Small dry toilet slabs do not require reinforced concrete if they are cast in the form of a flat

arch or shallow circular dome. This can save the cost of expensive steel reinforceme

Prefabricationand mass productionPrefabrication of components can also be a

promising option for cost reductionas it can offer economies of scale.Moreover,
prefabrication can be a way to control the material quality and reduce
wastage.Examples can include cement rings for lining the pitsas described above in
the Bangladesh case study (see 4.2.1), cement slabs for the outer walls of the
superstructure or prefab squat pansor toilet seatsout of cement or plastic.Many user
interface solutions are now mass produced by plastic or ceramic companies which
offer a large variety of solutions for conventional dry toilets as well as pour-flushand
source separating toilets.In sub-Saharan Africa, prefabricated toilet components
have not yet reached the marketas it is the case forthe South-Asian context. The
replication of successful approaches like the promotion of prefabricated concrete
rings or innovative mass-produced user interface products like the SaTo panfrom
Bangladesh (see Figure 5-3) could be a highly promising pathway for African
countries.3The Blair Latrine is a ventilated pit latrine that was introduced in 1975 in
Zimbabwe.

Conclusions and RecommendationsThe results from this study

reconfirm that the costs for on-site sanitation hardware are too high for the urban
poor, without even considering if these technologies are appropriate for the context
from an environmental health perspective. Adequate and durable on-site sanitation
hardware and services can only be rendered economically accessible for the urban
poor through innovative building methods (e.g. prefabrication) and/or financing
mechanisms (e.g. microfinance and subsidies), especially in sub-Saharan Africa,
where the cost of quality materials and labour remainunaffordablefor the urban
poor.The following sections explain why this challenge is more significant in sub-
Saharan African countries(5.1)and discuss possible ways to reduce infrastructure
costs(5.2).In addition to interventions on the technology side, some promising
approaches for managing the high cost and developing an enabling market
environment are also described (5.3).5.1.Reasons for high construction
costsFourmain factors contribute to the high cost of sanitation facilitieswhich presen

gure 4-4:Comparison of material and labour costs of four dry toiletsin Africa and Asia The
comparison between the two on-site technologies in East Africa (the single urine
diverting dry toilet from Sanergy, Nairobi and the single VIP toilet with a lined pit built
by U-ACT in Kampala) exemplifiesthe high costs involved in building new sanitation
facilities. The U-ACT toilet is 43% more expensive than the Sanergy toilet due to the
lined pit and on-site high-end finish of the superstructure. Sanergy has been
investing a lot in producing pre-fabricated elements that ensure a quick installation
time (twodays) as well as material savings (see Fig. 4-5below).Important to note is
that the Sanergy Toilet (Nairobi) (2014)NrItemCost KSHsUS$%1Material
Costs23440246.7455%2Labour costs installation (9 man-days)602763.4414%3Sanergy
management621465.4115%4Transport costs672870.8216%42409446.41100%UDDT Dry Toilet with bucket
system with pre-fab cement superstructure U-ACT VIP Toilets (Kampala)
(2013)NrItemCost UGXsUS$%1Material Costs1695000676.3886%2Labour costs construction (15 man-
days)29000094.3112%3Transport costs4000013.012%2'025'000783.69100%Single VIP toilet with lined 3m3 pit
volume & handwashing unit1US$ = UGX 2506Pour flush toilet with leach pit (Nala,
Nepal) (2015) NrItemCost NPRUS$%1Material Costs20'000200.0071%2Labour costs construction (10 man-
days)6'00060.0021%3Transport costs2'00020.008%28'000280.00100%Single pour flush toilet with offsetunlined
leach pit, 1 m pipe and brick superstructure 1US$ = 100 NPRs Pour flush toilet with leach
pit* (Surkhet District, Nepal) NrItemCost NPRUS$%1Material Costs7'93179.3052,5%2Labour costs
construction (4,5 man-days)7'17571.7047,5%15'106151.00100%Single pit with off-set pan* does not include

Single pit with pour-flush

costs for superstructure1US$ = 100 NPRs1US$ = KSH 95

toilet* (Surkhet District, Nepal)Nr. ItemCosts NPRsUS$%1Material

Costs7'931.0079.3052,5%2Labour costs construction (4,5 man-
days)7'175.0071.7047,5%TOTAL15'106.00151.00100%Single pit with off-set pre-cast
pan (pour flush)* Does not include costs for superstructure 1US$ = 100 NPRs
Small dry toilet slabs do not require reinforced concrete if they are cast in the form of a flat
arch or shallow circular dome. This can save the cost of expensive steel reinforceme

Prefabricationand mass productionPrefabrication of components can also be a

promising option for cost reductionas it can offer economies of scale.Moreover,
prefabrication can be a way to control the material quality and reduce
wastage.Examples can include cement rings for lining the pitsas described above in
the Bangladesh case study (see 4.2.1), cement slabs for the outer walls of the
superstructure or prefab squat pansor toilet seatsout of cement or plastic.Many user
interface solutions are now mass produced by plastic or ceramic companies which
offer a large variety of solutions for conventional dry toilets as well as pour-flushand
source separating toilets.In sub-Saharan Africa, prefabricated toilet components
have not yet reached the marketas it is the case forthe South-Asian context. The
replication of successful approaches like the promotion of prefabricated concrete
rings or innovative mass-produced user interface products like the SaTo panfrom
Bangladesh (see Figure 5-3) could be a highly promising pathway for African
countries.3The Blair Latrine is a ventilated pit latrine that was introduced in 1975 in
Zimbabwe.

Conclusions and RecommendationsThe results from this study

reconfirm that the costs for on-site sanitation hardware are too high for the urban
poor, without even considering if these technologies are appropriate for the context
from an environmental health perspective. Adequate and durable on-site sanitation
hardware and services can only be rendered economically accessible for the urban
poor through innovative building methods (e.g. prefabrication) and/or financing
mechanisms (e.g. microfinance and subsidies), especially in sub-Saharan Africa,
where the cost of quality materials and labour remainunaffordablefor the urban
poor.The following sections explain why this challenge is more significant in sub-
Saharan African countries(5.1)and discuss possible ways to reduce infrastructure
costs(5.2).In addition to interventions on the technology side, some promising
approaches for managing the high cost and developing an enabling market
environment are also described (5.3).5.1.Reasons for high construction
costsFourmain factors contribute to the high cost of sanitation facilitieswhich presen

gure 4-4:Comparison of material and labour costs of four dry toiletsin Africa and Asia
comparison between the two on-site technologies in East Africa (the single urine
Small dry toilet slabs do not require reinforced concrete if they are cast in the form of a flat
arch or shallow circular dome. This can save the cost of expensive steel reinforceme

Prefabricationand mass productionPrefabrication of components can also be a

promising option for cost reductionas it can offer economies of scale.Moreover,
prefabrication can be a way to control the material quality and reduce
wastage.Examples can include cement rings for lining the pitsas described above in
the Bangladesh case study (see 4.2.1), cement slabs for the outer walls of the
superstructure or prefab squat pansor toilet seatsout of cement or plastic.Many user
interface solutions are now mass produced by plastic or ceramic companies which
offer a large variety of solutions for conventional dry toilets as well as pour-flushand
source separating toilets.In sub-Saharan Africa, prefabricated toilet components
have not yet reached the marketas it is the case forthe South-Asian context. The
replication of successful approaches like the promotion of prefabricated concrete
rings or innovative mass-produced user interface products like the SaTo panfrom
Bangladesh (see Figure 5-3) could be a highly promising pathway for African
countries.3The Blair Latrine is a ventilated pit latrine that was introduced in 1975 in
Zimbabwe.

Conclusions and RecommendationsThe results from this study

reconfirm that the costs for on-site sanitation hardware are too high for the urban
poor, without even considering if these technologies are appropriate for the context
from an environmental health perspective. Adequate and durable on-site sanitation
hardware and services can only be rendered economically accessible for the urban
poor through innovative building methods (e.g. prefabrication) and/or financing
mechanisms (e.g. microfinance and subsidies), especially in sub-Saharan Africa,
where the cost of quality materials and labour remainunaffordablefor the urban
poor.The following sections explain why this challenge is more significant in sub-
Saharan African countries(5.1)and discuss possible ways to reduce infrastructure
costs(5.2).In addition to interventions on the technology side, some promising
approaches for managing the high cost and developing an enabling market
environment are also described (5.3).5.1.Reasons for high construction
costsFourmain factors contribute to the high cost of sanitation facilitieswhich presen

gure 4-4:Comparison of material and labour costs of four dry toiletsin Africa and Asia
comparison between the two on-site technologies in East Africa (the single urine