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Abor%on

 
•  Spontaneous  or  induced  termina%on  of  
pregnancy:  
–  Prior  to  20  weeks  AOG  
–  With  a  fetus  weighing  <500g  
 
•  Spontaneous  (most  occur  prior  to  12  weeks  AOG)  

•  Induced  
 
•  Recurrent  
Pathogenesis  of  abor%on  
Bleeding  into  the  decidua  basalis  
 
Necrosis  of  adjacent  %ssues  
 
Uterine  contrac%ons  ini%ated  
 
Expulsion  
Fetal  Factors  
Anembryonic/  
Blighted  ovum  
50%  

Abor%on  
Autosomal  trisomy  

Aneuploid  
Monosomy  X  
25%  
Embryonic  
Triploidy    
50%  
(hydropic  or  molar  
Euploid   placental  
degenera%on)  

•  Most  of  aneuploid  abor%ons  (95%)  occur  because  of  MATERNAL  gametogenesis  errors  
•  The  incidence  of  euploid  abor%ons  increases  aWer  MATERNAL  AGE  35  
Maternal  Factors  
•  Age  
•  Infec%ons  
•  DM,  Thyroid  disease  and  other  medical  disorders  
•  Medica%ons  
•  Nutri%on  
•  Social  and  Behavioral  factors  
•  Occupa%onal  and  Environmental  factors  
•  Cancer  
•  Surgical  procedures  
•  Immunological  factors  
•  Uterine  defects  
 
Classifica%on  of  Spontaneous  Abor%on  
•  Threatened  
•  Inevitable  
•  Incomplete  
•  Complete  
•  Missed  
•  Sep%c  
Threatened  Abor%on  
•  bloody  vaginal  discharge  
•  Vaginal  bleeding  
•  Lower  abdominal/hypogastric  crampy  pain/
discomfort  (may  or  may  not  manifest  with  radia%on  
to  the  lumbosacral  area)  
•  CLOSED  CERVICAL  OS  

Differen%ate  from  IMPLANTATION  BLEEDING  


Threatened  Abor%on  vs  Ectopic  Pregnancy  

•  Both  may  present  with  missed  menses,  pain  and  


vaginal  bleeding  
•  PROMPT  diagnosis  of  ectopic  pregnancy  is  of  utmost  
importance  
•  Means  of  ascertaining  an  INTRAUTERINE  pregnancy:  
–  Serial  ßHCG:  doubling  %me  every  48  hours  
–  Serum  progesterone  level  
•  <5  ng/mL:  dying  pregnancy/ectopic  pregnancy  
•  >20  ng/mL:  healthy  pregnancy  
–  TVS  
•  Gesta%onal  sac  4.5  weeks  ßHCG  1500-­‐2000  mIU/mL  
•  Yolk  sac      5.5  weeks  10mm  GS  diameter  
•  Embryo      5-­‐6  weeks  embryonic  length  1-­‐2mm  
•  Fetal  cardiac  ac%vity  6-­‐6.5  weeks  embryonic  length  1-­‐5mm  
           MSD  13-­‐18mm  

Dead  Fetus  
•  No  embryo  within  a  sac  with  a  mean  sac  diameter  
(MSD)  of  16-­‐20mm  (>20mm)  
•  No  cardiac  ac%vity  in  a  5-­‐mm  embryo  (>10mm)  

Be  wary  of  a  pseudogesta*onal  sac  which  may  be  seen  in  ectopic  pregnancies  
An%-­‐D  Immunoglobulin  
•  300  µg/IM  for  all  gesta%onal  ages,  except  those  <12  
weeks  (given  50  µg/IM)  
Inevitable  Abor%on  
•  (+)  bleeding,  pain  
•  (+)  fever  
•  GROSS  RUPTURE  of  MEMBRANES  +  CERVICAL  
DILATATION  
•  Management:  uterine  evacua%on  

What  if…  
(+)  watery  vaginal  discharge  not  associated  with  bleeding,  pain,  fever  
 
OBSERVE  for  48  hours.    If  no  recurrence  of  sudden  gush  of  fluid  (and  no  associated    
                 bleeding,  pain,  fever)  =  ok!  
     
Incomplete  Abor%on  
•  (+)  bleeding,  pain  
•  (+)  CERVICAL  DILATATION  
•  (+)  PASSAGE  OF  PLACENTAL  (“meaty”)  TISSUES  
•  Management  op%ons:  
–  Cureoage  
–  Medical   Disadvantages:  
•  Unpredictable  bleeding  
–  Expectant   •  May  end  up  doing  cureoage  s%ll  

If  <  10  weeks  –  fetal  and  placental  parts  expelled  together;    if  >10  weeks  –  separately  
Complete  Abor%on  
•  (+)  heavy  bleeding,  pain  
•  (+)  PASSAGE  OF  PLACENTAL  (“meaty”)  TISSUES  
•  CERVIX  CLOSED  
•  Confirm  diagnosis:  
–  Pa%ent  presents  to  you  expelled  placental  %ssues  or  
collapsed  sac  
–  TVS  
•  Minimally-­‐thickened  endometrium  WITHOUT  a  gesta%onal  sac  
–  Serial  ßHCG  (levels  drop  quickly  with  complete  abor%on)  
Missed  Abor%on  
•  On  a  historical  perspec%ve…  
         Dead  products  of  concep%on  retained  for  days  to  
 months  in  utero,  with  a  CLOSED  cervical  os  
•  Premise:      
–  Early  part  of  pregnancy  appeared  to  be  normal  (with  signs  and  
symptoms  related  to  intrauterine  pregnancy)  
–  AWer  embryonic  death,  spontaneous  miscarriage  will  eventually  
ensue  

Currently,  MISSED  ABORTION  is  used  interchangeably  with    


               EARLY  PREGNANCY  LOSS/WASTAGE  
•  Rapid  confirma%on  of  fetal  death  is  possible  with  TVS  and  serial  ßHCG  
•  Mean  death-­‐to-­‐abor%on  interval  is  6  weeks  
Sep%c  Abor%on  
•  Abor%on  complicated  by  infec%on  (uterine,    
 parametrial,  peritoneal,  sepsis,  endocardial)  
•  (+)  post-­‐abortal  fever,  foul-­‐smelling    
 discharge/bleeding  
•  Cervix  dilated;  (+)  uterine  and/or  adnexal  tenderness  
•  Ancillary:  
§  TVS  
§  CBC  
§  C/S  
Sep%c  Abor%on  
•  Management:  
§  Cureoage,  if  there  are  retained  products  of  
concep%on  
§  Broad-­‐spectrum  an%bio%cs  
§  Intensive  care,  if  necessary  (sep%c  shock)  
•  Prophylaxis:  
§  Doxycycline  
§  100  mg  1  hour  prior  to  evacua%on;  200  mg  post  evacua%on  
§  For  medical  abor%on,  give  100  mg  once  a  day  for  7  days  
together  with  abor%facient  administra%on  
Recurrent  Abor%on  
(Recurrent  Pregnancy  Loss,  Habitual  Abor%on)  
•  3  or  more  consecu%ve  abor%ons  
•  E%ology:  
§  Parental  chromosomal  abnormali%es  
§  An%phospholipid  an%body  syndrome  (APAS)   2nd    
trimester  
§  Uterine  abnormali%es  
§  Asherman  syndrome  
§  Myoma  (near  or  at  the  implanta%on  site)  
§  Congenital  uterine  anomalies  (unicornuate,  bicornuate,  
septate)  
Midtrimester  Abor%on  
•  Fetal  loss  that  extends  from  the  end  of  the  first  
trimester  un%l  gesta%onal  age  reaches  20  (22-­‐23  
weeks)  or  the  fetus  weighs  >  500g  
•  E%ology:  
§  Fetal  anomalies  
§  Uterine  defects  (congenital,  myomas,  incompetent  cervix)  
§  Placental  causes  (abrup%o,  previa,  chorioamnioni%s)  
§  Maternal  disorders  (autoimmune,  infec%ons,  metabolic)  
Midtrimester  Abor%on  
•  Classifica%on              similar  to  first  trimester  abor%on  
•  Management              similar  to  first  trimester  abor%on,  
except:  
§  use  of  Oxytocin  for  labor  augmenta%on  
§  surgical  evacua%on  is  technically  more  difficult  
Incompetent  Cervix  
•  Characterized  by  PAINLESS  CERVICAL  DILATATION  in  the  2nd  
trimester,  followed  by  BALLOONING  of  membranes  into  the  
vagina,  and  ul%mately  expulsion  of  an  immature  fetus  
§  Risk  factors:  
§  Previous  cervical  trauma  (D  and  C,  coniza%on,  cauteriza%on)  
•  Diagnosis:  
§  TVS  
§  Cervical  length  <2.5  mm  
§  Funneling  (ballooning  of  the  membranes  into  a  dilated  internal  os)  
•  Management:  
§  Cerclage  (ideally  between  the  12th-­‐14th  week  AOG)  

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