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Chapter 1 and 3 PDF
Chapter 1 and 3 PDF
In partial fulfillment
of the requirement for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
______________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the world’s most versatile, durable and reliable construction material.
Next to water, concrete is the most used material, which required large quantities of
Portland Cement. Ordinary Portland Cement production is the second only to the
automobile as the major generator of carbon dioxide, which polluted the atmosphere. In
addition to that large amount energy was also consumed for the cement production.
Portland cement and fly ash can both be key ingredients in concrete mixes. Although
a base with larger aggregate materials. The aggregates are typically different types of
stone, but the base is most often Portland cement, a mixture of clays, metallic elements
and minerals like calcium and silica. While Portland cement can have fly ash in it, fly ash
concrete is typically made with a base of full fly ash instead of any Portland cement.
Fly ash is a fine powder that is a byproduct of burning pulverized coal in electric
generation power plants. Fly ash is a pozzolan, a substance containing aluminous and
siliceous material that forms cement in the presence of water. When mixed with lime and
water, fly ash forms a compound similar to Portland cement. This makes fly ash suitable
as a prime material in blended cement, mosaic tiles, and hollow blocks, among other
building materials. When used in concrete mixes, fly ash improves the strength and
The cement production generated carbon dioxide, which pollutes the atmosphere.
The Thermal Industry produces a waste called fly ash which is simply dumped on the
earth, occupies larges areas. The waste water from the chemical industries is discharged
into the ground which contaminates ground water. By producing geopolymer concrete all
Waste fly ash from thermal industry plus waste water from chemical refineries is
equal to geopolymer concrete. Since geopolymer concrete does not use any cement, the
production of cement shall be reduced and hence the pollution of atmosphere by the
be one solution to lessen the release of carbon dioxide in the process of producing
conventional Portland cement in order to be more easily accepted and applied by the
public.
The primary problem of the study is to determine, compare and investigate the
effects on mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete by using different ratio of fly ash
to alkaline activating solution and which proportion will give the best strength and the most
economical.
Objectives of the Study
The main objective of the study is to determine the effects of different ratio of fly
1. identify the differences between the compressive strength and the slump test result
2. know the most economical ratio of alkaline activating solution to fly ash in
Geopolymer concrete.
Next to water, concrete is the most used material, which required large quantities
of Portland Cement. Ordinary Portland Cement production is the second only to the
automobile as the major generator of carbon dioxide, which polluted the atmosphere. In
addition to that, large amount energy was also consumed for the cement production.
Hence, it is inevitable to find an alternative material to the existing most expensive, most
resource consuming Portland Cement. The thermal industry produces a waste called fly
ash which is simply dumped on the earth, occupies larges areas. The waste water from
the Chemical Industries is discharged into the ground which contaminates ground water.
rearranging them.
The main focus of the study is to produce a concrete which does not use Portland
Cement as a binder. The focal point will be on the technical evaluation and analysis of the
properties of geopolymer concrete using maximum, minimum and mean ratio of alkaline
activators to fly ash. Class F fly ash from coal which is activated using chemicals such as
sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate will be used. The following tests will be conducted:
The study will be conducted at Cavite State University - Indang Cavite from
Definition of Terms
Cement. It is an adhesive or glue, which when set binds particles of fine aggregate
with a liquid, such as water, to form cement base substance, and to which an aggregate
loads tending to reduce size, as opposed to tensile strength, which withstands loads
tending to elongate.
silicate bearing materials with a caustic activator. Commonly, waste materials such as fly
ash or slag from iron and metal production are used, which helps lead to a cleaner
environment.
divided rock and mineral particles. It is defined by size, being finer than gravel and coarser
than silt.
Silica. It is also known as Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and usually present in cement to
Conceptual Framework
Flow Chart
GATHERING PREPARATION OF
SLUMP TEST
OF MATERIALS SPECIMEN
STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS
Data gathering
The data needed in this study were generated from the following:
related topics;
3. Internet for most recent findings that were related to the study, particularly
The following materials that will be used in making concrete sample are fly ash,
The following materials that will be used for determining the unit weight of
coconut shell ash are metal volumetric measure, tamping rod, steel, 5/8 inches in
The following materials that will be used for slump test are mixing board, slump
mold, metal ruler or meter stick, tamping rod, pointing trowel and container.
The following material and equipment that will be used to determine the
materials and facilities, pointing trowel, shovel container for mixing sample and
In this study, the researchers will prepare three (3) different mixtures for
2 67 33
3 61 39
For the development of fly ash based geopolymer concrete mix design method,
detailed investigations will be carried out and following parameters were selected on
the basis of workability and compressive strength. In the investigation, sodium based
alkaline activators will be used. The combination of sodium hydroxide and sodium
silicate will be used for the activation of fly ash based geopolymer concrete.
Wet mixing method will be used in mixing the fly ash and the activators. A
mixture with minimum, maximum and mean will be evaluated. Activators is composed
of 30% Sodium Hydroxide (12M) and 70% Sodium Silicate will be combined. All
Mixing concrete
appearance.
The right proportioning of all the ingredients for concrete is the most difficult
days of geopolymer-based concrete with the same proportion and will be placed in
1. The working surface will be cleaned off. The materials will be also assured to
be clean.
2. Materials such as fly ash, sand and gravel will be carefully weighed according
5. A mixture with 30% Sodium Hydroxide solution and 70% Sodium Silicate
6. Fly ash and alkaline activators will be mixed according to its specified
7. Sand will be placed on the mixing surface together with geopolymer, mixing
9. Gravel was poured around the heap during the mixture by mixing to be evenly
10. With a shovel, another crater was formed in the top of the heap.
11. As water was then added, a shovel was moved from the sides of the heap into
the central crater and turn part of the heap to distribute the water throughout
the mixture.
12. Mixing the mixture within a minimum of almost fifteen minutes or even for much
longer period was done to assure that all ingredients were mixed uniformly.
Slump Test
Slump of concrete was conducted pursuant to ASTM C143 or the standard test
method for slump of hydraulic-cement concrete. The slump test includes the following
procedures:
1. Place the freshly mixed concrete inside the mold in 3 layers. Each layer is
between the height of the mold and the top of the slumped concrete.
Pavements 7 5
Casting Cylinders
This test was carried out following the procedure of ASTM C31 or the standard
practice for making and curing concrete test specimens in the field. Test cylinders were
casted to verify the specified compressive strength of the mix has been achieved. The
1. After slump test, mix the concrete thoroughly and place the casting molds on
3. Fill the mold to 2/3 full (8-inch depth) and rod the second layer with 25 strokes
4. Heap the concrete on the top of the mold and rod the top layer with 25 strokes
5. Tap the sides of the mold lightly to close the voids left by the rod.
6. Strike off the top surface of the concrete using a sawing action with the rod.
Smooth the surface and be sure to mark the cylinders with your mix number,
9. After 20 to 24 hours remove the mold. Place the concrete in container filled with
Curing of Concrete
Following the standard procedure of ASTM C31 or the standard practice for
making and curing concrete test specimens in the field, concrete cylinders were cured
at 7 days, 14 days and 28 days period. The procedure involves the following:
1. After removing the concrete from the mold, place the concrete inside the
Compression Test
Cylinders tested for acceptance and quality control are made and cured in
standard practice for making and curing concrete test specimens in the field. An
average of 3 consecutive tests shall be done for each mix design. Compression test
specimen with a diameter 3 times the maximum size of the aggregate and a
12 mm plate.
4. Place the fresh concrete inside the mold in 3 separate equal layers rodded
5. Level the surface with trowel and cover with a glass or plane steel.
6. After 4 hours, cover the specimen with a thin layer of cement paste and cover
10. Specimen is placed under a testing machine and a compressive load is applied
until the specimen fails. The load that causes the specimen to fail is recorded.
11. The recorded load divided by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder gives the
Cost Analysis
concrete. The cost of producing geopolymer fly ash concrete against conventional
Experimental Results
method (LSD) in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). SPSS is a widely
used program for statistical analysis in social science. It is also used by market
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) will be used to analyze the data collected. The