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2 0forcesandmotion 130415001546 Phpapp01 PDF
2 0forcesandmotion 130415001546 Phpapp01 PDF
2.1 L I N E A R M O T I O N
Distance is the total path length travelled from one location to another.
Distance, s Quantity: scalar SI unit: meter (m)
Uniform speed Speed that remains the same in magnitude without considering its direction
Uniform velocity Velocity that remains the same in magnitude and direction
An object has a non- (a) The direction of motion changes or the motion is not linear.
uniform velocity if
(b) The magnitude of its velocity changes.
Acceleration, a When the velocity of an object increases, the object is said to be accelerating.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Deceleration
Zero acceleration An object moving at a constants velocity, that is, the magnitude and direction of
its velocity remain unchanged – is not accelerating
1. Constant = uniform
2. increasing velocity = acceleration
3. decreasing velocity = deceleration
4. zero velocity = object at stationary / at rest
5. negative velocity = object moves in opposite direction
6. zero acceleration = constant velocity
7. negative acceleration = deceleration
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Comparisons between distance and displacement Comparisons between speed and velocity
Distance Displacement
Total path length The distance between Speed Velocity
travelled from two locations The rate of change of The rate of change of
one location to measured along the distance displacement
another shortest path Scalar quantity Vector quantity
connecting them in
specific direction It has magnitude but It has both magnitude
no direction and direction
-1 -1
Scalar quantity Vector quantity SI unit : m s SI unit : m s
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Example 1 Example 2
Every day Rahim walks from his house to the junction Every morning Amirul walks to Ahmad’s house
which is 1.5km from his house. which is situated 80 m to the east of Amirul’s house.
Then he turns back and stops at warung Pak Din which They then walk towards their school which is 60 m
is 0.5 km from his house. to the south of Ahmad’s house.
140m
(a)What is Rahim’s displacement from his house Speed = =0.156 in ms-1
• when he reaches the junction. 1.5 km to the 15 60 s
right
• When he is at warung Pak Din. 0.5 km to the 100m
Velocity = = 0.111 ms-1
left. 15 60 s
(b)After breakfast, Rahim walks back to his house.
w hen he reaches home,
(i) what is the total distance travelled by
Rahim?
(1.5 + 1.5 + 0.5+0.5 ) km = 4.0 km
(ii) what is Rahim’s total displacement from
his house?
1.5 +( -1.5) +(- 0.5 )+0.5 km = 0 km
Example 3 Example 4
Salim running in a race covers 60 m in 12 s.
An aeroplane flies towards the north with
(a) What is his speed in ms-1
a velocity 300 km hr -1 in one hour.
60m Then, the plane moves to the east with
Speed = = 5 ms-1
12 s the velocity 400 km hr -1 in one hour.
(b) If he takes 40 s to complete the race, what is his (a)What is the average speed of the plane?
distance covered? Average speed = (300 km hr -1 +
4 00 km hr -1 ) / 2 = 350 km hr -1
distance covered = 40 s × 5 ms-1 = 200 m (b)What is the average velocity of the plane?
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
400
Tan θ = = 1.333 θ =
300
The speed of both cars are the same but the velocity of
both cars are different with opposite direction
A ticker timer
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Relating displacement, velocity, acceleration and time using ticker tape.
VELOCITY FORMULA
Time, t = 10 dicks x 0.02 s
= 0.2 s
displacement, s = x cm
velocity =
ACCELERATION
Initial velocity, u =
final velocity, v =
acceleration, a =
Elapsed time, t = (5 – 1) x 0.2 s = 0.8 s or
t = (50 – 10) ticks x 0.02 s = 0.8 s
Constant velocity
– slow moving
Constant velocity
– fast moving
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- Distance between the dots decrease uniformly
decceleration
Example 6
0.02 s × 10 = 0.2 s
2 cm / 0.2 s = 10 ms-1
12 cm / 0.2 s = 60 ms-1
( 11 - 1) × 0.2 s = 2 s
vu 60 10 -2
a= = ms = 25 ms-2
t 2
v u at u = initial velocity
1 v = final velocity
s ut at 2 t = time taken
2 s = displacement
v u 2as
2 2
a = constant acceleration
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
2.2 M O T I O N G R A P H S
DISPLACEMENT – TIME GRAPH Velocity is obtained from the gradient of the graph.
Negative
constant
velocity
Positive
Constant
velocity
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Constant
deceleration
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Example 1
Example 2
Contoh 11
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
2.3 I N E R T I A
Inertia The inertia of an object is the tendency of the object to remain at rest or, if
moving, to continue its motion.
Newton’s first law Every object continues in its state of rest or of uniform motion unless
it is acted upon by an external force.
Relation between inertia The larger the mass, the larger the inertia
and mass
When the bottle stops suddenly, the sauce continues in its state of
motion due to the effect of its inertia.
Body moves forward when the car stops suddenly The passengers were in a
state of motion when the car was moving.
When the car stopped suddenly, the inertia in the passengers made them
maintain their state of motion. Thus when the car stop, the passengers
moved forward.
A boy runs away from a cow in a zig- zag motion. The cow has a large inertia
making it difficult to change direction.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
2.4 M O M E N T U M
ƒ Both objects move independently at their ƒ The two objects combine and move together
respective velocities after the collision. with a common velocity after the collision.
ƒ Momentum is conserved. ƒ Momentum is conserved.
ƒ Kinetic energy is conserved. ƒ Kinetic energy is not conserved.
Total energy is conserved. ƒ Total energy is conserved.
Total Momentum Before = total momentum after Total Momentum Before = Total Momentum After
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 m1 u1 + m2 u2 = ( m1 + m2 ) v
Explosion
Before explosion both object stick together and at
rest. After collision, both object move at opposite
direction.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Example
Example
Car A of mass 1000 kg moving at 20 ms -1
collides with a car B of mass 1200 kg moving at Before collision After collision
10 m s -1 in same direction. If the car B is MA = 4 kg
shunted forwards at 15 m s -1 by the impact, MB = 2 kg
what is the velocity, v, of the car A immediately UA = 10 ms -1 r i g h t
UB = 8 ms -1 l e f t VB 4 ms-1 right
after the crash?
1000 kg x 20 ms -1 + 1200 kg x 10 ms -1 =
Calculate the value of VA .
1000 kg x v + 1200 kg x 15 ms -1
[4 x 10 + 2 x (-8)]kgms -1 =[ 4 x v + 2 x 4 ] kgms -1
v= 14 ms -1
VA = 4 ms -1 right
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Example
Example
A truck of mass 1200 kg moving at 30 ms-1 collides
with a car of mass 1000 kg which is travelling in A man fires a pistol which has a mass of 1.5 kg.
the opposite direction at 20 ms-1. After the If the mass of the bullet is 10 g and it reaches a
collision, the two vehicles move together. What is velocity of 300 ms -1 after shooting, what is the
the velocity of both vehicles immediately after recoil velocity of the pistol?
collision?
0 = 1.5 kg x v + 0.01 kg x 300 ms -1
1200 kg x 30 ms
-1
+ 1000 kg x (-20 ms -1) v = -2 ms -1
= ( 1200 kg + 1000kg) v
v = 7.27 ms -1 to the right Or
it recoiled with 2 ms -1 to the left
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
2.5 F O R C E
Unbalanced Force/ Resultant Force When the forces acting on an object are not balanced,
there must be a net force acting on it.
The net force is known as the unbalanced force or
the resultant force.
Weight, W = Lift, U Thrust, F = drag, G
F = ma
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Situation
Both men are pushing the same mass Both men exerted the same strength.
but man A puts greater effort. So he But man B moves faster than man A.
moves faster.
Variables:
Manipulated : Force Mass
Responding :
Acceleration Acceleration
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Procedure : An elastic cord is hooked over the An elastic cord is hooked over a
- Controlling trolley. The elastic cord is stretched trolley. The elastic cord is stretched
manipulated until the end of the trolley. The until the end of the trolley. The trolley
variables. trolley is pulled down the runway is pulled down the runway with the
with the elastic cord being kept elastic cord being kept stretched by
stretched by the same amount of the same amount of force
force
Analysing
Result
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
(a) force = 6 N
(b) net force = (6 – 2) N
= 4N
(a) u = 20 ms -1 v = 0 s = 30 m a=?
a = - 6.67 ms-2
(b) force = 1200 x 6.67 N
= 8000 N
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Effect of time Impulsive force Longer period of time →Impulsive force decrease
Unit = N
is inversely
proportional to Shorter period of time →Impulsive force increase
time of contact
Situations for Reducing Impulsive Force in Sports
Situations Explanation
Thick mattress with soft surfaces are used in events such as high jump
so that the time interval of impact on landing is extended, thus
reducing the impulsive force. This can prevent injuries to the
participants.
Goal keepers will wear gloves to increase the collision time. This
will reduce the impulsive force.
A high jumper will bend his legs upon landing. This is to increase the
time of impact in order to reduce the impulsive force acting on his legs.
This will reduce the chance of getting serious injury.
A baseball player must catch the ball in the direction of the motion of
the ball. Moving his hand backwards when catching the ball prolongs
the time for the momentum to change so as to reduce the impulsive
force.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Pestle and mortar are made of stone. When a pestle is used to pound
chillies, the hard surfaces of both the pestle and mortar cause the pestle
to be stopped in a very short time. A large impulsive force is resulted
and thus causes these spices to be crushed easily.
Example 1 Answer:
(a) Impulse = 60 kg x ( 6 ms-1 - 0 )
A 60 kg resident jumps from the first floor of a burning house.
= 360 Ns
His velocity just before landing on the ground is 6 ms-1. 360 Ns
(a) Calculate the impulse when his legs hit the ground.
(b) Impulsive force = 0.5s
(b) What is the impulsive force on the resident’s legs if he =7200 N
bends upon landing and takes 0.5 s to stop? (c) He experienced a greater
(c) What is the impulsive force on the resident’s legs if Impulsive force of 7200 N and he
might injured his legs
he does not bend and stops in 0.05 s?
(d) Increase the reaction time so as to
(d) What is the advantage of bending his legs upon landing? reduce impulsive force
Example 2
Rooney kicks a ball with a force of 1500 N. The time of (a) Impulse = 1500N x 0.01 s
contact of his boot with the ball is 0.01 s. What is the impulse = 15 Ns
delivered to the ball? If the mass of the ball is 0.5 kg, what is
the velocity of the ball? 15 Ns
(b) velocity = = 30 ms-1
0.5kg
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
2.7 S A F E T Y V E H I C L E
Crumple zones
Anti-lock brake system
(ABS)
Component Function
Headrest To reduce the inertia effect of the driver’s head.
Air bag Absorbing impact by increasing the amount of time the driver’s head to come to the
steering. So that the impulsive force can be reduce
Crumple zone Can be compressed during accident. So it can increase the amount of time the car
takes to come to a complete stop. So it can reduce the impulsive force.
Front Absorb the shock from the accident. Made from steel, aluminium, plastic or
bumper rubber.
ABS Enables drivers to quickly stop the car without causing the brakes to lock.
Side impact bar Prevents the collapse of the front and back of the car into the passenger
compartment. Also gives good protection from a side impact
Seat belt To reduce the effect of inertia by avoiding the driver from thrown forward.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
2.8 G R A V I T Y
Gravitational Objects fall because they are pulled towards the Earth by the force of gravity.
Force
This force is known as the pull of gravity or the earth’s gravitational force.
The earth’s gravitational force tends to pull everything towards its centre.
Free fall An object is falling freely when it is falling under the force of gravity
only.
A piece of paper does not fall freely because its fall is affected by air
resistance.
An object falls freely only in vacuum. The absence of air means
there is no air resistance to oppose the motion of the object.
In vacuum, both light and heavy objects fall freely.
They fall with the same acceleration i.e. The acceleration
due to gravity, g.
Acceleration due to Objects dropped under the influence of the pull of gravity with
gravity, g constant acceleration.
This acceleration is known as the gravitational acceleration, g.
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The standard value of the gravitational acceleration, g is 9.81 m s .
-2
The value of g is often taken to be 10 m s for simplicity.
The magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity depends on the
strength of the gravitational field.
Gravitational field The gravitational field is the region around the earth in which an object
experiences a force towards the centre of the earth. This force is the
gravitational attraction between the object and the earth.
The gravitational field strength is defined as the gravitational force which acts
on a mass of 1 kilogram.
F -1
g= Its unit is N kg .
m
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
-1
Gravitational field strength, g = 10 N kg
-2
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 m s
-2
The approximate value of g can therefore be written either as 10 m s
-1
or as 10 N kg .
At vacuum state: There is no air At normal state: Both coin and feather
resistance. will fall because of gravitational force.
The coin and the feather will fall Air resistance effected by the surface area of
freely. a fallen object.
Only gravitational force The feather that has large area will have
acted on the objects. Both will fall more air resistance.
at the same time. The coin will fall at first.
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
(a) The two spheres are falling The two spheres are falling down with
with an acceleration. the same acceleration
The distance between two The two spheres are at the same level
successive images of the sphere at all times. Thus, a heavy object and
increases showing that the two a light object fall with the same
spheres are falling with increasing gravitational acceleration
velocity; falling with an Gravitational acceleration is
acceleration. independent of mass
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
2.9 F O R C E S I N E Q U I L I B R I U M
Forces in Equilibrium When an object is in equilibrium, the resultant force acting on it is zero.
The object will either be
1. at rest
2. move with constant velocity.
Resultant Force A single force that represents the combined effect of two of more forces
in magnitude and direction.
Addition of Forces
Resultant force, F = F1 + F2
Resultant force, F = F1 + - F2
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
STEP 2
Complete the parallelogram
scale: 1 cm = ……
Inclined Plane
Fx = F cos θ
Component of weight parallel to the plane = mg sin θ
Fy = F sin θ Component of weight normal to the plane = mg cos θ
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
17 N
5N
(d) (e)
7N
FR
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Lift
Pulley
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
2.10 W O R K , E N E R G Y , P O W E R & E F FI C I E N CY
s F
W= F s
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
E = mgh
2
E = ½ mv
A waiter2is- 32
carrying a tray of
food and walking
Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Principle of Conservation of Energy can be changed from one form to another, but it cannot
Energy
be created or destroyed.
The energy can be transformed from one form to another, total
energy in a system is constant.
Total energy before = total energy after
Example 4
A worker is pulling a wooden block of weight W, with a force
of P along a frictionless plank at height of h. The distance
travelled by the block is x. Calculate the work done by the
worker to pull the block.
[Px = Wh]
Example 5
Example 6 Example 7
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Physics Module Form 4 Chapter 2 – Forces & Motion GCKL 2011
Example 8
Example 9
Example 10
A boy of mass 20 kg sits at the top of a concrete slide of height 2.5 m. When he slides down the
slope, he does work to overcome friction of 140 J. What is his velocity at the end of the slope?
[6 ms-1]
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