy, where u, v, uy , v x are continuous functions inside
c ∂x ∂y
R
and on C.

30. Using Green’s theorem, prove that the area enclosed by a simple closed curve
Z
1
c is xdy − ydx.
2
y x ∂u 1 ∂v 1
Solution: By Green’s theorem, u = − , v = − , =− , = .
2 2 ∂y 2 ∂x 2
Z " ! "
1 1 1
xdy − ydx = + dxdy = dxdy = Area enclosed by a given region.
2 c 2 2
R R

31. Using Green’s theorem in a plane find the area circle x2 + y2 = a2

Z
1
Solution: By Green’s theorem, area = xdy − ydx.
2 c
x2 + y2 = a2 ⇒ x = a cos θ, y = a sin θ and dx = −a sin θdθ, dy = a cos θdθ

Z 2π
1
Area = (a2 cos2 θ + a2 sin2 θ)dθ = πa2 .
2 0

32. State Gauss- divergence theorem.

Solution: If F~ is a vector point function having continuous first order partial derivatives
$ "
in the volume V bounded by a closed surface S , then ∇ · F~ dv = F~ · n̂ ds, where n̂
V S
is the outward drawn normal vector to the surface S .
"
33. Find ~r · d~s ,where s is the surface of the unit cube in the first octant whose
S
vertices are (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 1).
Solution: By Gauss divergence theorem,

" " $ Z 1Z 1Z 1
~r · d~s = ~r · n̂ ds = ∇ · ~r dv = 3 dxdydz = 3 units.
0 0 0
S S V

34. If S is any closed surface enclosing a volume V and F~ = x~i + 2y~j + 3z~k , prove that
"
F~ · n̂ ds = 6V.
S
Solution: By Gauss divergence theorem,

" $ $
F~ · n̂ ds = ∇ · F~ dv = 6 dv = 6V
S V V

∂ ∂ ∂
since ∇ · F~ = (x) + (2y)+ (3z) = 1+2+3=6.
∂x ∂y ∂z

6
 "
35. If ~r = x~i + y~j + z~k and S is the surface of the sphere of unit radius, find ~r · n̂ ds .
S
Solution: By Gauss divergence theorem,

" $ $
~r · n̂ ds = ∇ · ~r dv = 3 dv = 3V
S V V

∂ ∂ ∂
since ~r = x~i+y~j + z~k , ∇ · ~r = (x) + (y)+ (z) = 1+1+1 = 3.
∂x ∂y ∂z
"
36. For any closed surface S, prove that curlF~ · n̂ ds = 0 .
S
Solution: By Gauss divergence theorem,

" $
∇ × F~ · n̂ ds = ∇ · ∇ × F~ dv = 0. ~ = 0)
(since div(curlF)
S V

37. State Stoke’s theorem.

Solution: If S is an open surface bounded by a simple closed curve C and if a vector
function F~ is continuous and has continuous partial derivatives in S and on C, then
Z "
F~ · d~r = ~ · n̂ ds where n̂ is the unit vector normal to the surface.
(∇×F)
c
S
Z
38. If F~ is irrotational and c is a closed curve, then find the value of F~ · d~r.
c
Solution: Given ∇×F~ = ~0. By Stoke’s theorem,

Z "
F~ · d~r = ∇×F~ · n̂ ds = 0.
c
S

Part B(Assignment Questions)

1. Find the constants a and b so that the surface is 5x2 − 2yz − 9x = 0 and ax2 y + bz3 = 4 may
cut orthogonally at the point (1, −1, 2). [ Ans: a = 4, b = 1]

2. Find the value of a, b, c so that the vector F~ = (x + 2y + az)~i + (bx − 3y − z) ~j + (4x + cy + 2z) ~k
may be irrotational. For those values find its scalar potential.
x2 3y2
[ Ans: a = 4, b = 2, c = −1 ; φ = − + z2 + 2xy − yz + 4xz + c.]
2 2
3. Show that F~ = 6xy + z3 ~i + 3x2 − z ~j + 3xz2 − y ~k is irrotational. And hence find its scalar
     

potential. [ Ans: φ = 3x2 y + xz3 − yz + c.]

4. Find the angle between the normals to the surface xy = z2 at the points (1, 4, 2) and
!
1
(−3, −3, 3). [ Ans: θ = cos −1
√ .]
22

! the surface x + y + z = 9 and z = x + y − 3 at the point (2, −1, 2).

5. Find the angle between 2 2 2 2 2
8
[ Ans: θ = cos−1 √ .]
3 21

7
 !
1
where r = ~r and ~r = x~i + y~j + z~k .
 
6. Find ∇2 (rn ) and hence deduce ∇2
r
[ Ans: n (n + 1) rn−2 , 0]
!
1 3
7. Prove that ∇ · r∇ 3 = 4 .
r r

8. If ϕ and ψ satisfy Laplace equation, prove that the vector ϕ∇ψ − ψ∇ϕ is solenoidal.
Z
~ ~ ~ ~ · d~r where c is the curve y = x2 in the xy-
 
9. If A = 5xy − 6x i + (2y − 4xy) j, evaluate
2 A
c
plane from the point (1, 1) to (2, 4). [Ans: −597
20 ]
"
F~ · n̂ ds where F~ = x2 − yz ~i + y2 − xz ~j + z2 − xy ~k and S is the surface
     
10. Evaluate
s
bounded by 0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ b, 0 ≤ z ≤ c. [ Ans: abc (a + b + c)]
"
11. Evaluate F~ · n̂ ds where F~ = x2~i + y2 ~j + z2~k and S is the portion of the plane x + y + z = 1
s
1
included in the first octant. [ Ans: ]
4

12. A vector field is given by F~ = x2 − y2 + x ~i − (2xy + y) ~j. Show that F~ is irrotational and
 

find its scalar potential. Hence evaluate the line integral from the origin to the point
x3 x2 y2 1
[Ans: ϕ = + − xy2 + + c, F~ · d~r = .]
R
(1, 1).
3 2 2 3
Z  
13. Using Green’s theorem, evaluate 3x2 − 8y2 dx + (4y − 6xy) dy where C is the boundary
c
3
of the region enclosed by y = x2 and x = y2 . [ Ans: ]
2
Z    
14. Apply Green’s theorem to evaluate 2x2 − y2 dx + x2 + y2 dy where C is the boundary
c
4a3
of the area by the x-axis and upper half of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 . [ Ans: ]
3
Z  
15. Verify Green’s theorem in the plane for xy + y2 dx + x2 dy where C is the closed curve
C
−1
of the region bounded by y = x2 and x = y. [ Ans: ]
20

16. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for F~ = x2~i + z~j + yz~k over the cube formed by the planes
x = ±1, y = ±1, z = ±1. [ Ans: 0]

17. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for F~ = 4xz~i − y2 ~j + yz~k over the cube bounded by
3a4
x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = a, z = 0 and z = a. [ Ans: ]
2

18. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for F~ = (x2 − yz)~i + (y2 − xz)~j + (z2 − xy)~k taken over a
rectangle parallelepiped 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3 . [ Ans: 36]

19. Verify Gauss Divergence theorem for F~ = x2~i + y2 ~j + z2~k over the cube bounded by
x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0 and z = 1. [ Ans: 3]

20. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F~ = (y − z + 2)~i + (yz + 4) ~j − xz~k over the surface of the cube
x = 0, x = 2, y = 0, y = 2, z = 0 and z = 2 above the XY-plane. [ Ans: −4]

8
21. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F~ = y2 z~i + z2 x~j + x2 y~k over the open surface of the cube formed
by the planes x = −a, x = a, y = −a, y = a, z = −a and z = a. In which z = −a is cut open.
[ Ans: 4a4 ]

22. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F~ = x2 + y2 ~i − 2xy~j taken around the rectangle bounded by
 

the lines x = ±a, y = 0, y = b. [ Ans: −4ab2 ]

23. Verify Stoke’s theorem for F~ = x2 − y2 ~i + 2xy~j taken around the rectangle bounded by
 

the lines x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b. [ Ans: −2ab2 ]

Z  
24. Evaluate xydx + xy2 dy where C is the square in the XY-plane with vertices
C
4
(1, 0) , (−1, 0) , (0, 1) and (0, −1) , using Stoke’s theorem. [ Ans: ]
3
Z
25. Using Green’s theorem, evaluate (y − sin x) dx + cos x dy where C is the triangle formed
c
π π 2
!
2x
by y = 0, x = , y= . [ Ans: − + ]
2 π 4 π