Ronni Rows s périéd of Roman civilization many roads were built & thickness, Main features of the Romen roads dients. @ They were built straight regardless of gr . 2 soil wi woe and’n hard stratum’ses reached. : vicknose of the construction wan ag high as 0.75 to 1.2 metres-at some-places, © the magnitude of wheel loads of animal drawn vehicles was very low. (of dressed Jarre stone-blocks set in lime mortar. after the rer 7 reomemmremrae ong cng aren em Pierre Tresaguet (1716-1796) developed an improved method of construction in France by the year 1764, A.D. Due consideration was given by him to subgrade moistur jon ond drainage ‘Scanned wih CamScannerTelford piovided level sisty:vade of veilth 9 meters . 5 Pd povided loval suiyzeade of odd 9 mets ope at id 2: with cross sl to 22 cm at the contre. A binding layer of wears em thick’ waa provi Since 1853, rail trensport was mx a a feeder service to the railway: the inadequacy of the existing r.. ly used for long distance transportation, and roads acted \iter First World Way, as the motor cars came on the roads, 4 network came into light. ‘Scanned wih CamScannerINTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY ‘Recommendations of (he apakar Commnitece 7 ke the proper charge of road ednsidering Committee suggested that Centeal government should tal it as a matter of national interest. rogram for a pero of 26K BSCS They gave more stress on Inne term plannint: forences to discuss about road. ioffickaly of periodic road con! ‘They éuggested the holdiny y for the establishment. of a: semi development. This paved the: They suggested imp motor spirit, vehicle tation, of a development fund called country was beyond the revenue should support it and development work... ‘They suggested a dedicated research organization to carryout rese rch This resulted in the forsation of-C To promote and encourage the scignce id prackice of road ‘building and maintenance, To provide a forum for expressidifegf coll r ive opinion of its members on afters fecting roads. ‘To promote the use of stands cAbidris axid practices. nt and rescarch connected with roads. ine! ‘a for the development, improve Ekithods of administration, planning, design, operation, use and To suggest improved" maintenanét: of roads: ah, futnish and ma the science of road * intain libraries and jnuseums for furthering st World War, the Rosd routine maintenance. This time traffic. at Nagpur the country after Fir t work, but spent in the impact of the heavy war of the Provinces was convened Due to the overall economic depression in Developiment Fund was not used for development caused further deteriovation of the roads under ‘At this point of time, Conference of Chief Engineers in 1843. A long-term road development plan for In Plan. dia was drawn up and was known as the Nagpur ‘Scanned wih CamScanner|Z a 2 a z m a 2 z a Features of Nagpur four clauses veral pro oul other purposes: the other main roads of a BRAN livided “into # In the Nagpur plan, v6 @ National t1 province Or hy jb scould be @ Provincial and i i) Dut main roads to i iii). Dit d take traffic {rout the oi iia sortance, aoue of the district o Major District I : Other District Rem fajor District Gv) Vill: =< he ch the interior of ea ‘aro to be considered vig to theie t Jhich woulil Link the villayes to the raud systee tained under the 1 © National Hi; _, be dovelope and control of th + National and Px durable crus: ation of 2,000-5,000 ving @ population of over 5,000, nd industriz] development (about 15%) R = Railway mileage in the area under consideratio D “Ane allo ance for agricults ) Length of other District anc Village Roads, (in miles) . i : =< + +R4284D ‘ where, = Number of villages with population 501-1000, R= Number of villages with population 1,001- 000, S = Number of villages wit! ition 2,001-5,000, and D = An allowance nd industrial der poi for apricultur, lopment during the next 99 vases ‘Scanned wih CamScannerINTRODUCTION TO HIGHWAY ur plan, the length of roves envisaged under it wae achieved, but the - oad eystem was dof anger economic, indiistrial and agriewltural conditions in the country in Hat period needed n review of the Nagpur plan. - plan of 20-year wna drafted hy the Roads wing of Government of By the end of the Naj nt in many rorpecte. The = Heneo, a seeont lone India, which is poptilarly known a the Bombay plan | Features of Bombay Pian but also from those on betterment levy, cess on + The question of vesting = examined. Earlier two Toad- develo ~meet-the peeds of freight & passenger movein ‘ond (ii) The plans were not part of the total transportation plan of the country. : . NSAI connect all villages or groups of villages.ivith a population of 500 The villages less than.a population of 500, the road network shall be 6 available at a distance of Jess than 3 km in 2001 planned ‘af to result in an all-weather road heing plain;areas and5"km in hilly terrain. ‘ould be constructed on"major traffic corridors to provide speedy travel. headquarters, sub-divisional (taluke) serve district commercial interest, places of tourist attraction, headquarters, major industrial centres, places of - 4 State Highways should be extended to id ports. major agricultural market centres «The Major District Roads should serve and connect all of 1,500 and above. . «The other District Roads chould serve and connect villages with 2 poptilation of 1,000-1,600. «Energy conservation, environmental quality of roads and road safety measures were also giver due importance in this plan. : ; Selection of specifications should ss of (i) their amensbility to atage construct towns and villages with a population ‘Scanned wih CamScanner. RING: ei i ET mo . ~ cof soil- M ; je use ! Gi) the need w adone lg 4) CBeonomics ¢) Other considerations Origin and Destination etudy should be carried © owing the trend of traffic flow. The new road "lines, trafhe flow patterns and future trends. _ out in the are to be aligned should keep o)) Geometrie Design: iy sary t © horizontal alignment of roads keeping in view curves. Alignment sbould be finalised i in euch ‘he sight distance do not cause restrictions to # ¢ and filling. ‘Scanned wih CamScannera TF OMAGIED HK ft . Various otter f:ciy factors, political « i | Before a highw out. The sti ilfoal in highway pre ’ 2a have an ides farther details of at the site the map from th fe on. the ra, 2) (xtgamencavossing wate peat ok = : UP. b) When the road has to en {+ 9 Approsizate tocation ¢) When a road is to of the hill, then al (Reconnaissance f crossing through a mountain pase. voiding berid of the river, if any. _ on the top and the other on the foot___.._| field survey af land is studied. All relevant details-not - vored down, Some of the detaile-to be collected during i) Valleys, pondéi tals along thesciste whict! on et ii) Arpad val se, hills petiaunoat structures and other obstructions jeule in the map, ot credients and radius of curves of alternate alignmenta, ¥) Sources of construction m: From the details collected during the be altered or.even changed couaplately The main objectives of the preliz: i) aterials, unaissance, the alignment proposed after study may inary survey are : To compare the different proposals in view of the requiremelts ‘of a good aliginent. ‘Scanned wih CamScannerINTRODUCTION TO HIGH fii) To estimate quantity of corth work and to workout the cost of alternate proposala 1 from all considerations is given in following steps : iv) To finalise the boot li ‘The procedure of prelinvine i) Primary trav i) Topographical freee i) Levelling werk iv) Drainage etindice and HyIrotogical data v) Soil rurvey vi) Material eurvey vii) Traffic eurver nm of viii) Det Location > + The centre line of the fond finaliced ind the location survey. - Detailed Survey Temporary bench marks ake fixe “out i team the level notes. The cross section bevels a ares al of 50 to 100, meter in plain. a +The data during t plans, design and ‘Scanned wih CamScanner