Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1.1 U N D E R S T A N D I N G P H Y S I C S

Recognise the 1. Tick () the statements that are related to physics.
concepts of
Blood circulation in our body is controlled by heart.
physics in
 A large truck moves faster than a car because it has a more powerful engine.
everyday objects
and natural We need water in our digestion system.
phenomena Orange juice is acidic because its taste is sour.
 An object on a high building has a large potential energy.
 When we heat water, its temperature increased.
We are sweating when our body metabolism is high.
Pure water has pH 7.
 We cannot see object in dark
 A ship is floating in water.
Human body coordination is controlled by hormone system.
Oxidation will act faster in acidic medium.

1.2 UNDERSTANDING BASE AND DERIVED QUANTITIES

Recognise 1. Identify Physical quantities, Magnitude, Units and Measuring instrument from the
physical quantity statements below. Write them into the table below (next page).
and unit
A
Ismail weigh a wooden block that has mass of 500 gram using a lever beam balance.

B Ong Beng Hock measures the length of a building which is 100 meter long using a
measuring tape.
C Siew Mei measures her body’s temperature using a digital thermometer and obtains
38C.
D Bathumalai determines the volume of water using a measuring cylinder and obtains
150 milliliter.
E Hanisah measures the diameter of a wire which is 1.26 millimeter using a
micrometer screw gauge.
F Vinisha takes the time of 20 oscillations of a pendulum using a stopwatch and
obtains 24.6 seconds.

Statement Physical quantity Magnitude Unit Measuring instrument

Mass 500 Gram Lever beam balance

A
B Length 100 Meter Measuring tape

C Temperature 38 C Thermometer

D Volume 150 Milliliter Measuring cylinder

E Diameter 1.26 Millimetre Micrometer screw gauge

F time 24.6 Second stopwatch

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

Define base 2. Identify base quantities and derived quantity from the equation below.
quantities and
derived quantities (a) Volume = length x length x length
are
Base quantity length
= (i) _________________

volume
Derived quantity = (i) _________________

(b) Area = length x length

Base quantity length

= (i) _________________

Area
Derived quantity = (i) _________________

(c)

Base quantity Mass

= (i) _________________ length
(ii) ____________________

Density
Derived quantity = (i) _________________

cannot be derived from any quantities.

(i) Base quantity is physical quantity that __________

(ii) Derived quantity is physical quantity that ___________________

is derived from the base
quantities.
List base quantities
and their S.I unit PHYSICAL QUANTITY S.I UNIT
Pressure Time Current Second Newton Ampere
Length Area Temperature Kelvin kilogram Pascal
Weight Force Volume Joule m2 Watt
Work Energy Power m s-1 meter m3
Velocity Mass

3. Choose base quantities from the physical quantities given above and state their S.I
units.

No. Base Quantity S.I Unit

1. length meter

2. Mass kilogram

3. Time second

4. Electric current Ampere

5. temperature Kelvin

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

List some derived 4. Write 5 derived quantities from physical quantities given in the box above (previous
quantities and their page) and state their S.I units. [*any five]
S.I units
No. Derived Quantity S.I Unit
1. Pressure Pascal
2. Force / weight Newton
3. Work / energy Joule
4. Velocity m s-1
5. Area m2
6. Volume m3
\
Express quantities 5. Rewrite the values below in scientific notation (Standard notation)
using scientific
notation No. Original value Scientific notation
1. 12 000 m 1.2 x 104 m
2. 3 000 000 000 s 3.0 x 109 s
3. 0.000 000 000 56 N 5.6 x 10-10 N
4. 0.000 78 J 7.8 x 10-4 J
5. 0.0034 A 3.4 x 10-3 A

Express quantities 6. Arrange the prefixes given below in ascending order. Then, state their multiple / sub-
using prefixes multiple.

PREFIXES MULTIPLE / SUB-MULTIPLE

Nano (n) kilo (k) pico (p) 103 109 10-2
1
mega (M) centi (c) giga (G) 10 10-12 106
deci (d) deca (da) tera (T) 10-6 102 10-1
-9
hector (h) micro () milli (m) 10 10-3 1012

Multiple / Multiple /
No. Prefix No. Prefix
Sub-multiple Sub-multiple
1. Tera 1012 7. pico 10-12
2. Giga 109 8. nano 10-9
3. Mega 106 9. micro 10-6
4. kilo 103 10. milli 10-3
5. hecto 102 11. centi 10-2
6. deca 101 12. deci 10-1

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

Solving problem 1. Rewrite the values below using the suitable prefix.
involving
conversion of units (i) 4.1 x 1012 m 4.1 Tm
= __________ (vii) 3.8 x 102 K 3.8 hK
= __________

(ii) 9.3 x 101 s 9.3 das

= __________ (viii) 1.7 x 109 W = __________
1.7 GW
(iii) 0.5 x 10-3 J 0.5 mJ
= __________ (ix) 4.1 x 103 C 4.1 kC
= __________

(iv) 11.2 x 10-2 N 11.2 cN

= __________ (x) 9.5 x 10-6 A 9.5 A
= __________
(v) 5.9 x 106 V = __________
5.9 MV (xi) 8.6 x 10-12 m = __________
8.6 pm
(vi) 6.6 x 10-9 m 6.6 nm
= __________ (xii) 2.2 x 10-1 s 2.2 ds
= __________

2. Replaced the prefix in the values below with the correct multiple or sub-multiple.

(i) 4.1Tm = 4.1 x 1012 m (vii) 3.8 daK = 3.8 x 101 K

(ii) 9.3 ms = 9.3 x 10-3 s (viii) 1.7 GW = 1.7 x 109 W
(iii) 0.5 kJ = 0.5 x 103 J (ix) 4.1 hC = 4.1 x 102 C
(iv) 11.2 cN = 11.2 x 10-2 N (x) 9.5 A = 9.5 x 10-6 A
(v) 5.9 MV = 5.9 x 106 V (xi) 8.6 pm = 8.6 x 10-12 m
(vi) 6.6 dm = 6.6 x 10-1 m (xii) 2.2 ns = 2.2 x 10-9 s

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

Check Yourself 1

1. Which physical quantity has the correct S.I 6.

unit? A radio station airs its programmes by
transmitting waves at a frequency of
Physical quantity S.I unit 102.3 MHz. How much is this frequency, in
Hz?
A Temperature Celcius
B Time minute A 1.023 x 102
C Mass Newton B 1.023 x 105
D Length metre C 1.023 x 106
D 1.023 x 108

2. Time, speed, density, and energy are ..............

quantities. 7. Which of the following values is equal to 470
pF?
A base C vector
B scalar D derived A 4.7 x 10-10 F
B 4.7 x 1011 F
C 4.7 x 10-7 F
3. Which of the following shows the correct D 4.7 x 102 F
relationship between the base quantities for
-1
density? 8. Hamid cycles at a velocity of 3.1 km h .
-1
What is this velocity, in m s ?
A A 0.09 C 1.16
B 0.86 D 11.61

B
9. Which measurement is the longest?
C A 2.68 x 103 m
B 2.68 x 10-1 mm
C 2.68 x 103 cm
D D 2.68 x 10-4 m

10. Which of the following conversion of unit is

4. Which of the following is not a base S.I unit? correct?
A Gram C Ampere A 24 mm3 = 2.4 x 10-6 m3
B Kelvin D Meter B 300 mm3 = 3.0 x 10-7 m3
C 800 mm3 = 8.0 x 10-2 m3
D 1 000 mm3 = 1.0 x 10-4 m3
5.
Which of the following physical quantities is 11. Which of the following frequencies is the
not a base quantity? same as 106.8 MHz?
A Weight C Temperature A 1.068 x 10-4 Hz
B Time D Electric current B 1.068 x 10-1 Hz
C 1.068 x 102 Hz
D 1.068 x 106 Hz
E 1.068 x 108 Hz

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1.3 UNDERSTANDING SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES

Define scalar and 1. Read the statements below to make a generalisation on scalar quantity and vector
vector quantities. quantity. Then classify the physical quantities into scalar quantity and vector quantity
in the table below.

A Hasan walks with a velocity of 2 m s-1 due West.

B Husna runs with a speed of 5 m s-1.

C Sangeetha walks along a displacement of 40 m due North.

D Jason runs along a distance of 30 m.

E Chin Wen push the table downwards with a force of 30 N.

F Wen Dee has a mass of 40 kg.

Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity

Speed Velocity

Distance Displacement

Mass Force

(i) magnitude
Scalar quantity is physical quantity that has _______________________.

magnitude
(ii) Vector quantity is physical quantity that has _______________________ and
direction
________________________.

Differentiate 2. Underline the correct physical quantity.

between distance
and displacement. (i) (Distance / Displacement) is the total length travelled by an object.

(ii) (Distance / Displacement) is the shortest length measured between the initial
point and the final point.

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

EXAMPLE:

A 4m B
A boy walks from A to C through B.

(i) Distance of the boy =4m+3m =7m

3m

(ii) Displacement of the boy = =5m

Check Yourself 2

1. Which of the following quantities is a vector

3. Which quantity is a vector quantity?
quantity?
A Energy C Force A Area C Distance
B Power D Pressure B Length D Displacement

2. Diagram below shows the path travelled by a

4. Which of the following is group of vector
car from P to S.
quantities?
5 km A Velocity, mass, displacement
P Q
B Speed, time, acceleration
C Force, velocity, displacement
3 km D Area, temperature, momentum

S R
1 km

What is the displacement of the car?

A 5.0 km C 8.2 km
B 6.8 km D 9.0 km

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1.4 U N D E R S T A N D I N G M E A S U R E M E N T S

Recognise 1. State the suitable measuring instrument for the physical quantities in the table below.
appropriate
instrument for MEASURING INSTRUMENT
physical quantities Metre rule Barometer Thermometer Lever balance
Spring balance Hydrometer Measuring cylinder Bourdon gauge
Ammeter Voltmeter Stopwatch Vernier calliper
Micrometer screw gauge

No. Physical Quantity Measuring Instrument

1. Temperature Thermometer
2. Length Metre rule
3. Time Stopwatch
4. Mass Lever balance
5. Electric current Ammeter
6. Voltage Voltmeter
7. Density Hydrometer
8. Atmospheric pressure Barometer
9. Pressure Bourdon gauge
10. Force Spring balance
11. Volume Measuring cylinder
12. Diameter of tube Vernier calliper
13. Diameter of wire Micrometer screw gauge

Measure physical 2. Label the part of vernier calliper below.

quantity using
vernier calliper. PART OF VERNIER CALLIPER
Inner jaws Outer jaws Main scale Vernier scale

Inner jaws
Main scale

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Vernier scale

Outer jaws
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

3. Take the reading from a vernier calliper:

EXAMPLE:
(i) 0.70
(i) Read the main scale.
cm
Main scale reading = 0.70 cm

0 1 2 (ii) Read the vernier scale.

0 Vernier scale reading = 0.02 cm
(iii) Total up the readings.
(ii) 0.02 Actual reading = 0.72 cm
cm

4. Read the vernier calliper below.

(i) 3 4 (ii) 2 3

0 0

3.10 cm 2.10 cm
Main scale = .................... Main scale = ....................
Vernier scale 0.03 cm
= .................... Vernier scale 0.06 cm
= ....................
Actual reading 3.13 cm
= .................... Actual reading 2.16 cm
= ....................

(ii) (iv)
8 9 0 1

Main scale 8.50 cm

= .................... Main scale 0.20 cm
= ....................
Vernier scale 0.06 cm
= .................... Vernier scale 0.04 cm
= ....................
Actual reading 8.56 cm
= .................... Actual reading 0.24 cm
= ....................

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

Measure physical 5. Label the part of micrometer screw gauge below.

quantity using
micrometer screw PART OF MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE
gauge. Anvil Spindle Sleeve Thimble Ratchet

Anvil Spindle Thimble Ratchet

Main scale

6. Take the reading from a micrometer screw gauge.

EXAMPLE:

(i) 3.00 mm (i) Read the sleeve scale (main scale).

Sleeve scale reading = 3.00 mm

0 50 (ii) Read the thimble scale.

(ii) 0.44 mm Thimble scale reading = 0.44 mm
40

(iii) Total up the readings.

Actual reading = 3.44 mm

7. Read the micrometer screw gauge below:

(i) (ii)

0 30 0
20
20 10

Sleeve scale 5.00 mm

= .................... Sleeve scale 3.00 mm
= ....................
Thimble scale 0.24 mm
= .................... Thimble scale 0.16 mm
= ....................
Actual reading 5.24 mm
= .................... Actual reading 3.16 mm
= ....................

(iii) (iv)

0 0
60
20
50
10

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

Sleeve scale 5.50 mm

= .................... Sleeve scale 3.00 mm
= ....................
Thimble scale 0.19 mm
= .................... Thimble scale 0.56 mm
= ....................
Actual reading 5.69 mm
= .................... Actual reading 3.56 mm
= ....................

Explain sensitivity. 8. Table below shows readings from three instruments J, K, and L that are used in
measuring the mass of a Petri dish.

Instrument J Instrument K Instrument L

20 g 19.4 g 19.42 g

A piece of dried leaf of mass 0.05 g is then put in the Petri dish.

(i) Which instrument is able to detect the small change of the mass? L
[...............]
(ii) Which instrument is the most sensitive? L
[................]
(iii) Which instrument has the highest sensitivity? L
[................]
detect small
(iv) Sensitivity of instrument is the capability of the instrument to ...............................
changes.
..................................................................................................................................
(v) Which instrument gives reading in the most decimal place? [.................] L
more
(vi) The ...................... higher
the decimal place, the ........................... sensitivity of the
instrument.
Explain accuracy. 9. Table below shows readings from three instruments P, Q, and R that are used in
measuring the length of a wire. The actual length of the wire is 10.0 cm.

Instrument P Instrument Q Instrument R

10.1 cm 10.4 cm 9.6 cm

(i) Which instrument gives the closest reading to the actual length of the wire?
P
[...............]
P
(ii) Which instrument gives the most accurate reading? [...............]
(iii) Which instrument has the highest accuracy? P
[...............]
give reading
(iv) Accuracy of instrument is the capability of the instrument to ..................................
close to the actual size.
...................................................................................................................................

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

Explain 10. Table below shows four readings from three instruments X, Y, and Z that are used in
consistency measuring the length of a wire. Each instrument repeats the measurement for four
(Precision) times.

Instrument X 10.0 cm 10.1 cm 10.1 cm 10.0 cm

Instrument Y 10.1 cm 10.4 cm 10.2 cm 9.8 cm
Instrument Z 9.8 cm 9.6 cm 9.9 cm 9.5 cm

(i) Which instrument gives readings with the smallest deviation (difference)?
X
[...............]
X
(ii) Which instrument gives the most consistence readings? [...............]
(iii) Which instrument has the highest consistency? X
[...............]
give reading
(iv) Consistency of instrument is the capability of the instrument to .............................
with small deviation/difference.
...................................................................................................................................

Explain type of 11. In an experiment, the readings of measurement taken may have slightly difference due
experimental error.
error
to some mistakes. The difference in the readings is called as .........................................

12. These errors can be caused by the change of environment, human factors or the
deficiency of measuring instrument.

13. Error that is caused by environment and human usually is (constant / changeable)*.

14. Error that is caused by the instrument is always (constant / changeable)*.

15. Type of Error:

Random Error Difference Systematic Error

Human factor and

Cause Instrument
environment

Magnitude /
Random Constant
value

Parallax error Example Zero error

Add or deduct the zero

error from the reading.
Method to
Take few readings and find
reduce the
the average reading Use different instrument
error
while taking readings and
find the average

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

Check Yourself 3

1. A, B, C, and D shows the shooting marks on a 4. A, B, C, and D show parts of four different
target. Which marks can explain the concept balance scales. Which balance is the most
. of precision of a measurement? sensitive?

A C A C

B D

B D

2. Diagram below shows the target board in a 5. The diagrams show the scales on a pair of
game. vernier callipers and a metre rule.
Target
board Target

Which result is consistent but not accurate?

A C Vernier calliper Metre rule

Which comparison is correct about the

sensitivity of the vernier callipers and the
metre rule when measuring the thickness of a
B D wire?

Vernier callipers Metre rule

A Low sensitivity Low Sensitivity
B Low sensitivity High sensitivity
C High sensitivity Low sensitivity
3. The diagram shows the scale of a micrometer D High sensitivity High sensitivity
screw gauge.

6. Table below shows the readings of the

thickness of a board which are taken by four
students.

Reading/cm
Student
1 2 3 4
What is the reading of the micrometer? A 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
B 2.53 2.53 2.53 2.53
A 7.02 mm C 7.03 mm C 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.53
B 7.52 mm D 7.58 mm 1-13
D 2.71 2.73 2.74 2.74
 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

Each student made four measurements. If the
actual thickness of the board is 2.53 cm,
which of the students A, B, C, and D made
the measurements that are accurate but not
consistent?
11. Diagram (a) shows the reading of a
vernier calliper while its jaws are closed.
Diagram (b) shows the reading of the vernier
calliper when a metal sheet is placed between
the jaws.

7. The diagram shows the scale of a vernier

calliper.

(a) (b)
What is the thickness of the metal sheet?
A 0.46 cm C 0.38 cm
What is the reading of the vernier calliper? B 0.42 cm D 0.32 cm

A 2.16 cm C 1.86 cm 12.

Which of the following statements is correct
B 2.06 cm D 1.76 cm about zero error?

A Can be reduced by determining average

8. Atmospheric pressure can be measured by
using
A hydrometer
B Bourdon gauge and manometer
C Bourdon gauge and mercury barometer
D manometer and mercury barometer
9. Four students, A, B, C, and D use a micrometer
screw gauge, a metre rule, and a vernier
calliper to measure the thickness of a board.
Which student records the reading correctly?
reading.
B The magnitude of error increases when
the value of the reading increases.
C Exist either in positive or negative.
D The magnitude of error increases if the
range of scale is large.
Diagram below shows two types of ammeters,
12. X and Y, that can be used to measure electric
current.

Micrometer Metre Vernier

screw rule/mm calliper/mm
gauge/mm

A 11.1 11 11.13
B 11.13 11.1 11.128
C 11.128 11.1 11.13
D 11.13 11 11.1

10. The diagram shows the scale of a micrometer

screw gauge. (a) Which ammeter is more sensitive?
Ammeter Y
...................................................................

(b) State one reason for your answer above.

Ammeter Y has smaller division of
...................................................................
scale
...................................................................
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What is the reading of the micrometer?
...................................................................
A 4.95 mm C 4.50 mm
B 4.55 mm D 4.45 mm
 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

13. Which of the following ways can reduce the 13.

parallax error while taking reading of current (a) The external diameters of the cylinder at
from an ammeter? four different places are shown in the
table below.
A Use a higher sensitivity ammeter.
B Repeat the measurement and calculate Relative
External diameter/cm
the average reading. deviation/%
C Take the reading using a magnifying 2.04 2.05 2.04 2.06 0.37
glass.
D Use ammeter that has plane mirror
below the pointer. (i) Why is the external diameter
measured four times?

To get average reading / To find

.............................................................
13. What is the function of the plane mirror under
the pointer in an ammeter? relative deviation
.............................................................
A To increase the consistency of the
measurement. (ii) What is the purpose of calculating the
B To increase the accuracy of the relative deviation?
measurement.
C To avoid parallax error. To.............................................................
determine the consistency of the
D To prevent zero error. measurement
.............................................................

.............................................................
14.
Figure below shows the meniscus of oil in a
measuring cylinder. P, Q and R are three eye
16. Figure below shows the scale of an ammeter. positions while measuring the volume of the
oil.

Mirror

(a) Name the physical quantity measured by

the ammeter. (a) Which position of the eye is correct while
taking the reading of the volume of oil?
Electric current
................................................................... Q. (but the direction must be 90)
...................................................................
(b) What is the value of the smallest division
on the scale? (b) Give one reason for the answer above.
Position of eyes is at the level of the
0.1 A
................................................................... ...................................................................
meniscus of the oil
(c) State the function of the mirror located ...................................................................
under the scale.
To avoid parallax error
................................................................... 18.
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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

17. Figure below shows a vernier calliper used to

measure external diameter of a hollow (i) What is the zero error of the vernier
cylinder. calliper?

.............................................................
-0.04 cm

(ii) Calculate the thickness of the metal

sheet.

(b) Name the part labelled X.

Inner jaws
...................................................................
Zero error = - 0.04 cm
(c) What is the function of X?
To measure internal diameter of hollow Reading = 3.62 cm
...................................................................
object Actual reading = 3.62 – (-0.04) cm
...................................................................
= 3.66 cm
19. A student is assigned to measure the thickness
of a metal sheet. The student is provided with
a vernier calliper.
3.66 cm
Thickness = .................................
(a) The student uses the vernier calliper to
measure the thickness of the metal sheet.
Figure (i) shows the scale of the vernier
calliper while the jaws are closed. Figure
(ii) shows the scale of the vernier calliper
when the metal sheet is put between the
jaws.

(i)

(ii)

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

1.5 U N D E R S T A N D I N G S C I E N T I F I C I N V E S T I G A T I O N

Identify variables 1. Identify and state the variables that can be investigated from the situations below.
in a given situation
EXAMPLE:

The car moves faster when it is pushed harder.

Cause : pushed harder Manipulated variable : Force

Effect : moves faster Responding variable : Speed/Velocity/
Acceleration

Manipulated Responding
No. Situation
variable variable
1. The temperature of smaller block rises
Mass Temperature
faster when it is heated.
2. The pendulum system with longer string
Length Time
takes longer time to stop.
3. The loaded lorry is harder to stop than the
Mass Time to stop
empty lorry.
4. The trolley that falls from the higher place
Height Speed
moves faster.
5. The spring becomes longer when it is
Force Length
pulled harder.

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

Making inference 2. Write inference from the given variables.

EXAMPLE:

Manipulated variable : Length Responding variable: Time

Inference : The length affects the time taken.

Manipulated Responding
No. Inference
variable variable
1. Force Acceleration The force affects the acceleration

2. Mass Temperature The mass affects the temperature

3. Force Extension The force affects the extension

4. Mass Time The mass affects the time

5. Force Pressure The force affects the pressure

6. Area Pressure The area affects the pressure

7. Temperature Volume The temperature affects the volume

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

Form hypothesis. 3. Write hypothesis from the given variables.

EXAMPLE:

Manipulated variable : Length Responding variable: Time

Hypothesis : The longer the length, the longer the time taken.

Manipulated Responding
No. Hypothesis
variable variable
The larger the force, the higher the
1. Force Acceleration
acceleration
The larger the mass, the lower the
2. Mass Temperature
temperature
The larger the force, the longer the
3. Force Extension
extension

4. Mass Time The larger the mass, the longer the time

The larger the force, the higher the

5. Force Pressure
pressure

6. Area Pressure The larger the area, the lower the pressure

The higher the temperature, the larger the

7. Temperature Volume
volume

Analyse the data. 4. Data obtained from an experiment can be analysed by plotting a line graph.
Manipulated variable is on the x-axis, and responding variable is on the y-axis.
The variables must be stated together with the correct unit.
Time/min
EXAMPLE:

Manipulated variable : Mass

Responding variable : Time

Mass/kg

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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

5. Sketch a graph to analyse the following variables:

(i) Manipulated variable : Force (ii) Manipulated variable : Mass

Responding variable : Acceleration Responding variable : Temperature

Acceleration/m s-2 Temperature/C

Force/N Mass/kg

(iii (iv) Manipulated variable : Mass

Manipulated variable : Force
)
Responding variable : Extension Responding variable : Time

Extension/cm Time/s

Force/N Mass/kg

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

(v) Manipulated variable : Force (vi) Manipulated variable : Area

Responding variable : Pressure Responding variable : Pressure

Pressure/Pa Pressure/Pa

Area/cm2

Interpret data to 6. The conclusion of an experiment is made based on the line graph obtained.
draw a conclusion.
EXAMPLE:

Time/min Pressure/Pa

m-2
Mass/kg
Conclusion: Conclusion:
The time is directly proportional The pressure is inversely proportional
to the mass. to the area.

Temperature/C

Time/min

Conclusion:
The temperature is linearly
increasing with the time.

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

Interpret data to 7. Write a conclusion based on the line graphs below:

draw a conclusion.
(i) Period2/s2 (ii) Temperature/C

kg-2
Length/cm
Conclusion: Conclusion:
The square of period is directly The temperature is inversely
proportional to the length proportional to the mass

(iii) (iv)

Volume/m3 Extension/cm

Pressure/kPa Force/N

Conclusion: Conclusion:
The volume is linearly increasing The extension is directly
with the pressure proportional to the force

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 Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 1 – Introduction to physics GCKL 2011

Check Yourself 4

1. Which of the following graphs obeys the 4. Diagram below shows an investigation about
equation F = kx, where k is a constant? the stretching of a spring. Babies of different
. masses are supported by identical springs.
A C

B D

Which of the following variables are correct?

Manipulated Responding Constant

variable variable variable
A Mass of the Length of Diameter of
baby the spring the spring
B Length of Mass of the Diameter of
2. Table below shows the results of an experiment
the spring baby the spring
to investigate between load and extension when
C Diameter of Length of Mass of the
a spring is stretched.
the spring the spring baby
Load, F/N 100 150 200 250 300 D Mass of the Diameter of Length of
baby the spring the spring
Extension,
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
x/cm
5. The graph shows the relationship between
The original length of the spring is l0 = 15.0 cm. physical quantities P and Q.
What is the manipulated variable?

A Load, F
B Extension, x
C Original length of the spring, l0
D Material used to make the spring

3. The graph shows the relationship between v

and t.

Which statements about the graph is correct?

A If Q = 1, then P = 2.
B The gradient of the graph is 1.
C P is directly proportional to Q.
D The equation of the graph is P = 1 + 3Q

The relationship between v and t is

represented by the equation

A C
1-23
B D