Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Spontaneous
or
induced
termina%on
of
pregnancy:
– Prior
to
20
weeks
AOG
– With
a
fetus
weighing
<500g
• Spontaneous
(most
occur
prior
to
12
weeks
AOG)
• Induced
• Recurrent
Pathogenesis
of
abor%on
Bleeding
into
the
decidua
basalis
Necrosis
of
adjacent
%ssues
Uterine
contrac%ons
ini%ated
Expulsion
Fetal
Factors
Anembryonic/
Blighted
ovum
50%
Abor%on
Autosomal
trisomy
Aneuploid
Monosomy
X
25%
Embryonic
Triploidy
50%
(hydropic
or
molar
Euploid
placental
degenera%on)
• Most
of
aneuploid
abor%ons
(95%)
occur
because
of
MATERNAL
gametogenesis
errors
• The
incidence
of
euploid
abor%ons
increases
aWer
MATERNAL
AGE
35
Maternal
Factors
• Age
• Infec%ons
• DM,
Thyroid
disease
and
other
medical
disorders
• Medica%ons
• Nutri%on
• Social
and
Behavioral
factors
• Occupa%onal
and
Environmental
factors
• Cancer
• Surgical
procedures
• Immunological
factors
• Uterine
defects
Classifica%on
of
Spontaneous
Abor%on
• Threatened
• Inevitable
• Incomplete
• Complete
• Missed
• Sep%c
Threatened
Abor%on
• bloody
vaginal
discharge
• Vaginal
bleeding
• Lower
abdominal/hypogastric
crampy
pain/
discomfort
(may
or
may
not
manifest
with
radia%on
to
the
lumbosacral
area)
• CLOSED
CERVICAL
OS
Dead
Fetus
• No
embryo
within
a
sac
with
a
mean
sac
diameter
(MSD)
of
16-‐20mm
(>20mm)
• No
cardiac
ac%vity
in
a
5-‐mm
embryo
(>10mm)
Be
wary
of
a
pseudogesta*onal
sac
which
may
be
seen
in
ectopic
pregnancies
An%-‐D
Immunoglobulin
• 300
µg/IM
for
all
gesta%onal
ages,
except
those
<12
weeks
(given
50
µg/IM)
Inevitable
Abor%on
• (+)
bleeding,
pain
• (+)
fever
• GROSS
RUPTURE
of
MEMBRANES
+
CERVICAL
DILATATION
• Management:
uterine
evacua%on
What
if…
(+)
watery
vaginal
discharge
not
associated
with
bleeding,
pain,
fever
OBSERVE
for
48
hours.
If
no
recurrence
of
sudden
gush
of
fluid
(and
no
associated
bleeding,
pain,
fever)
=
ok!
Incomplete
Abor%on
• (+)
bleeding,
pain
• (+)
CERVICAL
DILATATION
• (+)
PASSAGE
OF
PLACENTAL
(“meaty”)
TISSUES
• Management
op%ons:
– Cureoage
– Medical
Disadvantages:
• Unpredictable
bleeding
– Expectant
• May
end
up
doing
cureoage
s%ll
If
<
10
weeks
–
fetal
and
placental
parts
expelled
together;
if
>10
weeks
–
separately
Complete
Abor%on
• (+)
heavy
bleeding,
pain
• (+)
PASSAGE
OF
PLACENTAL
(“meaty”)
TISSUES
• CERVIX
CLOSED
• Confirm
diagnosis:
– Pa%ent
presents
to
you
expelled
placental
%ssues
or
collapsed
sac
– TVS
• Minimally-‐thickened
endometrium
WITHOUT
a
gesta%onal
sac
– Serial
ßHCG
(levels
drop
quickly
with
complete
abor%on)
Missed
Abor%on
• On
a
historical
perspec%ve…
Dead
products
of
concep%on
retained
for
days
to
months
in
utero,
with
a
CLOSED
cervical
os
• Premise:
– Early
part
of
pregnancy
appeared
to
be
normal
(with
signs
and
symptoms
related
to
intrauterine
pregnancy)
– AWer
embryonic
death,
spontaneous
miscarriage
will
eventually
ensue